Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)
| Ottoman-Venetian War | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Balkan and the Black Sea | |
| Result |
Ottoman victory
|
| Territorial changes | Morea, Negroponte and Albania conquered by the Ottoman Empire |
rebels
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Ottoman Empire Alvise Loredan Giacomo Loredan Sigismondo Malatesta Vettore Cappello Antonio da Canal Pietro Mocenigo
Skanderbeg
Ivan Crnojević
Uzun Hasan
Matthias Corvinus
Stephen the Great Sultan Mehmed II Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey Mahmud Pasha Angelović
The First Ottoman–Venetian War was fought between the
Background
Following the
In 1453, the Ottomans captured the Byzantine capital,
Outbreak of the war
According to the Greek historian
Although Venice, dependent on the trade with the Ottomans, had in the past been reluctant to confront them in war, the urgings of the papal legate, Cardinal
Campaigns in the Morea and the Aegean, 1463–1470
The new alliance launched a two-pronged offensive against the Ottomans: a Venetian army, under the Captain General of the Sea Alvise Loredan, landed in the Morea, while Matthias Corvinus invaded Bosnia.[8] At the same time, Pius II began assembling an army at Ancona, hoping to lead it in person.[13]
In early August, the Venetians retook
Ottoman reaction was swift and decisive: Sultan
Sultan Mehmed II, who was following Mahmud Pasha with another army to reinforce him, had reached Zeitounion (Lamia) before being apprised of his Vizier's success. Immediately, he turned his men north, towards Bosnia.[16] However, the Sultan's attempt to retake Jajce in July and August 1464 failed, with the Ottomans retreating hastily in the face of Corvinus' approaching army. A new Ottoman army under Mahmud Pasha then forced Corvinus to withdraw, but Jajce was not retaken for many years after.[15] However, the death of Pope Pius II on 15 August in Ancona spelled the end of the Crusade.[13][17]
In the meantime, for the upcoming campaign of 1464, the Republic had appointed
In the Aegean, the new Venetian admiral,
By 1465 the Maniot Kladas brothers, Krokodelos and Epifani, were leading bands of stratioti on behalf of Venice against the Ottomans in Southern Peloponnese. They put Vardounia and their lands into Venetian possession, for which Epifani then acted as governor.
In April 1466, Vettore Cappello, the most vociferous proponent of the war, replaced Loredan as Captain General of the Sea. Under his leadership, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace, and then sailed into the Saronic Gulf.[26] On 12 July, Cappello landed at Piraeus, and marched against Athens, the Ottomans' major regional base. He failed to take the Acropolis, however, and was forced to retreat to Patras, which was being besieged by the Venetians under the provveditore of the Morea, Jacopo Barbarigo. Before Cappello could arrive there, and as the city seemed on the verge of falling, Omar Beg suddenly appeared with 12,000 cavalry, and drove the outnumbered Venetians off. Six hundred Venetians fell and a hundred were taken prisoner out of a force of 2,000, while Barbarigo himself was killed, and his body impaled.[21] Cappello, who arrived some days later, attacked the Ottomans trying to avenge this disaster, but was heavily defeated. Demoralized, he returned to Negroponte with the remains of his army. There, the Captain General fell ill, and died on 13 March 1467.[27]
In 1470,Sultan Mehmed II campaigned against Negroponte (Chalcis) on the island of Euboea. After a protracted and bloody siege (10 July – 5 August 1470), the well-fortified city was taken by the Ottoman troops. The whole island came under Ottoman control.
The war in Albania, 1466–1467
In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against the Albanians. Under their leader,
Final Albanian campaigns, 1474–1479
After Skanderbeg died, some Venetian-controlled northern Albanian garrisons continued to hold territories coveted by the Ottomans, such as
After the Venetian War the Ottomans attacked Hungary, but their army was defeated in the Battle of Breadfield.
Fate of the Despotate of Epirus
The Despotate of Epirus, the last surviving rump state of the Byzantine Empire, helped the Venetians. However, Leonardo III Tocco, the ruler of Epirus at the time, wasn't a party in the peace treaty negotiations, or included in its terms.[32] Although he had supported Venice during the war and provided acommodation to its refugees, he caused offence to Venice by seeking friendship and support with its rival, the royal house of Naples, since the latter claimed sovereignty in the Ionian islands. As such, the Despotate of Epirus was left undefended against the Ottomans, who conquered it in the summer of 1479, in order to create a base for the planned Ottoman invasion of Italy.[32]
References
Notes
- ^ a b Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Siyasi ve Askeri Faaliyeti Selahattin Tansel
- ^ "Mehmed II".
- ^ a b c "Haçli Koali̇syonu Ve Fâti̇h Sultan Mehmed".
- ^ TSK (1986). Battle of Otlukbeli (PDF). p. 17.
- ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 40–41
- ^ Finkel (2006), pp. 60–62
- ^ Finkel (2006), p. 60
- ^ a b c Finkel (2006), p. 63
- ^ Shaw (1976), pp. 64–65
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 241
- ^ Setton (1978), p. 243
- ^ a b c Setton (1978), p. 249
- ^ a b c d Shaw (1976), p. 65
- ^ a b c Setton (1978), p. 248
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 250
- ^ a b Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 326
- ^ Setton (1978), p. 270
- ^ Setton (1978), pp. 251–252
- ^ Setton (1978), pp. 252–253
- ^ Setton (1978), pp. 253–255
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 284
- ^ Setton (1978), pp. 255–257
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 251
- ^ Setton (1978), p. 273
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 277
- ^ a b Setton (1978), p. 283
- ^ Setton (1978), pp. 284–285
- ^ a b Finkel (2006), p. 64
- ^ a b Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 327
- ^ Setton (1978), p. 278
- ^ "1474 | George Merula: The Siege of Shkodra". Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
- ^ a b Nicol (1984), p. 212
Bibliography
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- Davies, Siriol; Davis, Jack L. (2007). Between Venice and Istanbul: Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece. ISBN 978-0-87661-540-9.
- Faroqhi, Suraiya (2004). The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-715-4.
- Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2.
- Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1460-0.
- Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6.
- Parry, Vernon J.; Cook, M. A. (1976). A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730: Chapters from the Cambridge History of Islam and the New Cambridge Modern History. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-09991-2.
- Setton, Kenneth Meyer; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P., eds. (1969). "The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522". A History of the Crusades, Vol. VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 311–353. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1978), The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century, DIANE Publishing, ISBN 0-87169-127-2
- Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Empire of the Gazis - The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.
- Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1968). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Γ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1453–1669 [History of modern Hellenism, Volume III: Turkish rule 1453–1669] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.