Otilimab

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Otilimab
Monoclonal antibody
Type?
Clinical data
Other namesGSK3196165; MOR103
Legal status
Legal status
  • Investigational
Identifiers
CAS Number
UNII
KEGG

Otilimab (development codes MOR103 and GSK3196165) is a fully human antibody which has been developed by the biotechnology company MorphoSys.[1] It can also be referred to as HuCAL antibody, HuCAL standing for Human Combinatorial Antibody Library and being a technology used to generate monoclonal antibodies. Otilimab is directed against the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a monomeric glycoprotein functioning as a cytokine promoting both proliferation and activation of macrophages and neutrophils.

Mode of action

Schematic diagram of an antibody and antigens. In the given case, otilimab is the antibody and binds monospecifically to GM-CSF (corresponding to the fitting yellow bit on this image).

Otilimab, as its monoclonal antibody, specifically binds to GM-CSF which is consequently neutralised and incapable of binding its targeted inflammatory cells as it should in order to allow their proliferation and activation. There is no following induction of inflammation (through cytokines e.g. TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6), chemotaxis (via chemokines e.g. IL-8), tissue degradation (caused by e.g. MMPs, H2O2) or T and B cell response (following up-regulated MHC II level).

Medical uses

Beyond its role in natural immune pathways, GM-CSF has been shown to be involved in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in which cases GM-CSF levels are elevated and mediate an increased production of pro-inflammatory elements (cytokines, chemokines, proteases). The factor is also known to be involved in osteoarthritis of the hand. Research has thus been working on it as a molecular target for the treatment of such disorders, notably through immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy which is known to be efficient against autoimmune diseases.

Rheumatoid arthritis

There already exist treatments of rheumatoid arthritis through monoclonal antibodies (i.e.

TNF-α in immunity makes its suppression delicate: it diminishes the immune defenses of treated patients against potential new infections and may allow the reactivation of latent ones such as hepatitis B and tuberculosis. The number of reported cases of severe side effects, including fatal ones, has led the FDA
to instruct tight monitoring of patients before and during a treatment by TNF-inhibiting drugs. Nevertheless, another way to circumvent such outcomes may be to target an alternate cytokine.

Multiple sclerosis

In multiple sclerosis (MS), GM-CSF is produced by

Th1 and Th17). It is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and bind to CD52 on macrophages surface. Along with other pro-inflammatory events, this will participate in the central nervous system
(CNS) inflammation process typically occurring in MS.

There are numerous existing monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: natalizumab (targets α4-integrin), daclizumab and alemtuzumab (both binding to CD25, the α-subunit of IL-2 receptor on the surface of mature lymphocytes), ocrelizumab (against CD20 marker on B-cells).[2] However, the frequent adverse effects notified, including secondary autoimmune phenomena,[3] suggest that the uncovering of a new molecular target for monoclonal antibody therapy would be welcomed in the research for an improved treatment against MS.

Otilimab is currently undergoing

secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) patients. Indeed, most TEAEs (treatment-emergent adverse events) which were observed were mild to moderate. There isn't evidence of immunogenecity either: no anti-otilimab antibodies were detected in patients following treatment. These results provide Class I evidence in regards to acceptable tolerance in MS patients and reveal that otilimab remains a fitted candidate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis[4]

References

  1. ^ "Official web page of MOR103/GSK3196165 on the MorphoSys website". MorphoSys AG. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
  2. S2CID 19160653
    .
  3. S2CID 34738692
    .
  4. PMID 26185773
    .
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