Outline of anarchism

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  • Conscientious objector
  • Critique of work
  • Decentralization
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  • Free association
  • Free love
  • Freethought
  • Horizontalidad
  • Individualism
  • Isocracy
  • Law
  • Mutual aid
  • Participatory politics
  • Permanent autonomous zone
  • Prefigurative politics
  • Proletarian internationalism
  • Propaganda of the deed
  • Refusal of work
  • Revolution
  • Revolutionary spontaneity
  • Rewilding
  • Security culture
  • Self-ownership
  • Social ecology
  • Sociocracy
  • Somatherapy
  • Spontaneous order
  • Squatting
  • Temporary autonomous zone
  • Union of egoists
  • Voluntary association
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    The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism:

    Anarchism – political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary and harmful,[1][2] or alternatively as opposing authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Proponents of anarchism, known as anarchists, advocate stateless societies or non-hierarchical[3][9][10] voluntary associations.[11][12]

    Nature of anarchism

    Main article: Anarchism

    Manifestos and expositions

    See also:
    List of anarchist books

    Anarchism is a living project which has continued to evolve as social conditions have changed. The following are examples of anarchist manifestos and essays produced during various time periods, each expressing different interpretations and proposals for anarchist philosophy.

    (1840–1914)
    (1914–1984)
    (1985–present)

    Anarchist schools of thought

    Main article:
    Anarchist schools of thought

    Anarchism has many heterogeneous and diverse

    collectivism.[13]
    Regardless, some are viewed as being compatible, and it is not uncommon for individuals to subscribe to more than one. Some of the following terms do not refer to specific branches of anarchist thought, but rather are generic labels applied to various branches, they are marked as umbrella terms.

    Classical

    • Individualist anarchism (umbrella term) – several traditions of thought that emphasize the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants such as groups, society, traditions and ideological systems.[14][15]
      • Philosophical anarchism – according to The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought, philosophical anarchism "is a component especially of individualist anarchism". This tendency contends that the state lacks moral legitimacy and there is no individual obligation or duty to obey the state, which conversely, has no right to command individuals, but does not advocates revolution to eliminate the state.[16]
      • philosophy of Max Stirner which is usually called "egoism". It rejects devotion to "a great idea, a cause, a doctrine, a system, a lofty calling", saying that the egoist has no political calling but rather "lives themselves out" without regard to "how well or ill humanity may fare thereby".[17]
      • Existentialist anarchism – some observers believe existentialism forms a philosophical ground for anarchism. Anarchist historian Peter Marshall claims, "there is a close link between the existentialists' stress on the individual, free choice, and moral responsibility and the main tenets of anarchism".[20]
    • government intervention drives prices down to labor-costs, eliminating profit, rent and interest according to the labor theory of value forcing firms to compete over workers by raising the wages (instead of workers competing over firms).[22][23]
    • Social anarchism (umbrella term) – several traditions of thought that emphasize the social life and relations.[24] While individualists focus on personal autonomy and the rational nature of human beings, social anarchism sees "individual freedom as conceptually connected with social equality and emphasize community and mutual aid",[25] aggregating tendencies that advocates the communitarian and cooperative aspects of anarchist theory and practice.[24]
      • anarcho-communism
        where wages and currency would be abolished and where individuals would take freely from a storehouse of goods.
      • Anarcho-communism – tendency that advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, currency, wages and private property (while retaining respect for personal property),[29] in favor of common ownership of the means of production,[30][31] direct democracy, and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need".[32][33]
        • Magonism – magonistas were how Mexican government and the press of the early 20th century called people and groups who shared the ideas of Ricardo Flores Magón,[34] an anarcho-communist who inspired the overthrow of the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and performed an economic and political revolution.[35]

    Post-classical

    • Anarcha-feminism – a tendency that combines anarchism with feminism. It views patriarchy as a manifestation of involuntary coercive hierarchy that should be replaced by decentralized free association. It states that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class struggle, and the anarchist struggle against the state.
    • Green anarchism – a tendency that puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues. It extends anarchist ideology beyond a critique of human interactions, including a critique of the interactions between humans and non-humans,[36] which culminates in a revolutionary praxis that is not merely dedicated to human liberation, but also to interspecies liberation,[37] aiming to bring about an environmentally sustainable anarchist society.
      • Anarcho-naturism – a tendency that unites anarchist and naturist philosophies,[38][39][40][41] that advocates vegetarianism, free love, hiking and an ecological world view within anarchist groups and outside them, also promoting small ecovillages, and most prominently nudism as a way to avoid the artificiality of the industrial mass society of modernity.
      • Anarcho-primitivism – tendency that critiques the origins and progress of civilization, which states that the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural subsistence gave rise to social stratification, coercion, alienation, and population growth.
      • Social ecology – a theory associated with Murray Bookchin through his work.[42] It is a utopian philosophy of human evolution that combines the nature of biology and society into a third "thinking nature" beyond biochemistry and physiology, which is argued as a more complete, conscious, ethical, and rational nature, that view humanity as the latest development from the long history of organic development on Earth. It proposes ethical principles for replacing a society's propensity for hierarchy and domination with that of democracy and freedom.[43]
    • Anarcho-pacifism – tendency within the anarchist movement that rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change and the abolition of the state.[44][45]
    • labor unions and federations that are based on a political programme and periodic congresses,[46] advocating informal organization and small affinity group based organization.[46][47] Insurrectionary anarchists put value in attack, permanent class conflict and a refusal to negotiate or with class enemies.[46][47]
    • Religious anarchism (umbrella term) – religious anarchists view organised religion mostly as authoritarian and hierarchical that has strayed from its humble origins.
    • Anarchism without adjectives – in the words of historian George Esenwein, "referred to an unhyphenated form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as communist, collectivist, mutualist, or individualist. For others, ... [it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools."[51] It served as basis for the synthesis anarchism federation.

    Contemporary

    Affinity groups

    Main article: Affinity group

    Anarchists creates different forms of organizations, structured around the principles of anarchism, to meet each other, share information, organize struggles and trace ways to spread the anarchist ideas through the world, since they understand that the only way to achieve a free and egalitarian society in the end is through equally free and egalitarian means.[81]

    • Platformist federation – a form of anarchist organization that seeks unity among its participants, having as a defining characteristic the idea that each platformist organization should only include members who are fully aligned with the group ideas, rejecting people with any degree of conflicting ideas, different tendencies, or adherence to different schools of anarchist thought.[82]
    • International of Anarchist Federations.[83]
    • wage system, regarding it as wage slavery.[85]

    History of anarchism

    Main article: History of anarchism
    The execution of the Haymarket martyrs following the Haymarket affair of 1886 inspired a new generation of anarchists

    Although social movements and philosophies with anarchic qualities predate anarchism, anarchism as a specific

    The short twentieth century
    . Since the late 1980s, anarchism has begun a gradual return to the world stage.

    Global events

    Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)
    Classical development and global expansion (1840–1917)
    Post-World War I decline (1918 – c. 1980s)
    Post-Cold War resurgence (c. 1990s – present)
    • 1999 – anarchists take part in
      riots which interrupt the WTO conference
      in Seattle. It is viewed as part of an anarchist resurgence in the United States.

    History of anarchism by region

    Main article: List of anarchist movements by region
    See also:
    List of anarchist communities
    Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations on 1 May 1986 at the Melbourne Eight Hour Day monument

    Historians

    Main page: Historians of anarchism
    Historical societies

    General anarchism concepts

    Main article:
    Anarchist terminology

    These are concepts which, although not exclusive to

    heterogeneous
    , there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.

    Organizations

    Notable organizations

    The traditional fist-and-cross symbol of the Anarchist Black Cross, a notable political support organization (est. 1906)

    Formal anarchist organizational initiatives date back to the mid-19th century. The oldest surviving anarchist organizations include

    Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
    (est. 1910) of Spain.

    Structures

    Anarchist organizations come in a variety of forms, largely based upon common anarchist principles of voluntary cooperation, mutual aid, and direct action. They are also largely informed by anarchist social theory and philosophy, tending towards participation and decentralization.

    Anarchist literature

    Notable figures

    See also: List of anarchist musicians and List of Jewish anarchists

    Influential non-anarchists

    Related philosophies

    See also

    Footnotes

    1. ^
      OCLC 3930443
      .       Agrell, Siri (2007-05-14). "Working for The Man". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2008-04-14. "Anarchism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-29. "Anarchism". The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 14. 2005. Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable. The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy: Mclaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 59.
      ISBN 978-0-7546-6196-2
      .       Johnston, R. (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. p. 24.
      ISBN 0-631-20561-6
      .
    2. ^ Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
    3. ^
      IAF – IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.""Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations" Archived 2012-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
    4. ^ "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.
    5. ^ Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, — follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism...Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of the socialism off Karl Marg." Benjamin Tucker. Individual Liberty.
    6. ^ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
    7. ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9)...Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
    8. ^ Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism". The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. p. 106.
    9. ^ "That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organization and preaches free agreement — at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." Peter Kropotkin. Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal
    10. ^ "anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy — hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" in An Anarchist FAQ. Archived 2012-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
    11. ^ "ANARCHISM, a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    12. ^ "In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica
    13. ^ Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
    14. ^ "What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience."Mini-Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner
    15. ^ "I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself.""Anarchism and the State" in Individual Liberty
    16. ^ Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). Anarchism. The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing
    17. ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 183
    18. ^ "The illegalisis in this study,...As anarchist individualists, they came from a milieu whose most important theoretical inspiration was undoubtedly Max Stimer—whose work The Ego and Its Own remains the most powerful negation of the State, and affirniation of the individual, to date."—Richard Parry, The Bonnot Gang: the history of the French illegalists], 1987, p. 5.
    19. Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed
      , Fall-Winter, 1994–95)
    20. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism
      . pg.580
    21. ISBN 0-691-04494-5
      , p. 6 Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing 1991
      ISBN 0-631-17944-5
      , p. 11
    22. ISBN 978-1-4196-5869-3. Archived from the original
      on 21 December 2010.
    23. ^ "Under the mutual system, each individual will receive the just and exact pay for his work; services equivalent in cost being exchangeable for services equivalent in cost, without profit or discount; and so much as the individual laborer will then get over and above what he has earned will come to him as his share in the general prosperity of the community of which he is an individual member." From "Communism versus Mutualism", Socialistic, Communistic, Mutualistic and Financial Fragments. (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1875) by William Batchelder Greene
    24. ^ a b "Are there different types of social anarchism? Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine", An Anarchist FAQ. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
    25. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249
    26. ^ Patsouras, Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54
    27. ^ Avrich, Paul. 2006. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 5
    28. ^ Bakunin, Mikhail. Bakunin on Anarchism. Black Rose Books. 1980. p. 369
    29. ^ "The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people." Alexander Berkman. "What Is Communist Anarchism?" [1]
    30. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0
      . Retrieved 2010-09-20.
    31. ISBN 978-1-59986-218-7
      . Retrieved 2010-09-20.
    32. ^ Fabbri, Luigi. "Anarchism and Communism." Northeastern Anarchist #4. 1922. 13 October 2002. [2]
    33. ^ Makhno, Mett, Arshinov, Valevski, Linski (Dielo Trouda). "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists". 1926. Constructive Section: available here
    34. ^ (in Spanish) Magonismo, anarquismo en México
    35. ^ National Archive of Mexico, Governance Branch: Revoltosos Magonistas (1906)
    36. ^ 'Green Anarchism: Towards the Abolition of Hierarchy'
    37. ^ 'Steve Best on total liberation'
    38. ^ "Anarchism and the different Naturist views have always been related.""Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega at Asociacion para el Desarrollo Naturista de la Comunidad de Madrid. Published on Revista ADN. Winter 2003
    39. ^ EL NATURISMO LIBERTARIO EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (1890–1939) by Jose Maria Rosello Archived 2016-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
    40. ^ "Anarchism – Nudism, Naturism" by Carlos Ortega
    41. ^ "In many of the alternative communities established in Britain in the early 1900s nudism, anarchism, vegetarianism and free love were accepted as part of a politically radical way of life. In the 1920s the inhabitants of the anarchist community at Whiteway, near Stroud in Gloucestershire, shocked the conservative residents of the area with their shameless nudity.""Nudism the radical tradition" by Terry Phillips Archived 2012-09-11 at archive.today
    42. ISBN 978-1-57230-379-9
      .
    43. ISBN 978-0-12-803114-8
      .
    44. ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (1962)
    45. ^ ""Resisting the Nation State, the pacifist and anarchist tradition" by Geoffrey Ostergaard". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
    46. ^ a b c d "Some Notes on Insurrectionary Anarchism"
    47. ^ a b c "A-Infos (en) Ireland, Red & Black Revolution #11 – Anarchism, insurrections and insurrectionalism by Joe Black – WSM". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
    48. ^ Anarchist Portraits by Paul Avrich, Princeton University Press, 1988, p30
    49. ^ Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy by Karish K. Puri, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, 1983
    50. ^ Baal HaSulam. "Building the Future Society". World Wide Kabbalah Academy. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
    51. ^ Esenwein, George Richard "Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898" [p. 135]
    52. ^ Pedro Ribeiro|Reflections on APOC and the fate of Black Anarchism
    53. ^ Crypto-anarchism. Crypto-anarchism and Cryptocurrencies Series. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed 30 November 2017.
    54. socialist tradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays
      . Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
    55. ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6
      . "Anarcho-capitalists are against the State simply because they are capitalists first and foremost. [...] They are not concerned with the social consequences of capitalism for the weak, powerless and ignorant. [...] As such, anarcho-capitalism overlooks the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists like Spooner and Tucker. In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice. Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary cooperation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the state, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
    56. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward
      . Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."
    57. ISBN 0748634959
      .
    58. ^ Editor's note in "Taxation: Voluntary or Compulsory". Formulations. Free Nation Foundation. Summer 1995 "Heritage". Archived from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
    59. ^ Gerald F. Gaus, Chandran Kukathas. 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. Sage Publications. pp. 118–119. Source refers to David D. Friedman's philosophy as "market anarchism."
    60. ^ Konkin III, Samuel Edward. "Last Whole Introduction to Agorism" (PDF). agorism.eu.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
    61. LewRockwell.com
    62. OCLC 750831024
      .
    63. ^ Edward Stringham, Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice, p. 51
    64. ^ "The philosophy of "anarcho-capitalism" dreamed up by the "libertarian" New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper."Meltzer, Albert. Anarchism: Arguments For and Against AK Press, (2000) p. 50
    65. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism
      . Harper Perennial. London. 2008. p. 565
    66. ISBN 0748634959
    67. ISBN 9781902593906
    68. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward
      by David Goodway. Liverpool University Press. Liverpool. 2006. p. 4
    69. Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed
    70. ^ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia
    71. ^ Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles. Markets Not Capitalism. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20.
    72. ^ Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal Archived 2019-06-10 at the Wayback Machine." The American Conservative. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
    73. ^ Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Minor Compositions; 1st edition (November 5, 2011
    74. socialist tradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, Association of Private Enterprise Education (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"; Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays
      . Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."
    75. ^ White, Roger. Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004 (PDF). Oakland California: Jailbreak Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    76. ISBN 978-1-904859-32-1
      .
    77. ^ "The story of one person's struggle against intolerance and repression during the early 20th century homosexual emancipation movement in Germany. Mackay is a very interesting figure in both anarchist and homosexual circles."Hubert Kennedy. Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay. Archived March 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
    78. ^ "Although by 1968 he could be seen as the “grandfather of the French homosexual movement”, Daniel Guérin has always been better known outside gay circles for his rôle in the revolutionary movement. On the revolutionary left of the Socialist Party in the 1930s, he was later heavily influenced by Trotsky, before becoming attracted to the libertarian communist wing of the anarchist movement." David Berry. "For a dialectic of homosexuality and revolution"
    79. ^ Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had begun a journal called Prometheus in 1870, but only one issue was published. (Kennedy, Hubert, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality, In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997.
    80. ^ "Hubert Kennedy. Anarchist Of Love: The Secret Life Of John Henry Mackay.pg. 7" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
    81. ^ "J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? | Anarchist Writers". anarchism.pageabode.com. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
    82. ^ "J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists build? | Anarchist Writers". anarchism.pageabode.com. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
    83. ^ a b c "J.3.2 What are "synthesis" federations?" in An Anarchist FAQ.
    84. ^ "The remedy has been found: libertarian communism."[3]Sébastien Faure. "Libertarian Communism"
    85. ISBN 031204027X
    86. ISBN 1-904859-48-8
      .
    87. ^ Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910
    88. Lew Rockwell.com
      , May 12, 2008.
    89. ^ Heckert, Vishwam Jamie. "On Anarchism: An Interview with Judith Butler". Retrieved 10 September 2016.
    90. ^ Snow, Edgar. The Message of Gandhi. 27 September March 1948. "Like Marx, Gandhi hated the state and wished to eliminate it, and he told me he considered himself 'a philosophical anarchist.'"
    91. ISBN 0883441543
      .
    92. ^ "Greer on Revolution; Germaine on Love", Overland, Nos. 50/51, Autumn 1972.
    93. ^ Davis, Lydia (7 August 1975). "Sartre at Seventy: An Interview by Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Contat". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
    94. ^ "R.A. Forum > Sartre par lui-même (Sartre by Himself)". Raforum.info. 28 September 1966. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
    95. ^ "Interview with Jean-Paul Sartre" in The Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, ed. P. A. Schilpp, p. 21.
    96. ISBN 9780671685218
      ., p121
    97. ^ P. E. de Puydt. "Panarchy". First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.

    Further reading

    External links
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