Overseas departments and regions of France
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The overseas departments and regions of France (French: départements et régions d'outre-mer, pronounced [depaʁtəmɑ̃ e ʁeʒjɔ̃ d‿utʁəmɛʁ]; DROM) are departments of the French Republic which are outside the continental Europe situated portion of France, known as "metropolitan France". The distant parts have exactly the same status as mainland France's regions and departments. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions the same as in metropolitan France, but can be adapted as needed to suit the region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws. On occasion referendums are undertaken to re-assess the sentiment in local status.
Since March 2011, the five overseas departments and regions of France are:
- French Guiana in South America;
- Guadeloupe in the Caribbean;
- Martinique in the Caribbean;
- Mayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa;
- Réunion in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.
History
Under the 1947 Constitution of the Fourth Republic, the French colonies[clarification needed] of Algeria[1][clarification needed] in North Africa; Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean; French Guiana in South America; and Réunion in the Indian Ocean were defined as overseas departments. Algeria became independent in 1962 while the others are still French departments.
Since 1982, following the
The overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was an overseas department from 1976 to 1985. All five of France's overseas departments have between 200,000 and 1,000,000 people each, whereas Saint Pierre and Miquelon has only about 6,000, and the smaller collectivity unit therefore seemed more appropriate[according to whom?] for the islands.[citation needed]
The overseas collectivity of Mayotte held a referendum on 29 March 2009. Of the votes, 95% were in favor of becoming an overseas department. Mayotte became an overseas department on 31 March 2011.[2]
Geography and characteristics
Each overseas department is the sole department in its own overseas region (French: région d'outre-mer) with powers identical to the regions of metropolitan France. Because of the one-to-one correspondence, informal usage does not distinguish the two, and the French media use the term département d'outre-mer (DOM) almost exclusively.
As integral parts of the French republic and the European Union, overseas departments are represented in the National Assembly, Senate, and Economic and Social Council. The areas also vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEP), and also use the euro as their currency. The overseas departments and regions are not the same as the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status.
Guadeloupe and Réunion each have separate departmental and regional councils, while in Mayotte, Guiana and Martinique, the two layers of government are consolidated so one body wields both sets of powers. The overseas departments acquired these additional powers in 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils and other regional powers; however, the term "overseas region" was only introduced with the French constitutional amendment of 28 March 2003.
Due to distance from the EU and local proximity some areas participate in economic fora and organizations of mutual interest geographically close-by. Such as Martinique and Guadeloupe taking part in both the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and Association of Caribbean States (ACS); or French Polynesia taking part in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 720,000 | — |
1960 | 949,000 | +31.8% |
1970 | 1,194,000 | +25.8% |
1980 | 1,286,000 | +7.7% |
1990 | 1,566,000 | +21.8% |
2000 | 1,865,000 | +19.1% |
2010 | 2,148,000 | +15.2% |
2020 | 2,165,749[4] | +0.8% |
Sources:[3] |
See also
- List of islands of France
- Administrative divisions of France
- Outre-mer
- Overseas France
- Overseas Territories of France (European Parliament constituency)
- Overseas territory
- Single territorial collectivity
- Special member state territories and the European Union
References
- ISBN 9781898723479.
- ^ "Mayotte: 95.2% de "oui" au final" [Mayotte: 95.2% "yes" in the end]. Le Figaro (in French). 29 March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- INSEE. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- INSEE. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
External links
- (in French) Ministry of the overseas departments and territories
- (in French) past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like DOMs and TOMs (archived 29 September 2006)