Virgin of Vladimir
Virgin of Vladimir | |
---|---|
Virgin Mary | |
Dimensions | 104 cm × 69 cm (41 in × 27 in) |
Location | Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow |
The Virgin of Vladimir, also known as Vladimir Mother of God, Our Lady of Vladimir
The icon was painted by an unknown artist most likely in
It was subject to an ownership dispute in the 1990s between the gallery and Moscow Patriarchate, which ended with its relocation to the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. An arrangement was made to operate the church with dual status as a house church and part of the museum. The icon remains there today, and is only accessible via an underground passage from the gallery to the church, where liturgies are still held.
History
Origins
The icon is dated to the earlier part of the 12th century, and arrived in Rus' around 1131. This is consistent with the account given in the Russian Chronicles.[3][4][5][6] Similar to other high quality Byzantine works of art, it is thought to have been painted in Constantinople.[6][7][8] Only the faces are original, with the clothes repainted after suffering damage when a metal cover or riza was placed over them[3][6] and in a fire in 1195.[6][5]
In about 1131, the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople sent the icon as a gift to Grand Duke Yuri Dolgorukiy of Kiev.[9][10] Academic Sona Hoisington attributes this in part to a greater effort by Byzantines to convert and Christianize the Slavic peoples at the time.[11] It was kept in a Vyshhorod nunnery until Yuri's son, Andrey of Bogolyubovo, brought it to Vladimir in 1155.[9]
In a traditional account the horses transporting the icon had stopped near Vladimir and refused to go further. Accordingly, many people of Rus interpreted this as a sign that the Theotokos[b] wanted the icon to stay there. The place was named Bogolyubovo, or "the one loved by God". Andrey placed it in his Bogolyubovo residence and built the Assumption Cathedral to legitimize his claim that Vladimir had replaced Kiev as the principal city of Rus.[12] The icon was soon moved to the Assumption Cathedral after its consecration in 1160.[13]
Following the consecration of the Assumption Cathedral, which was soon followed by other churches dedicated to the Virgin, there is no record of the icon ever leaving Vladimir until 1395. However, its presence did not prevent the sack and burning of the city by the Mongols in 1238, when the icon was damaged in the fire. It was restored soon after the event, and again in 1431 and in 1512.[14][15][10]
Transfer to Moscow
A legend formed that the icon was painted by Luke the Evangelist from life; the first written account of this story dates back to 1512.[16] The intercession of the Theotokos through the image has also been credited with saving Moscow from Tatar hordes in 1451 and 1480.[13]
The image was brought from Vladimir to Moscow in 1395, during
David Miller suggests that the icon was in fact normally still in Vladimir, with some excursions to Moscow, until the 1520s. Crediting the icon with saving Moscow in 1395 does not appear in sources until the late 15th century and the full version of the story until accounts of 1512 and then the 1560s.[19] From the 16th century, the Vladimirskaya began to be featured as an important symbol in a series of politicized legends linking Moscow to pre-Mongol Rus and positioning it as the centre of Christianity after Rome and Byzantium—initially to sustain the imperial pretensions of Ivan IV, and later to influence state policy under the Riurikid and Romanov dynasties.[20]
Post-revolution
Under the Bolsheviks, the icon came into the possession of the State Tretyakov Gallery.[21] Displayed as a work of art,[21] it was first put on display in the gallery in 1930 and kept there for at least the next 11 years.[22] During the Battle of Moscow, Joseph Stalin allegedly had the icon flown around the city as the Germans began to invade.[12][23] This was first described by Moscow city official Viktor Volokhov in his book Муниципальная милиция в Российской Федерации.[23]
In 1993, it was moved to the Epiphany Cathedral for a Divine Liturgy in the wake of tensions between President Boris Yeltsin and the Russian Duma. Though it was damaged during the excursion, it was soon restored and given to the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi.[24][25]
Description
The icon is a
In its nine centuries of existence, the icon has been restored and overpainted at least five times to deal with damage and deterioration, including a fifteenth century restoration thought to have been led by Andrei Rublev. It is mainly the faces of Mary and Jesus and the gold ground above her head that are original twelfth-century paint. In the past, the icon has been covered with several elaborately designed oklad and riza (revetments) which caused damage to the frame. The reverse, which is much less well known, contains an image of the Hetoimasia ('prepared throne') and instruments of Christ's Passion that was painted in c. 14th century (prior to that the reverse side had a painting of an unidentified saint).[27][26][28]
Among icons of Virgin Mary with Jesus, Our lady of Vladimir is classed as an
Its artistic quality has been highly praised. Art historian David Talbot Rice said that "[Our Lady of Vladimir] ...is admitted by all who have seen it to be one of the most outstanding religious paintings of the world."[8] Art historian George Heard Hamilton praises its "craftsmanship and conception", and notes how in its representation of the subject's faces, the icon subtly transitions from its normal use of contour lines to a refined surface texture. It is painted in an artistic style typical for Byzantine art of the period with features including smaller mouths, refined eyes, and elongating Mary's nose. However, by avoiding the use of demarcating line, as became common in later Byzantine art, and by setting up the complex interplay of the mother and child's glances, the icon adds to the illusion of life in the piece. The child's features are reminiscent of classical sculpture, though the artist renders an expression truer to an actual infant's.[10] The expressive and humanistic character of the icon differentiates it from earlier Byzantine art and exemplify the artistic developments seen during the Komnenos dynasty.[5][7][8]
Significance
In Russian history
The icon is generally considered to be one of the most cherished symbols in Russian history.
Additionally, its intimate association with important Russian historical events gave Our Lady of Vladimir the distinction of being a national palladium.[10][12] The most recent of these events being the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis when it was brought to the Epiphany Cathedral at the request of Patriarch Alexy II and Mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov in their attempt to bring peace to the country.[23]
As a religious icon
Our Lady of Vladimir's veneration is also likely enhanced by the fact that the Theotokos is regarded as the holy protectress of Russia.[12] The venerated image has been used in celebration of coronations of tsars, elections of patriarchs, and other important ceremonies of state.[12][21][35] The icon has three feast days held throughout the year in celebration to specific events it is associated with:[13]
- 3 June [O.S. 21 May][d] to celebrate Moscow's protection from Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray in 1521.
- 6 July [O.S. 23 June] for, in 1480, for their victory against Khan Ahmed during the Great Stand on the Ugra River.
- 8 September [O.S. 26 August] to commemorate the Muscovite deliverance from pending invasion by Tamerlane.[36]
Location and display
Our Lady of Vladimir is on display at the Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi.[37][38] As a result of an agreement between the Tretyakov and Moscow Patriarchate, the church is both an active Russian Orthodox house church and functioning museum.[15] Previously, there had been a contentious ownership dispute between the two.[39][33]
In 1997, the Tretyakov completed a full restoration of the church.[15] Security improvements to store and display art were added, and an underground passageway was additionally made to connect it to the State Tretyakov Gallery.[40] In order to house the famous icon, a temperature controlled bulletproof glass case was commissioned.[15] On 7 September 1996, Our Lady of Vladimir was first installed in the special case located within the church, and the next day Patriarch Alexy II consecrated the church. According to Archpriest Nikolai Sokolov, the rector for the church, the case would able to withstand the firing of a Kalashnikov rifle as well as many other potential hazards.[41]
Due to its dual status as both church and museum, visitors are allowed to pray before the icon and divine Liturgies are regularly held on selected days. However, visitors can only enter the church through the Tretyakov Gallery and via the underground passageway.[15][41]
Copies and influence
Even more than most, the original icon has been repeatedly duplicated for centuries, and many copies also have considerable artistic and religious significance of their own.[42] According to Suzanne Massie, it became a standard for many Russian contemporary depictions of Mary.[43]
In preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics, a chapel was constructed for athletes to be able to pray before competition which hosted a copy of the icon.[23]
See also
- Our Lady of Vladimir Church– a church in St. Petersburg dedicated to the icon
- List of oldest Russian icons
Notes
- ^ Sometimes also referred to as Our Lady of Vyshhorod (Ukrainian: Вишгородська ікона Божої Матері) in Ukrainian sources,[2]
- Virgin Mary, literally meaning "Birth-Giver of God"
- ^ "Sretenie" being the Church Slavonic term for "meeting".
- ^ The dates provided are in both old and new style. The canonical dates for the feast days are in old style because the Russian Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar. See Gregorian calendar § Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates.
Citations
- ^ Yegorov (2018), online.
- ^ Вишгородська (Володимирська) ікона Божої Матері in Great Ukrainian Encyclopedia
- ^ a b Weitzmann (1982), p. 17.
- ^ Tretyakov Guide (2000), p. 280.
- ^ a b c Runciman (1975), p. 154.
- ^ a b c d Miller (1968), p. 658.
- ^ a b Funk & Wagnalls (2018), database.
- ^ a b c Rice (1946), p. 89.
- ^ a b Miller (1968), pp. 660–661.
- ^ a b c d e f Hamilton (1983), pp. 107–108.
- ^ Hoisington (2019), database.
- ^ a b c d e Phillips (2011), database.
- ^ a b c Alekseyenko (2008), online.
- ^ Miller (1968), pp. 658–659.
- ^ a b c d e Lebedeva (2006), online.
- ^ Miller (1968), p. 663.
- ^ Beliaev (1997), p. 38.
- ^ Evans (2004), p. 165.
- ^ Miller (1968), pp. 659–660.
- ^ Miller (1968), pp. 669–670.
- ^ a b c Averintsev (1994), p. 613.
- ^ Bakatkina (2017), pp. 44–45.
- ^ a b c d Bakatkina (2017), p. 45.
- ^ a b Russian Life (1999), p. 8.
- ^ The Economist (1993), pp. 109–110.
- ^ a b Bakatkina (2017), pp. 8–25.
- ^ TVkultura (2014), online.
- ^ Elkins (1993), database.
- ^ a b Averintsev (1994), pp. 612–615.
- ^ Nouwen (1985), pp. 387–389.
- ^ Forest (2008), pp. 78–80.
- ^ Nouwen (1985), p. 387.
- ^ a b Jackson (1995), p. 344.
- ^ Miller (1968), pp. 668–670.
- ^ Miller (1968), p. 657.
- ^ OCA (2016), online.
- ^ Tretyakov Guide (2000), pp. 278–280.
- ^ Pravda (2019), online.
- ^ The Economist (1993), database.
- ^ Insight Guides (2016), pp. 99–100.
- ^ a b Strelchik (2012), online.
- ^ Evans (2004), pp. 164–165.
- ^ Massie (1980), p. 45.
References
- Alekseyenko, Anton (9 September 2008). "Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God". Orthodoxy and the World. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- Averintsev, Sergej S. (1994). "The Image of the Virgin Mary in Russian Piety". Gregorianum. 75 (4). Gregorian Biblical Press: 611–622. JSTOR 23579744.
- Bakatkina, Maria (5 January 2017). "Hands off That Sacred Image!" The Vladimir Icon and Its Power (PDF) (Thesis). University of Virginia. doi:10.18130/V3NQ0F. Retrieved 15 August 2019 – via LibraETD.
- Beliaev, Leonid A. (July–August 1997). "Mystery Monasteries". Archaeology. 50 (4). Archaeological Institute of America: 36–38. JSTOR 41658720.
- Forest, Jim (2008). Praying with Icons. Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-60833-077-5.
- "Byzantine Art and Architecture". Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2018. EBSCOhost by218900.
- "Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane". oca.org. The Orthodox Church in America. 26 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- Elkins, James (1 April 1993). "From original to copy and back again". The British Journal of Aesthetics. 33 (2). Oxford University Press: 113–120. Gale A13772791.
- Evans, Helen C., ed. (2004). Byzantium, Faith and Power (1261–1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. OCLC 893698628.
- Hamilton, George Heard (1983). The art and architecture of Russia (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05327-4.
- Hoisington, Sona (1 March 2019). "The Middle Period". Dig into History. 21 (3). Cricket Media: 20+. Gale A581990256.
- Insight Guides Pocket Moscow (Travel Guide eBook). Apa Publications (UK) Limited. 2016. ISBN 978-1-78671-677-4. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
- Jackson, David (May 1995). "The State Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow". The Burlington Magazine (Review). 137 (1106). Burlington Magazine Publications: 342–344. JSTOR 886644.
- Kirdina, N., ed. (1 January 2000). State Tretyakov Gallery (Guidebook) (in French). Translated by Cook, K. M. (2nd rev ed.). Moscow: Avant-Garde. OL 9058828M.
- Lebedeva, Elena (18 December 2006). "Храм Святого Николая Чудотворца В Толмачах" [Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Tolmachi]. pravoslavie.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- Massie, Suzanne (1980). Land of the Firebird: the Beauty of Old Russia. New York City: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-23051-4.
- Miller, David B. (October 1968). "Legends of the Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir: A Study of the Development of Muscovite National Consciousness". Speculum. 43 (4). Medieval Academy of America: 657–670. S2CID 154449436.
- Nouwen, Henri J. M. (11 May 1985). "The Icon of the Virgin of Vladimir: An Invitation to Belong to God". America. 152 (18). America Media: 387–390. EBSCOhost 35621166.
- "О чем молятся Владимирской иконе Божией Матери" [About prayer for the Vladimir icon of the Mother of God]. www.ap22.ru (in Russian). Pravda. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- "Our Lady at Rest". Russian Life. 42 (5). Montpelier, VT: Russian Information Services, Inc.: 8 August–September 1999. Gale A58065134.
- Phillips, Peter (25 June 2011). "Band of gold: the historic towns north-east of Moscow give a beautiful glimpse into the dawn of Russian civilisation". Spectator. 316 (9539). London: The Spectator Ltd.: 59+. Gale A259961864.
- Rice, D. Talbot (April 1946). "The Greek Exhibition at Burlington House". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 88 (517): 86–90. JSTOR 869212.
- Runciman, Steven (1975). Byzantine Style and Civilization. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013754-5.
- Strelchik, Evgeny (12 December 2012). "Третьяковка приглашает... в храм/Интервью/ЖМПиЦВ". Tserkovny Vestnik (Interview) (in Russian). Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- "The resurrection of holy Russia". The Economist. Vol. 329, no. 7834. Economist Intelligence Unit N.A. Incorporated. 23 October 1993. pp. 109–110. Gale A14570055.
- "Что скрывает обратная сторона иконы Владимирской Божьей Матери?". TVkultura (in Russian). 13 March 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- Weitzmann, Kurt (1982). The Icon. London: Evans Brothers Ltd. ISBN 0-237-45645-1.
- Yegorov, Oleg (12 November 2018). "5 most famous and miraculous icons that Russians venerate". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
Further reading
- Beckwith, John (1970). Early Christian and Byzantine Art (2nd ed.). Penguin History of Art. ISBN 978-0-14-056033-6.
- Belz, Elaine Elizabeth (2016). "A Wounded Presence: The Virgin of Vlaidimir Icon". The Graduate Journal of Harvard Divinity School. Harvard College. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
External links
- Theotokos of Vladimir on OrthodoxWiki
- Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God at Orthodox Encyclopedia (in Russian)