Outline of evolution

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution:

A diagram showing the relationships among various groups of organisms

In

diversity of life

on Earth.

Fundamentals about evolution

million years ago)

*Ice Ages

Introduction

Introduction to evolution – Non-technical overview of the subject of biological evolution
Evolution – Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations
Evolution as fact and theory – Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory

Basic principles

Macroevolution – Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
- Speciation – Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
  - Natural speciation
    - Allopatric speciation – Speciation that occurs between geographically isolated populations
    - Peripatric speciation – Speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated smaller peripheral population
    - Parapatric speciation – Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
    - Sympatric speciation – Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location
  - Artificial speciation
    - Animal husbandry – Management, selective breeding, and care of farm animals by humans
    - Plant breeding – Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops
    - Genetic engineering – Manipulation of an organism's genome
  - Hybrid speciation – Form of speciation involving hybridization between two different species
- Despeciation – Loss of a species of animal due to its combining with another species
- Anagenesis – Gradual evolutionary change in a species without splitting
- Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
- Artificial selection
  – Breeding used to develop desired characteristics
- Natural selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
  - Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates
- Mutation – Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
- Gene flow – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
- Genetic drift – Concept in genetics

Subfields

Biology – Science that studies life
- Evolutionary biology – Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
  - Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
- Genetics – Science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms
Biogeography – Study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
Ecological genetics – Study of genetics in natural populations
Evolutionary biology – Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
- Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
Evolutionary ecology – Interaction of biology and evolution
Evolutionary physiology – Study of changes in physiological characteristics
Evolutionary taxonomy – Form of biological classification
Experimental evolution – Use of laboratory and field experiments to explore evolutionary dynamics
Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations
Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Population genetics – Subfield of genetics
Paleontology – Study of life before the Holocene epoch
- Paleovirology – The study of ancient viruses
- Timeline of paleontology – Timeline of notable events in the sudy of ancient life
Systematics – Branch of biology

History

Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)
- On the Origin of Species – 1859 book on evolution by Charles Darwin
- Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England
- Darwinism – Theory of biological evolution
History of evolutionary thought
- By period or event
  - Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment – Changes in evolutionary philosophies
  - Transmutation of species – 18th and 19th-century evolutionary ideas
  - 1860 Oxford evolution debate – Discussion about evolution in Oxford, England
  - Neo-Darwinism – Used to describe the combination of natural selection and genetics
  - The eclipse of Darwinism – Period when evolution was widely accepted, but natural selection was not
  - Evolutionary progress
    – Hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve towards some goal
  - Scopes Trial
    – 1925 US legal case in Tennessee
  - Modern synthesis – Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
    - Extended evolutionary synthesis – Set of theoretical concepts concerning evolutionary biology
  - Current research – Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
- By field
  - Evolutionary developmental biology – Comparison of organism developmental processes
  - History of evolutionary psychology
  - History of molecular evolution – History of the field of study of molecular evolution
  - History of paleontology – History of the effort to understand the history of life on Earth by studying the fossil record
Social effect of evolutionary theory
– Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity

Evolutionary theory and modelling

See also Basic principles (above)

Population genetics

Population genetics – Subfield of genetics
Process
- Mutation – Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
- Selection
  – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individualsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  - Natural selection – Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals
    - Sexual selection – Mode of natural selection involving the choosing of and competition for mates
  - Artificial selection
    – Breeding used to develop desired characteristics
  - Ecological selection – Natural selection without sexual selection
- Gene flow – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
- Genetic drift – Concept in genetics
  - Small population size – Statistical effects of small numbers on a population
  - Population bottleneck – Effects of a sharp reduction in numbers on the diversity and robustness of a population
  - Founder effect – Effect in population genetics
  - Coalescent theory – Model for tracing the history of genetic variation
Variation
- Genetic variation – Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
  - Genetic diversity – Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
  - Gene frequency
    – The relative frequency of a variant of a gene at a particular locus in a population
  - Polymorphism (biology) – Occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms in the population of a species
Key concepts
- Hardy-Weinberg law – Principle in genetics
- Genetic linkage – Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together
- Identity by descent – Identical nucleotide sequence due to inheritance without recombination from a common ancestor
- Linkage disequilibrium – Allele association in population genetics
- Fisher's fundamental theorem – Principle relating genetic variance to fitness
- Neutral theory – Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
- Shifting balance theory – One version of the theory of evolution
- Price equation – Description of how a trait or gene changes in frequency over time
- Coefficient of relationship – Mathematical guess about inbreeding
- Fitness – Expected reproductive success
- Heritability – Estimation of effect of genetic variation on phenotypic variation of a trait
Effects of selection
- Genetic hitchhiking – Incidental selection of non-harmful genes which are close to a beneficial gene on the same DNA chain
- Negative selection (natural selection) – Selective removal of alleles that are deleterious
Related topics
- Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
- Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
- Fitness landscape – Model used to visualise relationship between genotypes and reproductive success
- Genetic genealogy – DNA testing to infer relationships
- Quantitative genetics – Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits

Evolutionary phenomena

Adaptation – Process that fits organisms to their environment
Adaptive radiation – A process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species
Coevolution – Two or more species influencing each other's evolution
Concerted evolution
Convergent evolution – Independent evolution of similar features
- List of examples of convergent evolution – Examples of separate lineages of organisms developing similar characteristics
Divergent evolution – Accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciation
- Divergent evolution in animals
  – Accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciation
Evolution of ageing – Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
Evolution of biological complexity – Tendency for maximum complexity to increase over time, though without any overall direction
Evolution of multicellularity
– The development of organisms that consists of more than one cell from unicellular ancestors
Evolution of photosynthesis – Origin and subsequent evolution of the process by which light energy is used to synthesize sugars
Evolution of sexual reproduction – How sexually reproducing multicellular organisms could have evolved from a common ancestor species
Evolutionary arms race – Competition of sets of genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations against each other
Evolutionary capacitance – Evolutionary biology hypothesis
Evolutionary fauna
Evolutionary pressure – Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
Evolutionary radiation – Increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity
Evolutionary trap – Cases in which an evolved, and presumably adaptive, trait has suddenly become maladaptive
Evolvability – Capacity of a system for adaptive evolution
Exaptation – Function of trait, shifted by evolution
Extinction – Termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
Fitness (biology) – Expected reproductive success
- Inclusive fitness – Measure of evolutionary success based on the number of offspring the individual supports
  - Kin selection – Evolutionary strategy favoring relatives
- Reproductive success – Passing of genes on to the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes
Genetic recombination – Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
Horizontal gene transfer in evolution – Evolutionary consequences of transfer of genetic material between organisms of different taxa
Human evolution (origins of society and culture)
– Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behavior
Inversion (evolutionary biology) – Hypothesis in developmental biology
Mosaic evolution – Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
Parallel evolution – Similar evolution in distinct species
Quantum evolution – Evolution where transitional forms are particularly unstable and do not last long
Recurrent evolution – The repeated evolution of a particular character
Robustness (evolution) – Persistence of a biological trait under uncertain conditions
Speciation – Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species

Modelling

Emergent evolution – Evolutionary biology
Epic of evolution – Evolutionary narrative that blends views
Evolution window – Narrow band of mutation step size that is conducive to significant evolutionary progress
Evolutionary dynamics – Study of mathematical principles in evolutionary biology
Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology
Evolutionary graph theory – Approach to studying how topology affects evolution of a population
Evolutionary invasion analysis – Mathematical modeling of phenotypic evolution
Largest-scale trends in evolution – Limits of increased complexity over time

Taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny

Fundamentals

Taxonomy – Science of naming, defining and classifying organisms
- Alpha taxonomy
  – The discipline of finding, describing, and naming taxa, particularly species
- Biological classification
  – The science of identifying, describing, defining and naming groups of biological organisms
- Binomial nomenclature – System of identifying species of organisms using a two-part name
- Evolutionary taxonomy – Form of biological classification
- Catalogue of life
  – Online database and index of taxa
- Homonym (biology) – Scientific name that is identical in spelling to a name with a different type
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System – Authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes
- International Code of Zoological Nomenclature – Code of scientific nomenclature for animals
- International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Code of scientific nomenclature
- Linnaean taxonomy – Rank based classification system for organisms
- Phenetics – Attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity
- Species 2000 – Federated taxonomic database system for species checklists
- Taxon – Grouping of biological populations
- Taxonomic rank – Level in a taxonomic hierarchy
- Type (biology) – Specimen(s) to which a scientific name is formally attached
- Species description – Formal description of a discovered species
Systematics – Branch of biology
- Cladogram – Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins
- Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
- Cladistics – Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
- Computational phylogenetics – Application of computational algorithms, methods and programs to phylogenetic analyses
- Common descent – Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
- Evidence of common descent – Common ancestor evolutionary evidence
- Evolutionary grade – Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics
- Lineage (evolution) – Sequence of populations, organisms, cells, or genes that form a line of descent
- Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences
- Most recent common ancestor – Most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended

Basic concepts of phylogenetics

Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Phylogenetic network – Graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships, including reticulation events
Long branch attraction – Systematic error in phylogenetics
Clade – Group of a common ancestor and all descendants
Grade – Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics
Ghost lineage – Phylogenetic lineage that is inferred to exist but has no fossil record

Inference methods

Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics) – Optimality criterion in which the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best
Minimum evolution
Probabilistic methods
- Maximum likelihood estimation – Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations
- Bayesian inference – Statistical method for molecular phylogenetics
Distance matrices in phylogeny – Matrices used in construction of phylogenetic trees
- Neighbor joining – Bottom-up clustering method for creating phylogenetic trees
- Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) – Agglomerative hierarchical clustering method
- Least squares inference in phylogeny – Generation of phylogenetic trees based on an observed matrix of pairwise genetic distances
Three-taxon analysis – Cladistic based method of phylogenetic reconstruction

Current topics

PhyloCode, also known as International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature – Proposed code of nomenclature for clades
DNA barcoding – Method of species identification using a short section of DNA
Molecular phylogenetics – Branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences
Phylogenetic comparative methods – Use of information on the historical relationships of lineages to test evolutionary hypotheses
Phylogenetic network – Graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships, including reticulation events
Phylogenetic niche conservatism – Tendency of lineage to retain ancestral traits
List of phylogenetics software – Compilation of software used to produce phylogenetic trees
Phylogenomics – Intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics
Phylogeography – Field of study
DNA phylogeny

Group Traits

Symplesiomorphy
– An ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa
Apomorphy
– Two concepts on heritable traits
Synapomorphy
– Two concepts on heritable traits
Autapomorphy – Distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon

Group Types

Monophyly – Property of a group of including all taxa descendant from a common ancestral species
Paraphyly – Type of taxonomic group
Polyphyly – Property of a group not united by common ancestry

Evolution of biodiversity

Biodiversity – Variety and variability of life forms

Origin and evolutionary history of life

Abiogenesis – Life arising from non-living matter
History of life
Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

Evolution of organisms

Evolution of tetrapods

Evolution of tetrapods – Evolution of four legged vertebrates and their derivatives
- Evolution of dinosaurs
  – Archosaurian reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic EraPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
  - Evolution of birds – Derivation of birds from a dinosaur precursor
- Evolution of mammals – Derivation of mammals from a synapsid precursor, and the adaptive radiation of mammal species
  - Evolution of cetaceans
  - Evolution of horses
  - Evolution of primates – Origin and diversification of primates through geologic time
    - Evolution of humans
      – Evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of anatomically modern humans
      - Evolution of human intelligence – Evolution of the brain and the origin of language
      - Human evolutionary genetics – Study of differences between human genomes
      - Sexual selection in human evolution
        – Evolutionary effects of sexual selection on humans
      - Timeline of human evolution
    - Evolution of lemurs – History of primate evolution on Madagascar
  - Evolution of sirenians – Development from a Tethytherian ancestor and radiation of species
- Evolution of reptiles – Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time

Evolution of other animals

Evolution of brachiopods – The origin and diversification of brachiopods through geologic time
Evolution of cephalopods – Origin and diversification of cephalopods through geologic time
Evolution of fish – Origin and diversification of fish through geologic time
Evolution of insects – Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation
- Evolution of butterflies – Origin and diversification of butterflies through geologic time
- Peppered moth evolution – Significance of the peppered moth in evolutionary biology
Evolution of molluscs – The origin and diversification of molluscs through geologic time
Evolution of spiders – Origin from a chelicerate ancestor and diversification of spiders through geologic time

Evolution of plants

Evolution of plants
– The origin and diversification of plants through geologic time
- Evolutionary anachronism – Attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now-extinct species
- Plant evolution – Subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants
- Plant evolutionary developmental biology – Study of developmental programs and patterns in plants from an evolutionary perspective
- Timeline of plant evolution – Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants

Evolution of other taxa

Evolution of fungi – Origin and diversification of fungi through geologic time
Evolution of viruses
– Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
- Evolution of influenza
  – Infectious disease
E. coli long-term evolution experiment – Scientific study

Evolution of cells, organs, and systems

Evolution of cells – Evolutionary origin and subsequent development of cells
Evolution of flagella – Origin of three known varieties of flagella
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles – Middle ear bones evolved from jaw bones
Evolution of nervous systems – Origin and subsequent variation and development of neurons and neural tissues and organs
Evolution of snake venom – Origin and diversification of snake venom through geologic time
Evolution of the brain – Overview of the evolution of the brain
Evolution of the eye – Origins and diversification of the organs of sight through geologic time
- Evolution of color vision – Origin and variation of colour vision across various lineages through geologic time
- Evolution of color vision in primates – Loss and regain of colour vision during the evolution of primates
Immune system – Biological system protecting an organism against disease
Evolution of metabolism – Set of chemical reactions in organisms

Evolution of molecules and genes

Directed evolution – Protein engineering method
Error threshold (evolution) – Theoretical limit on rate of mutation
Gene-centered view of evolution – Theory of the "selfish gene"
Genome evolution – Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
Hologenome theory of evolution – Organism as host plus microbe community
Models of DNA evolution – Mathematical models of changing DNA
Molecular evolution – Process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules across generations
- History of molecular evolution – History of the field of study of molecular evolution
- Neutral theory of molecular evolution – Theory of evolution by changes at the molecular level
- Nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution – Variant of one theory of evolution
Neutral network (evolution) – Set of genes all related by point mutations that have equivalent function or fitness
RNA-based evolution – Theory that RNA plays an independent role in determining phenotype

Evolution of behaviour

Co-operation (evolution)
– Evolutionary process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits
Evolution of biparental care in tropical frogs – The evolution of the behaviour in frogs in which both the mother and father raise their offspring
Evolution of emotion – Study of the evolution of emotions
Evolution of empathy – Capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing
Evolution of eusociality – Origins of cooperative brood care
Monogamy in animals – Natural history of mating systems in which species pair bond to raise offspring
Reciprocal altruism – Form of behaviour between organisms
Reciprocity (evolution) – Mechanism favouring cooperative traits

Evolution of other processes

Evolution of ageing – Study of the evolutionary development of ageing processes
- Evolution of aging and mortality – Irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism
- Origin of programmed cell death – Death of a cell mediated by intracellular program, often as part of development
Origin of avian flight – Evolution of birds from non-flying ancestors
Evolution of biological complexity – Tendency for maximum complexity to increase over time, though without any overall direction
Mosaic evolution – Evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species
Evolution of multicellularity
– The development of organisms that consists of more than one cell from unicellular ancestors
Evolution of sexual reproduction – How sexually reproducing multicellular organisms could have evolved from a common ancestor species
- Mating type – Term in biologys
- Gamete differentiation/sexes – Sexual reproduction involving a large, female gamete and a small, male gamete
- Sex-determination – Biological system that determines the development of an organism's sex
- Life cycles/nuclear phases – Series of stages of an organism

Applications in other disciplines

Applications of evolution – Practical application of biological evolution
Biological anthropology – Branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species
Evolutionary aesthetics – Evolutionary psychology theories
Evolutionary anthropology – Interdisciplinary study
Evolutionary computation – Trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character
- Evolutionary algorithm – Subset of evolutionary computation
Evolutionary economics – A field in economics that considers economic evolution
- Kenneth Boulding's evolutionary perspective – Approach to economic theory based on an evolutionary model
Evolutionary epistemology – Ambiguous term applied to several concepts
Evolutionary ethics – Study of evolution on morality or ethics
Evolutionary linguistics – Sociobiological approaches to linguistics
Evolutionary medicine – Application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease
Evolutionary neuroscience – Study of the evolution of nervous systems
Evolutionary psychology – Branch of psychology
- Biosocial criminology – Psychosocial examination of crime
- Criticism of evolutionary psychology – Controversy in psychology
- Evolution of morality – Emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution
- Evolution of schizophrenia – theories on how natural selection effected the mental disorder
- Evolutionary aesthetics – Evolutionary psychology theories
- Evolutionary approaches to depression
- Evolutionary developmental psychology – Psychology field concerned with Darwinian evolution
  - Evolutionary developmental psychopathology
    – Branch of psychology
- Evolutionary educational psychology
- Evolutionary ethics – Study of evolution on morality or ethics
- Evolutionary leadership theory – Analysis of leadership from an evolutionary perspective
- Evolutionary musicology – Subfield of biomusicology
- Evolutionary origin of religions
  – Emergence of religious behavior discussed in terms of natural evolution
- Evolutionary psychology of language – Study of the evolutionary history of language assuming it is a result of Darwinian adaptation
- Evolutionary psychology of parenting
- Evolutionary psychology of religion – Study of religious belief using evolutionary psychology principles
- Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary robotics
Evolutionary systems
Sociobiology – Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior
- Sociocultural evolution – Evolution of societies
- Cultural evolution – Evolutionary theory of social change
Universal Darwinism – Application of Darwinian theory to other fields

Evolutionary issues

Controversy about evolution

Creation–evolution controversy
– Religious rejection of evolutionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- Outline of the creation–evolution controversy – Overview of and topical guide to the creation–evolution controversy
Criticism of evolutionary psychology – Controversy in psychology
Evolutionary argument against naturalism – Philosophical argument
Level of support for evolution – Variation in support for the theory of evolution
Objections to evolution – Arguments that have been made against evolution
Social effects of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity
Theology of creationism and evolution – Topic in theology

Religious and philosophical views of evolution

Acceptance of evolution by religious groups – General review of religious attitudes towards evolution
Conscious evolution – Hypothetical ability of the human species to choose what they will become
Buddhism and evolution
– General review of religious attitudes towards evolution
Catholic Church and evolution
– Attitude of the Catholic Church to evolution theory
Hindu views on evolution
Islamic views on evolution
- Ahmadiyya views on evolution – Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam universally accepts a process of divinely guided evolution
Jewish views on evolution – Jewish views on evolution includes a continuum of views about the theory of evolution
Mormon views on evolution
Theistic evolution – Views that religion is compatible with science

Influence of evolutionary theory

Social effects of evolutionary theory – Effects on human societies of the scientific explanation of life's diversity
See also Applications in other disciplines

Publications and organizations concerning evolution

Books

Evolution: The Modern Synthesis – book by Julian Huxley (grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley); one of the most important books of modern evolutionary synthesis, published in 1942
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection – book by R.A. Fisher important in modern evolutionary synthesis, first published in 1930
Genetics and the Origin of Species – 1937 book by Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky
On the Origin of Species – seminal book by Charles Darwin concerning evolution by natural selection, first published in 1859
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist – book by zoologist and evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, canonical publication of modern evolutionary synthesis, first published in 1942 by Columbia University Press

The Structure of Evolutionary Theory – technical book on macroevolutionary theory by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould
Evolutionary Biology
– 1983 book by Eli C. Minkoff

Journals

Evolution – Monthly journal in the science of evolutionary biology
Evolutionary Anthropology – Bimonthly review journal
Evolutionary Bioinformatics – Peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on computational biology in the study of evolution
Evolutionary Psychology – Peer-reviewed open access academic journal
Journal of Evolutionary Biology – Bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research – Quarterly, peer reviewed, scientific journal
Trends in Ecology & Evolution (TREE) – Series of review journals

Organizations

European Society for Evolutionary Biology – Organisation to support the study of organic evolution
Society for the Study of Evolution – Professional organization of evolutionary biologists
Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers
I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry – Research facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology – Research institute based in Leipzig, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology – Research institute located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
National Evolutionary Synthesis Center – Scientific research center in Durham, North Carolina
Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeography Association – international biogeographical community
Evolutionary Informatics Lab
– American engineer and intelligent design advocate (born 1950)

Evolution scholars and researchers

Prominent evolutionary biologists

Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)
Theodosius Dobzhansky – Russian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1900–1975)
Richard Dawkins – English evolutionary biologist and author (born 1941)
Stephen Jay Gould – American biologist and historian of science (1941–2002)
J. B. S. Haldane – Geneticist and evolutionary biologist (1892–1964)
Julian Huxley – British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, author (1887–1975)
Thomas Henry Huxley – English biologist and comparative anatomist (1825–1895)
Ronald Fisher – British polymath (1890–1962)
Ernst Mayr – German-American evolutionary biologist (1904–2005)
Alfred Russel Wallace – British naturalist (1823–1913)
Sewall Wright – American geneticist (1889–1988)