Outing
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Outing is the act of disclosing an
The ethics of outing are highly contested as it can often have a negative effect on the target's personal life or career. Some LGBT activists argue that gay individuals who oppose LGBT rights do not enjoy a right to privacy because of their perceived hypocrisy. In an attempt to pre-empt being outed, an LGBT public figure may decide to come out publicly first, although controlling the conditions under which one's LGBT identity is revealed is only one of the numerous motives for coming out.
Terminology
It is hard to pinpoint the first use of outing in the modern sense. In a 1982 issue of Harper's, Taylor Branch predicted that "outage" would become a political tactic in which the closeted would find themselves trapped in a crossfire. The article "Forcing Gays Out of the Closet" by William A. Henry III in Time (January 29, 1990) introduced the term "outing" to the general public.[1]
History
The
Left-wing journalists outed
United States
In the 1950s during the Lavender Scare, tabloid publications like Confidential emerged, specializing in the revelation of scandalous information about entertainment and political celebrities. Among the political figures targeted by the magazine were former Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles[8] and Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr., who had briefly served as President Eisenhower's Appointments Secretary.[9]
Outing may be found to be libel by a court of law. For example, in 1957 American pianist Liberace successfully sued the Daily Mirror for merely insinuating that he was gay.[10][11] The newspaper responded that columnist William Connor's words (written under his byline 'Cassandra') did not imply that Liberace was gay. Their defence contended that there was no libel as no accusation had been made, rather than arguing that the accusation was true.[12] Following Liberace's death from an AIDS-related illness in 1987, the paper asked for the award to be refunded.[13] In a 2011 interview, actress and close friend Betty White stated that Liberace was gay, and that she often served as a beard to counter rumors of the musician's homosexuality.[14]
I outed Rosie and Ellen, and it's hard to even imagine now that they ever were in the closet. You have to educate the new people and say, 'Guess what, they were in the closet at one point.' It's hard to believe that Rosie was doing this delicate dance on her talk show where she was the 'Queen of Nice' and the single mother who had a crush on Tom Cruise and I was pointing out the absurdity of it.
— Michael Musto, one of the original journalists outing celebrities.[15]
After the
Some political conservatives opposed to increased public acceptance of homosexuality engaged in outing in this period as well, with the goal of embarrassing or discrediting their ideological foes. Conservative commentator Dinesh D'Souza, for example, published the letters of gay fellow students at Dartmouth College in the campus newspaper he edited (The Dartmouth Review) in 1981; a few years later, succeeding Review editor Laura Ingraham had a meeting of a campus gay organization secretly tape-recorded, then published a transcript along with attendees' names as part of an editorial denouncing the group as "cheerleaders for latent campus sodomites."[19]
In the 1980s, the
One of the first outings by an activist in the United States occurred in February 1989. Michael Petrelis, along with a few others, alleged that Mark Hatfield, a Republican Senator from Oregon, was gay.[20] They did this because he supported homophobic legislation such as the Helms Amendment.[21] At a fundraiser in a small town outside of Portland, the group stood up and outed him in front of the crowd. Petrelis later tried to make news by standing on the U.S. Capitol steps and reading the names of "twelve men and women in politics and music who ... are secretly gay." Though the press showed up, no major news organization published the story.[22] Potential libel suits deterred publishers.
Michelangelo Signorile, and editor of OutWeek, outed the recently deceased Malcolm Forbes in March 1990.[23] His column "Gossip Watch" became a hot spot for outing the rich and famous. Both praised and lambasted for his behavior, he garnered responses to his actions as wide-ranging as "one of the greater contemporary gay heroes," to "revolting, infantile, cheap name-calling."[24]
Other people who have been outed include
In 2004,
New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey announced that he was a "gay American" in August 2004. McGreevey had become aware that he was about to be named in a sexual harassment suit by Golan Cipel, his former security advisor, with whom it was alleged McGreevey had a sexual relationship. McGreevey resigned, but unlike Schrock, McGreevey decided not to step out of public life. John McCain's Presidential Campaign removed images of Alabama Attorney General Troy King from its website after he was outed in 2008.[26]
Often outing is used solely to damage the outed person's reputation, and has thus been controversial.[
Outrage film
In 2009,
Other politicians discussed in the film include former Virginia Representative Ed Schrock, California Representative David Dreier, former New York City mayor Ed Koch, and former Louisiana Representative Jim McCrery.[30][31][32][34][35][36]
The film argues that the mass media is reluctant to discuss issues involving gay politicians despite the many comparable news stories about heterosexual politicians and scandals. Outrage describes this behavior as a form of institutionalized homophobia that has resulted in a tacit policy of self-censorship when reporting on these issues.[37][38]
Motives
Gabriel Rotello, once editor of OutWeek, explained outing as "equalizing", stating: "what we have called 'outing' is a primarily journalistic movement to treat homosexuality as equal to heterosexuality in the media".[39]
Signorile described OutWeek's aim as an awareness raiser of the presence of gay people and political issues. The goal would be that being gay and lesbian is not "so utterly grotesque that it should never be discussed." (Signorile, p. 78) Signorile posits that outing is not the airing of private details.[40]
Richard Mohr noted, "Some people have compared outing to
In the context of Ali Fazeli Monfared's murder, Tara Far, a human rights investigator in Iran and Kuwait, has described outing as "dangerous" within societies where the LGBT community is not protected by law, or families that do not accept the individual. Shadi Amin described the military exemption card as a danger to Monfared in her petition to the Iranian government to remove the sexuality information.[42]
There is no widely agreed definition of "fair outing". Warren Johansson and William Percy describe least four intermediate positions have been described to justify outing:[43]
- Only the dead;
Hypocritesonly, and only when they actively oppose gay rights and interests;- Outing passive accomplices who help run homophobic institutions;
- Prominent individuals whose outing would shatter stereotypes and compel the public to reconsider its attitude on homosexuality.
Assessing to which degree the outer goes allows insight into the goal striven towards. Most outers target those who support decisions and further policy, both
Impact and effectiveness
Signorile argues that the outing of journalist Pete Williams "and its aftermath did indeed make a big dent in the military's policy against gays. The publicity generated put the policy on the front burner in 1992, thrusting the issue into the presidential campaign," with every Democratic candidate and independent Ross Perot publicly promising to end the ban.[46]
Outing in the military
The
Nations that permit gay people to serve openly in the military include 3 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council (United States, United Kingdom and France), the
In the United Kingdom the Ministry of Defence policy since the year 2000 is to allow gay men, lesbians and transgender personnel to serve openly, and discrimination on a sexual orientation basis is forbidden.[48] It is also forbidden for someone to pressure LGBT people to come out.
In the United States lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are allowed to serve openly in the United States military. As of 2021, transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly, and to transition during their service.[49] Military policy and legislation had previously entirely prohibited gay individuals from serving, and subsequently from serving openly, but these prohibitions were ended in September 2011 after the United States Congress voted to repeal the policy. The first time homosexuals were differentiated from non-homosexuals in the military literature was in revised army mobilization regulations in 1942. Additional policy revisions in 1944 and 1947 further codified the ban. Throughout the next few decades, homosexuals were routinely discharged, regardless of whether they had engaged in sexual conduct while serving. In response to the gay rights movements of the 1970s and 1980s, the Department of Defense issued a 1982 policy (DOD Directive 1332.14) stating that homosexuality was clearly incompatible with military service. Controversy over this policy created political pressure to amend the policy, with socially liberal efforts seeking a repeal of the ban and socially conservative groups wishing to reinforce it by statute.
Criticism
Outing can be damaging or life-threatening to those with unsupportive families.[50][51] In response to a North Carolina bill that could out children to parents under the school system, various mental health experts warned of the potential damage, which could be life-threatening.[52]
After several Moroccans were outed from using gay dating apps, the Human Rights Watch requested that the Moroccan government do more to protect their LGBT community, as many of them were facing abuse and discrimination.[53]
Outing is dangerous in various Islamic countries where the LGBT community faces discrimination or death from outings, resulting in many LGBT refugees to Western countries.[54][55]
Roger Rosenblatt argued in his January 1993
Christine Jorgensen, Beth Elliott, Renée Richards, Sandy Stone, Billy Tipton, Alan L. Hart, April Ashley, Caroline Cossey ("Tula"), Jahna Steele, were outed as transsexuals by European or American media or, in the case of Billy Tipton, by his coroner. In many cases, being outed had an adverse effect on their personal lives and their careers.
In some cases well-known celebrities have been outed as
See also
- Doxing, revealing generic personally identifiable information through the internet
References
- ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 4
- ISBN 978-3-486-70746-5.
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- ^ Brand, Adolph. Political Criminals: A Word About the Röhm Case (1931) Reprinted in Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany, edited by Harry Oosterhuis, 235–240. New York, Haworth, 1991.
- ISBN 978-0-87586-356-6.
- ^ Marhoefer 2015, p. 169.
- ^ Benjamin Welles, Sumner Welles: FDR's Global Strategist: A Biography (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1997),370-1
- ^ "Document 48: Eisenhower To Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (February 23, 1957)". The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, Volume 18. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1966. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
- ^ Lovece, Frank (11 October 2011). "Michael Douglas plays pianist Liberace in HBO film". Newsday. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
The highly popular Liberace, who died in 1987 at the age of 67 of AIDS-related causes, publicly denied being gay or bisexual.
- ^ Connor, William (26 September 1956). "Yearn-Strength Five". Daily Mirror. p. 6.
- ^ "High Court Of Justice; Queen's Bench Division, "I Don't Care What My Readers Think", Liberace V. Daily Mirror Newspapers Ltd". The Times. June 12, 1959. p. 16.
They all say that this deadly, winking, sniggering, snuggling, chromium-plated, scent-impregnated, luminous, quivering, giggling, fruit-flavoured, mincing, ice-covered heap of mother love has had the biggest reception and impact on London since Charlie Chaplin arrived at the same station, Waterloo, on September 12, 1921.
- ^ "How About Refund? Tabloid Says of Liberace Libel Award". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. 1999-10-09. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
- ^ "Betty White: Bea Arthur was not fond of me". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ Interview with Michael Musto, David Shankbone, Wikinews, October 7, 2007.
- ^ Howard, Annie (June 28, 2019). ""Out of the Closets and Into the Streets"". Belt Magazine. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ "Radiolab, Oliver Sipple". WBEZ 91.5 Chicago. September 22, 2017. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017.
- ^ Ishak, Natasha (April 27, 2020). "Meet Oliver Sipple, The Vietnam Veteran Who Saved President Ford's Life - And Was Punished For It". All That's Interesting. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ O'Connor, Rory (10 June 2008). "Laura Ingraham: Right-Wing Radio's High Priestess of Hate". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ISBN 9780299193744. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ Neumann, Caryn E. (2004). "Outing" (PDF). GLBTQ, Inc. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
- ^ Gross, p. 85
- ^ Signorile, Michelangelo (March 18, 1990), "The Other Side of Malcolm" (PDF), OutWeek, no. 38, pp. 40–45
- ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 183
- ^ Zremski, Jerry (September 9, 2007). "Ex-Buffalo Activist is D.C.'s 'Most Feared Man' Mike Rogers, a Founder of Gay Men's Chorus, 'Outs' Closeted Conservatives on his Blog". The Buffalo News. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ Ponder, Jon (July 11, 2008). "McCain's Alabama Chairman Reportedly Outed – Attorney General Troy King Has a Record of Homophobic Rhetoric". Pensito Review. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ Doug Ireland (2004-09-23). "THE OUTING | David Dreier and his straight hypocrisy". Laweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
- ^ ""Episode Guide – episode 86" HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher". HBO. October 20, 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
- ^ Dawson, Nick (May 8, 2009). "Kirby Dick, Outrage". Filmmaker. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ a b c Scott, A. O. (May 7, 2009). "Secret Lives in the Age of Gay Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ a b Foundas, Scott (June 11, 2009). "Outrage peers behind the closet door at Washington's not-so-secret gays". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
- ^ a b Anderson, John (April 25, 2009). "Film Reviews: Outrage (Documentary)". Variety. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ Travers, Peter (May 7, 2009). "Outrage". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ a b Guthmann, Edward (May 10, 2009). "'Outrage' takes on closeted gay politicians". San Francisco Chronicle. SFGate.com. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ a b Paris, Barry (June 18, 2009). "'Outrage': Documentary opens the closet door on gay politicians". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ Goldstein, Patrick; Rainey, James (April 23, 2009). "'Outrage': Kirby Dick kicks open Washington's closet door". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (May 7, 2009). "Behind Washington's closet door". Salon. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ Milvy, Erika (April 27, 2009). "Kirby Dick Is Outraged!". Advocate. Here Media. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ Rotello, Gabriel (May 29, 1991). "Why I Oppose Outing". OutWeek.
- ^ a b Signorile, p. 80
- ^ Mohr, Richard. Gay Ideas: Outing and Other Controversies, Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
- ^ "Gay Iranian man dead in alleged 'honor killing,' rights group says". NBC News. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
- ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 228
- ^ Johansson & Percy, p. 226
- ^ Tatchell, Peter (28 April 1995). "Outing Is A Catalyst For Social Change". petertatchell.net. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ Signorile, p. 161
- ^ Singer, Peter (June 15, 2010). "What Our Military Allies Can Tell Us About The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell". Brookings. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
- ^ "Queer:Argentinien und die Philippinen beenden Homo-Verbot im Militär (German)". Queer.de. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
- ^ Laurel Wamsley (31 March 2021). "Pentagon Releases New Policies Enabling Transgender People To Serve In The Military". NPR.
- ^ "Transgender youth: 'Forced outing' bills make schools unsafe". AP NEWS. 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
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- ^ "Experts warn NC bill could harm LGBTQ youth mental health". AP NEWS. 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- ^ "Gay men abused in Morocco after photos spread online". BBC News. 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- ^ Kligerman, Nicole (March 28, 2007). "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox". Macalester Islam Journal. 2 (3): 53–64.
- ^ Kakissis, Joanna (January 5, 2018). "Chechnya's LGBT Muslim Refugees Struggle To Cope In Exile". NPR. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ Boggan, Steve (11 March 2002). "A pop idol, a rumour and why he felt he had to come out". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
- ^ "Jamie Lee Curtis rumor". snopes.com. 6 April 2001. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
Further reading
- Cory, Donald Webster. The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach. New York: Greenfield, 1951.
- Gross, Larry. Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing. University of Minnesota Press, 1993 ISBN 0-8166-2179-9
- Johansson, Warren & Percy, William A. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Harrington Park Press, 1994.
- Marhoefer, Laurie (2015). Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis. ISBN 978-1-4426-1957-9.
- Signorile, Michelango (1993). Queer In America: Sex, Media, and the Closets of Power. ISBN 0-299-19374-8.
- Stramel, James (1996). "Gay Virtue: The Ethics of Disclosure." Dissertation, University of Southern California.