Outline of immunology

Immunology

• Branch of
  Biomedical science
• Immune system
• Immunity

1. Branches of immunology:

1. General Immunology 2. Basic Immunology 3. Advanced Immunology 4. Medical Immunology 5. Pharmaceutical Immunology 9. Clinical Immunology 6. Environmental Immunology 8. Cellular and Molecular Immunology 9. Food and Agricultural Immunology

• Classical immunology
• Clinical immunology
• Computational immunology
• Diagnostic immunology
• Evolutionary immunology
• Systems immunology
• Immunomics
• Immunoproteomics
• Immunophysics
• Immunochemistry
• Ecoimmunology
• Immunopathology
• Nutritional immunology
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Reproductive immunology
• Circadian immunology
• Immunotoxicology
• Palaeoimmunology
• Tissue-based immunology

• Testes
• Immunodermatology - Skin
• Intravascular immunology - Blood
• Osteoimmunology - Bone
• Mucosal surfaces

• Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Respiratory tract

• Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system
• Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye
• Tumors

History of immunology

• Timeline of immunology

General immunological concepts

• Immunity
  :

• Immunity against:

• Pathogens
  • Pathogenic bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
• Parasites
• Tumors
• Allergens
• Self-proteins

• Autoimmunity
• Alloimmunity
• Cross-reactivity

• Tolerance

• Central tolerance
• Peripheral tolerance
• Clonal anergy
• Clonal deletion
• Tolerance in pregnancy
• Immunodeficiency

• Antigen

• Antigenicity
• Immunogen
• Superantigen
• Allergen
• Hapten
• Epitope

• Linear
• Conformational
• Mimotope

• Tumor antigen
• Antigen-antibody interaction

• Immunogenetics

• Affinity maturation

• Somatic hypermutation
• Clonal selection

• V(D)J recombination

• Artemis complex
• Recombination-activating gene

• RAG1
• RAG2

• Recombination signal sequences

• Junctional diversity
• Immunoglobulin class switching
• Allelic exclusion
• Polyclonal response

• Phagocytosis

• Opsonin

• Intrinsic immunity
• Leukocyte extravasation
• Cross-presentation
• Immune repertoire
• Original antigenic sin
• Antigen presentation
• Immunological synapse
• Co-stimulation

Components of the immune system

Immune system

  Adaptive immune system

Adaptive immune system

• Humoral immunity

• Antibodies

• Kinds of antibodies

• Monoclonal antibodies
• Polyclonal antibodies
• Autoantibody
• Microantibody
• Neutralizing antibody

• Classification

• Allotype
• Isotype
• Idiotype

• Functions

• Antibody opsonization
• Neutralisation

• Regions

• Paratope
• Complementarity-determining region (CDRs)
• Hypervariable region
• Framework region
• Fab Region
• Fc Region

• Polyclonal B cell response

• Cell-mediated immunity

  Innate immune system

Innate immune system

• Complement system

• Classical complement pathway
• Mannan-binding lectin pathway
• Alternate complement pathway
• Complement membrane attack complex

• Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)

• Antimicrobial peptides
• Defensins
• Lysozyme

• Inflammation

• Inflammatory reflex
• Inflammasome
• Granuloma
• Acute-phase proteins

• Amyloid

• Positive

• Negative

Organs of the immune system

Lymphatic system

  Primary lymphoid organs

• Thymus - Site of T cell maturation
• Bone marrow - Site of haematopoiesis and B cell maturation

  Secondary lymphoid organs

• Spleen
  • White pulp
  • Red pulp
  • Marginal zone
• Lymph nodes
• Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Cells of the immune system

  Myeloid cells

Main articles:

Phagocytes

See also: Sentinel cell

• Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
• Monocytes
• Macrophages

• Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)

• Adipose tissue macrophages
• Kupffer cell - Liver
• Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
• Langerhans cell - Skin
• Dermal macrophage - Dermis
• Microglia - CNS
• Perivascular macrophage
• Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
• Hofbauer cell - Placenta
• Osteoclasts - Bone
• Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
• Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
• Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
• Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
• Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp

• Giant cells

• Foreign-body giant cell
• Langhans giant cell
• Touton giant cells

• Epithelioid cells
• Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro

• Dendritic Cells

• Conventional Dendritic Cells
• Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

  Lymphoid cells

• B cells
  • Plasma B cells
  • Memory B cells
  • B-1 cells
  • B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
  • Marginal-zone B cells
  • Follicular B cells
• T cells
  • Naive T cells
  • Helper T cells
    - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
    • Th1 cells
    • Th2 cells
    • Th3 cells
    • Th17 cells
    • T_FH cells - Follicular helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
  • Memory T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
  • Natural Killer T cells
    (NKT cells)
  • γδ T cells
  • Mucosal associated invariant T cells
• Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
  • Group 1 ILC
    • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • Group 2 ILC
    • Nuocyte
  • Group 3 ILC
    • Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)

  Others

(Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)

• Stromal cells

• Lymph node stromal cells
• Follicular dendritic cells

• Epithelial cells
• Pericytes
• Microfold cells (M cells)

  Hematopoiesis

Main articles:

Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic stem cell

See also: Leukopoiesis, Extramedullary hematopoiesis, and Cellular differentiation

• Lymphopoiesis

• Lymphoblast
• Prolymphocyte

• T cell development

• Thymocyte

• B cell development

• Pre-pro-B cell
• Early pro-B cell
• Late pro-B cell
• Large pre-B cell
• Small pre-B cell
• Immature B cell

• Myelopoiesis

• Common myeloid progenitor
  (CFU-GEMM)

• Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor
  (CFU-GM)

• Granulopoiesis

• Myeloblast (CFU-G)
• Promyelocyte
• Myelocyte
• Metamyelocyte
• Band cell

• Monocytopoiesis

• Monoblast (CFU-M)

• CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor

• Promonocyte

• CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
• CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
• Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell
  (MEP)

• Megakaryocytopoiesis

• CFU-Meg
• Megakaryoblast
• Promegakaryocyte
• Megakaryocyte
• Thrombopoiesis

• Thrombocyte (Platelets
  )

• Erythropoiesis

• Proerythroblast
• Normoblast
• Reticulocyte

• CFU-Mast

• Mast cell precursors

Molecules of the immune system

Immune receptors

   Antigen receptors

• B cells

• Antigen receptor -
  B cell receptor
  (BCR)
• Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
• Co-receptors

• Stimulatory

• CD21
• CD19
• CD81

• Inhibitory

• CD22

• Accessory molecule (CD79)

• Ig-α
  (CD79A)
• Ig-β
  (CD79B)

• T cells

• Antigen receptor -
  T cell receptor
  (TCR)

• Subunits -
  TRG@

• Co-receptors

• CD8α / CD8β
  )
• CD4

• Accessory molecules

• CD3

• Subunits - one
  CD3ε

• ζ-chain
  (CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)

   Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Pattern recognition receptor

• Membrane-bound PRRs

• Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

• C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) ^[2][3]

See also: C-type lectin

• Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors

• Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family

• Dectin 1 subfamily

• DCIR subfamily

• Scavenger receptors

• Class A - Trimers

• Class B - Two transmembrane domains

• Others

• Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

• Cytoplasmic PRRs

• NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

• NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)

• CIITA

• NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)

• NAIP

• NLRC (C for
  CARD domain
  )

• NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)

• NLRX

• NLRX1

• dsRNA

• Secreted PRRs

• Complement system (see complement proteins section)
• Collectins

• Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)^[4]

• Ficolins

   Complement receptors

Complement receptor

• CR1 (CD35)
• CR2 (CD21)
• CD18
• CD18
• CRIg
  (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
• Anaphylatoxin receptors

• C3a receptor
• C5a receptor (CD88)
• C5AR2

   Fc receptors

Fc receptor

• Fc-gamma receptors
  (FcγR)

• FcγRI
  (CD64)
• FcγRIIA
  (CD32A)
• FcγRIIB
  (CD32B)
• FcγRIIIA
  (CD16a)
• FcγRIIIB
  (CD16b)
• FcγRT
  (Neonatal Fc receptor)

• Fc-alpha receptors
  (FcαR)

• FcαRI
  (CD89, FCAR)
• Fcα/μR

• Fc-epsilon receptors
  (FcεR)

• FCER1B / two FCER1G
• FcεRII
  (CD23)

• Secreted Fc receptors

• Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)

• Fc receptor-like molecules

   Cytokine receptors

Cytokine receptor

• Hemopoietin
  receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits

• Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)

• IL2R - Heterotrimer: IL2RA (CD25) / IL2RB
  (CD122) / γ_c
• IL13RA1/IL13RA2
  )
• IL7RA
  (CD127) / γ-chain
• IL9R
  - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain
• IL15RA / IL2RB
  / γ-chain
• IL21R
  - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain

• Common beta chain
  (β-chain, CD131)

• IL3R - Heterodimer: IL3RA
  / β-chain
• IL5RA
  / β-chain
• GM-CSFRA
  / β-chain

• Common gp130 subunit
  (gp130, CD130)

• IL6RA
  / gp130
• IL11RA
  / gp130
• IL27RA
  / gp130
• OSMR
  / gp130
• LIFR
  / gp130

• IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit
  (IL12RB1)

• IL12RB2
• IL12RB1

• Others

• EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer
• G-CSFR
  (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• PRLR (Prolactin receptor)

• Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif

• Interferon receptors

• Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
• IFNGR2

• Interleukin receptors

• IL10RB
• IL20RB
• IL10RB
• IL10RB

• Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)

• CSF1
• CD117
  (c-KIT)
• IL1R
  )

• IL1R type 1
  (CD121a)
• IL1R type 2
  (CD121b)
• IL1R accessory protein
  (IL1RAP)
• IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)

• IL18R - Heterodimer: IL18R1 / IL18RAP

• IL17 family

• IL17RA
• IL17RB
• IL17RC
• IL17RD
• IL17RE

• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family
  - Trimeric cytokine receptors

• G protein-coupled receptors

• CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)

• CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)

• C chemokine receptors (XCRs)

• XCR1

• CX₃C chemokine receptors (CX₃CRs)

• CX₃CR1
  (Fractalkine receptor)

• TGF beta receptors
  - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors

• TGFBR1
• TGFBR2
• TGFBR3

   Natural killer cell receptors

• Killer activation receptors
  (KARs)

• Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)

• Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)

• Activating KIRs

• KIR2DS1

• Killer inhibitory receptors
  (KIRs)

• Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail

• Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail

• Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail

• Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail

• KIR3DS1

   Others

• Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors
  (LILRs)

• LILR subfamily A

• LILR subfamily B

• Eicosanoid receptors

Antibodies

• Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  • IgA1
  • IgA2
• Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  • IgG1
  • IgG2
  • IgG3
  • IgG4
• Immunoglobulin M (IgM)