Pakistani diaspora

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(Redirected from
Overseas Pakistani
)

Overseas Pakistanis
بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد
Total population
c. 9,956,000 (2022 estimate)[a]
Regions with significant populations
 Saudi Arabia2,714,684 (2019-2020 estimate)[1]
 United Arab Emirates1,600,000 (2019-2020 estimate)[1]
 United Kingdom1,587,819 (2021 official UK census)[2][b]
 India918,982 (2011 census)[3]
 United States629,946 (official 2021 census)[4]
 Kuwait339,033 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Canada303,260 (2021 official census)[6]
 Oman250,092 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Qatar235,505 (2020 estimate)[5][7]
 Germany140,000 (2022 official)[8]
 Italy134,492 (2021 official)[9]
 Bahrain117,000 (2019-2020 estimate)[1]
 Afghanistan221,432 (2015 estimate)[5]
 Spain108,710 (2022 official)[10]
 Australia89,633 (2021 official census)[11]
 Malaysia85,013 (2020 estimate)[5][12]
 Norway46,300 (2023 official)[13]
 Greece34,177 (2011 official census)[14]
 France29,387 (2019 official)[15]
 Sweden27,292 (2022 official)[16]
 Netherlands27,261 (2022 official)[17]
 Denmark26,714 (2023 official estimate)[18]
 Japan23,417 (2023 official)[19]
Languages
English, Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Hindko, other languages of Pakistan and languages spoken in respective country of residence.
Religion
Predominantly Islam minorities of Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.

Overseas Pakistanis (

Urdu: بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد), or the Pakistani diaspora, refers to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad according to December 2017 estimates. According to the Ministry of Emigration and Overseas Employment, data released in 2023 states that more than 10.80 million people have moved abroad since 1990. beoe.gov.pk

The vast majority, over 4.7 million, reside in the

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the 6th largest diaspora in the world.[22] In 2021, overseas Pakistanis sent record remittances with growth at 26 percent and levels reaching US$33 billion in 2021.[23]

Terminology

The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan. The term refers to Pakistani citizens who have not resided in Pakistan for a specified period (for the purpose of income tax) and people born abroad who are of Pakistani descent.

National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis

The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis, or NICOP, is a

NADRA in 2002 as a project of mutual resolve between the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, the Ministry of Labour & Manpower, and the Ministry of Interior. All NICOP holders are registered into the NADRA database to provide authenticity of the individual and visa-free entry into Pakistan. Proof of family relationships is necessary for various legal and administrative purposes involving NICOP.[24]

Pakistan Origin Card

The Pakistan Origin Card, or POC, is issued by Pakistani embassies/high commissions to people of Pakistani origin living abroad.[25] POC are not issued to those with dual nationalities.[26]

Emigration from Pakistan

Emigration from the territories that now constitute Pakistan began as early as 3000 BC.

Prehistoric

The presence of

Indus Valley civilisation is suggested by various forms of glyptic evidence. A recently discovered Mesopotamian cylinder seal inscription reveals that an interpreter from "Meluhha" (Harappa) was present. Several Indus scripted seals have also been discovered in excavations.[27]

Middle Ages

During the 10th century, Arabic chronicles mention tribes coming in contact with Baloch settlers.

Safavid Persia during the 15th century where they lived along with Jews and Armenians.[31][32] Pashtun traders arrived by boat in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, as early as the 15th century.[33][34] The Mukkuvar locals established an alliance with the Pashtun traders, enlisting their help to fend off incursions from rivals in the north. The traders were rewarded through marriages, and settled in Eravur.[33] Their settlement may have been deliberate, so as to form a buffer against future invasions from the north.[34] When Arab and Persian merchants expanded maritime trade routes in the 16th century, Sindh became fully integrated into the inter-Asian trade network. This led to increased trade and navigational interactions between Sindhi merchants and Arab/Persian merchants. Sindh also entertained independent commercial relations with East Asia and Southeast Asia, in particular with the Kedah Sultanate on the Malay Peninsula.[35]

Colonial era (1842–1947)

After the fall of Sindh in 1842 and Punjab in 1849, a large part of the territory of today's Pakistan came under rule of the

Canadian government.[44] Others sought opportunities by moving to the United States, particularly Yuba City, California. Poor wages and working conditions convinced Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land, and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[45]

Many people from modern Pakistan migrated and settled in Malaysia, which was also part of the British Empire. The

Pakistanis share a strong Muslim identity. At the time of Malaysia's independence under the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two-hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia. Rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group, thus they became part of the Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, by then inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.[46]
Many elite Malay families have at least one grandparent that was Pakistani. Diplomats, judges, legislators, and other government cadres include people with recognized Pakistani-Malay bloodlines.

Post independence

1947 to 1970

Emigration from Pakistan was relatively small between 1947 and 1970. The rapid industrialization process of Pakistan during the 1950s and 1960s, coupled with the introduction of modern agricultural practices, pushed out surplus labor leading to mass rural to urban migration, primarily to Karachi.[47] During this time period, the majority of Pakistanis who went abroad considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed. By 1971, no more than 900,000 Pakistanis lived abroad with the majority residing in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. In 1959, small numbers of Pakistanis were found to be working in Bahrain, Kuwait, and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. By 1960, the Pakistani community in Bahrain numbered 2200 while almost half of the population in Kuwait comprised non-nationals, and of them a small number came from Pakistan. Pakistan was already the single most important source of non-Arab expatriate labor in the Kuwait Oil Company (representing about 19% of the workforce) and trailed only Americans among those working for Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, who represented 6% of the workforce.[48]

The first mass migration of Pakistanis began in 1965 during the construction of

Dadyal were submerged, which led to the displacement of over 110,000 people from the region. Pakistanis also emigrated from these areas and the regions of Attock and Nowshera due to high levels of unemployment in the regions and harsh terrain that made farming difficult.[49] During the same period, the British government were actively seeking people from abroad to work in industrial towns in north-west England who were suffering from worker shortages. The industrial towns in England that many of the Pakistani emigrants ended up relocating to for work were the towns of Rochdale, Newcastle, Bristol, High Wycombe, Birmingham, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, and Bradford.[49] Thus many worker permits for Britain were awarded to the displaced population of Mirpur who were eligible for work.[50] Close to 50,000 Pakistanis from Mirpur emigrated to Northern England between 1965 and 1970.[51][52] The Pakistanis who decided to emigrate to Britain in this time period were aided by the 1948 British Nationality Act which allowed for people from British commonwealth countries, such as Pakistan, and travel and settle in Britain as they were considered British citizens.[49]

1971 to present

The availability of a large-scale labor force from Pakistan resulted from a combination of economic, social, and institutional factors at home. By 1970, Pakistan was passing through a serious economic and political crisis which eventually led to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971. The rapid economic development of the 1950s and 1960s could not be sustained by 1970 and a wave of nationalization of business and industry was unfolding under Prime Minister

Pakistani Jewish community of 2000 began emigrating to Israel and settled in Ramla.[54]

Today, over 7.6 million Pakistanis live abroad, with an estimated 4 million Pakistanis in the

airports and setting up suitable schemes in housing, education, and health care
.

Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development

The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan. Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi is the current minister.[59] The ministry was created in June 2013, from a merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis[60][61] and the Ministry of Human Resource Development.[62] which was established in 2008. The Bureau of Emigration & Overseas Employment appoints Community Welfare Attachés around the world to establish and maintain close contacts with the foreign firms who are in need of manpower for their ventures in different countries, and to aid in the welfare of overseas Pakistanis. CWAs are currently located in:[63]

Overseas Pakistanis Foundation

The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF) was established July 1979, with its head office at

UCLES. It also has established international projects in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. The head office of the OPF school is located in Islamabad
, administering the system through six main regional offices:

Relations with Pakistan

Millions of Pakistanis emigrated to various countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike European immigrants who settled permanently in the new world, many Pakistanis who emigrated considered themselves to be "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan when their degree programs were completed.

Little Pakistan

Pakistani American
population.

Little Pakistan is a general name for an ethnic enclave populated primarily by Pakistanis or people of Pakistani ancestry abroad.

Pakistan International School

Pakistan International Schools are

Urdu language and English language
classes.

From the Middle East

Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there has been a large population of Pakistanis in the Middle East,

banking, and aviation
.

From Europe

Since the 1990s, a large number of Pakistanis who settled in Europe have been returning to Pakistan. Those who were born in Europe have also maintained close links to Pakistani culture. However, there are some instances of children not learning

).

From America

Very small numbers of Pakistanis from

.

Remittances

Remittances sent by year ($US billion)[68][57][56][55][58][69][70]
Year Remittance ($ billion)
2003
4.23
2004
3.87
2005
4.17
2006
4.61
2007
6.51
2008
7.81
2009
8.91
2010
9.32
2011
11.21
2012
13.19
2013
13.90
2014
15.80
2015
18.72
2016
19.92
2017
22.30
2018
19.9
2019
21.7
2020
23.1
2021
29.4
2022
31.2
2023
27

Population by country

A map showing the distribution and population of Pakistan diaspora by country.

Population of Pakistanis abroad, by country, according to the 2019-20 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Yearbook,[1] or other estimates (if indicated).

World region / Country Article Overseas Pakistani population
Eastward Asia ~1,108,600
 India Pakistanis in India 918,982 (2011 census)[3]
 Malaysia Pakistanis in Malaysia 85,013 (2020 estimate)[5][12]
 Japan Pakistanis in Japan 22,118 (2022 official)[71]
 Hong Kong Pakistanis in Hong Kong 18,178 (2021 census)[72]
 China Pakistanis in China 15,000
 South Korea Pakistanis in South Korea 13,990 (2019 official)[73]
 Bangladesh
Pakistanis in Bangladesh
11,196 (2011 census)[74]
 Indonesia
Pakistanis in Indonesia
8,645 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Thailand Pakistanis in Thailand 6,500
 Singapore Pakistanis in Singapore 4,562 (2012)[75]
 Myanmar
Pakistanis in Burma
3,101 (2020 estimate)[5]
   Nepal
Pakistanis in Nepal
1,212 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Sri Lanka Pakistanis in Sri Lanka 1,083 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Brunei Pakistanis in Brunei 893 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Vietnam
Pakistanis in Vietnam
622 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Philippines
Pakistanis in Philippines
451 (2020 census)[76]
 Maldives
Pakistanis in Maldives
450
 Cambodia Pakistanis in Cambodia 350
 East Timor Pakistanis in East Timor 301 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Taiwan Pakistanis in Taiwan [c] 259 (2022 official)[78]
 North Korea Pakistanis in North Korea 172 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Laos Pakistanis in Laos 50
 Bhutan Pakistanis in Bhutan 21 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Mongolia
Pakistanis in Mongolia
21 (2020 estimate)[5]
Middle (East) Crescent[d] ~5,430,900
 Saudi Arabia Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia 2,714,684
 United Arab Emirates Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates 1,600,000
 Kuwait Pakistanis in Kuwait 339,033 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Oman Pakistanis in Oman 250,092 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Qatar Pakistanis in Qatar 235,505 (2020 estimate)[5][7]
 Bahrain Pakistanis in Bahrain 117,000
 Afghanistan Pakistanis in Afghanistan 102,500 (2020 estimate)[5]
Turkey Türkiye
Pakistanis in Türkiye
17,290 (2021 official)[80]
 Jordan
Pakistanis in Jordan
16,500
 Iran Pakistanis in Iran 14,320 (2016 census)[81]
 Libya Pakistanis in Libya 6,000
 Cyprus
Pakistanis in Cyprus
4,000
 Yemen Pakistanis in Yemen 3,024 (2017 estimate)[82]
 Algeria
Pakistanis in Algeria
2,500
 Kyrgyzstan
Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan
2000
 Sudan
Pakistanis in Sudan
2,000
 Lebanon
Pakistanis in Lebanon
721 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Iraq
Pakistanis in Iraq
688 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Egypt Pakistanis in Egypt 619 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Tunisia Pakistanis in Tunisia 500
 Syria
Pakistanis in Syria
481
 Uzbekistan
Pakistanis in Uzbekistan
357
 Kazakhstan
Pakistanis in Kazakhstan
350
 Azerbaijan
Pakistanis in Azerbaijan
274 (2022 official)[83]
 Morocco
Pakistanis in Morocco
176 (2017 estimate)[82]
 Tajikistan
Pakistanis in Tajikistan
103 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Georgia Pakistanis in Georgia 27[1]
86 (2002 census)[84]
 Mauritania Pakistanis in Mauritania 50
 Turkmenistan
Pakistanis in Turkmenistan
14
Sub-Saharan Africa ~43,700
 South Africa Pakistanis in South Africa 11,157 (2016 official)[85][86]
 Kenya
Pakistanis in Kenya
10,000
 Uganda Pakistanis in Uganda 5,000
 Mozambique Pakistanis in Mozambique 4,423 (2020 estimate)[87]
 Tanzania
Pakistanis in Tanzania
3,050
 Nigeria
Pakistanis in Nigeria
2,050
 Mali Pakistanis in Mali 1,500
 Zimbabwe
Pakistanis in Zimbabwe
700
 Malawi Pakistanis in Malawi 515
 Burundi Pakistanis in Burundi 500
 Rwanda Pakistanis in Rwanda 500
 Liberia Pakistanis in Liberia 500
 Botswana
Pakistanis in Botswana
464 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Lesotho Pakistanis in Lesotho 419 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Mauritius
Pakistanis in Mauritius
378
 Zambia Pakistanis in Zambia 350
 Djibouti
Pakistanis in Djibouti
300
 South Sudan Pakistanis in South Sudan 250
 Ethiopia Pakistanis in Ethiopia 240
 Namibia Pakistanis in Namibia 173 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Madagascar
Pakistanis in Madagascar
138
 Senegal
Pakistanis in Senegal
122
 Congo DR Pakistanis in Democratic Republic of the Congo 115
 Gambia Pakistanis in Gambia 109
 Eritrea Pakistanis in Eritrea 100
 Sierra Leone Pakistanis in Sierra Leone 86 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Ghana
Pakistanis in Ghana
76 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Angola Pakistanis in Angola 75
 Somalia Pakistanis in Somalia 72 (2017 estimate)[82]
 Niger
Pakistanis in Niger
68
 Ivory Coast Pakistanis in Ivory Coast 66
 Réunion (France) Pakistanis in Réunion 45 (2015 census)[84]
 Guinea Pakistanis in Guinea 29 (2014 census)[84]
 Seychelles
Pakistanis in Seychelles
28
 Comoros
Pakistanis in Comoros
14
 Guinea Bissau Pakistanis in Guinea Bissau 10
Latin America 4,200+
 Brazil Pakistanis in Brazil 2,348 (2022 official)[88]
 Chile
Pakistanis in Chile
653 (2017 census)[89]
 Mexico
Pakistanis in Mexico
331 (2020 census)[90]
 Ecuador Pakistanis in Ecuador 225
 Peru
Pakistanis in Peru
153 (2017 official)[91]
 Panama Pakistanis in Panama 99 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Dominican Republic Pakistanis in Dominican Republic 75 (2010 census)[92]
 Uruguay Pakistanis in Uruguay 75
 Argentina
Pakistanis in Argentina
64 (2010 census)[84]
 Bolivia
Pakistanis in Bolivia
40
 Venezuela Pakistanis in Venezuela 40
 Colombia
Pakistanis in Colombia
37 (2018 census)[93]
 Paraguay
Pakistanis in Paraguay
30
 Guatemala Pakistanis in Guatemala 26 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Nicaragua Pakistanis in Nicaragua 14
 Puerto Rico (USA) Pakistanis in Puerto Rico 10 (2021 census)[94]
Northern America and the Caribbean 933,400+
 United States
Pakistani American
629,946 (official 2021 census)[4]
 Canada
Pakistani Canadian
303,260 (2021 official census)[6]
 Trinidad and Tobago Pakistanis in Trinidad and Tobago 88
 Bermuda (UK) Pakistanis in Bermuda 29 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Guyana Pakistanis in Guyana 25
 Suriname
Pakistanis in Suriname
25
 Grenada Pakistanis in Grenada 21
 Cayman Islands (UK) Pakistanis in Cayman Islands 11 (2019 official)[95]
 Barbados Pakistanis in Barbados 10
Europe 2,275,100+
 United Kingdom British Pakistanis,
Pakistanis in London
United Kingdom: 1,174,983 (2011 official UK census)[2][b]
England: 1,570,287 (2021 census)[96]
Scotland: 49,381 (2011 census)[2]
Wales: 17,535 (2021 census)[96]
Northern Ireland: 1,596 (2021 census)[97]
 Germany Pakistanis in Germany 140,000 (2022 official)[8]
 Italy Pakistanis in Italy 134,492 (2021 official)[9]
 Spain Pakistanis in Spain 108,710 (2022 official)[10]
 Norway
Pakistanis in Norway
46,300 (2023 official)[13]
 Greece
Pakistanis in Greece
34,177 (2011 official census)[14]
 France Pakistanis in France 29,387 (2019 official)[15]
 Sweden
Pakistanis in Sweden
27,292 (2022 official)[16]
 Netherlands Pakistanis in the Netherlands 27,261 (2022 official)[17]
 Denmark Pakistanis in Denmark 26,714 (2023 official estimate)[18]
 Belgium Pakistanis in Belgium 19,247 (2012 official estimate)[98]
 Republic of Ireland Pakistanis in Ireland 12,891 (2016 official census)[99]
 Portugal
Pakistanis in Portugal
10,828 (2022 official)[100]
 Austria
Pakistanis in Austria
5,914 (2021 census)[101]
 Finland
Pakistanis in Finland
4,726 (2022 official estimate)[102]
  Switzerland Pakistanis in Switzerland 3,217 (2020 official estimate)[103]
 Ukraine
Pakistanis in Ukraine
2,000
 Russia Pakistanis in Russia 1,878 (2015 official)[104]
 Hungary
Pakistanis in Hungary
1,719 (2022 official)[15]
 Poland
Pakistanis in Poland
1,318
 Romania
Pakistanis in Romania
1,032 (2020 estimate)[15]
 Czech Republic
Pakistanis in Czech Republic
979 (2022 official)[105]
 Estonia Pakistanis in Estonia 555 (2021 census)[106]
 Malta
Pakistanis in Malta
549 (2020 estimate)[5]
 Albania
Pakistanis in Albania
491 (irregular foreigners) (2019 official)[107]
 Bulgaria
Pakistanis in Bulgaria
456 (2022 official)[15]
 Luxembourg Pakistanis in Luxembourg 206 (2020 official)[108]
 Latvia Pakistanis in Latvia 144 (2023 official)[109]
 Iceland
Pakistanis in Iceland
137 (2022 official)[110]
 Slovakia
Pakistanis in Slovakia
130 (2020 official)[15]
 Belarus Pakistanis in Belarus 120
 Lithuania Pakistanis in Lithuania 51 (2021 census)[84]
 Slovenia
Pakistanis in Slovenia
41 (2022 official)[111]
 Serbia
Pakistanis in Serbia
28
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pakistanis in Bosnia and Herzegovina
25
 Moldova
Pakistanis in Moldova
16 (2021 official)[112]
 Croatia
Pakistanis in Croatia
10
Oceania 97,660+
 Australia
Pakistani Australian
89,633 (2021 official census)[11]
 New Zealand
Pakistani New Zealander
6,135 (2018 census)[113]
 Fiji Pakistanis in Fiji 1,867 (2020 estimate)[5]
Total overseas Pakistani population ~9,956,000

See also

Diasporas of Pakistani ethnic groups

Other

Notes

  1. ^ calculated total for collected data of population by country, from different sources (censuses, migration data, etc.). See statistics by country.
  2. ^ a b This census figure may not include recent immigrants or people of partial Pakistani ancestry.
  3. ^ [77]
  4. ^ comprising Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa – this area resembles a crescent[79] straddling in the middle of Europe, Africa and Asia

References

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7174294.stm

Bibliography

  • Mehmood, Maryyum. 18 May 2021. Mapping Muslim Moral Provinces: Framing Feminized Piety of Pakistani Diaspora. Religions 12: 356; Volume 2 issue 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12050356 MDPI,

External links