Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States
In the United States,
Distribution
At the dawn of the American television industry, each company was only allowed to own a total of five television stations around the country. As such, when the networks launched their television operations, they found it more advantageous to put their five owned-and-operated stations in large media markets that had more households (and therefore, denser populations) on the belief that it would result in higher revenue. In other markets, they opted to run their programming on stations through contractual arrangements, making them affiliates instead.
The five-station limit posed a problem for the DuMont Television Network, the first attempt at a "fourth" television network. Paramount Pictures, which had owned KTLA (channel 5) in Los Angeles and WBKB (channel 4, now WBBM-TV on channel 2) in Chicago, owned a share of the network. However, the FCC declared that Paramount controlled DuMont and thus forbade the network and the studio from acquiring any more stations.[2] This was one of the factors that led to DuMont shutting down in August 1956.
For much of the era from 1958 to 1986, the major network-owned stations were distributed as follows: ABC, CBS and NBC each owned stations in the top three markets (New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago). Between 1958 and 1965, fourth-ranked Philadelphia housed CBS-owned WCAU-TV (channel 10) and NBC-owned WRCV-TV (channel 3, now KYW-TV), a station which NBC had acquired two years earlier through a trade with Westinghouse Broadcasting in return for NBC's television and radio stations in Cleveland. The FCC reversed the trade in 1965 and NBC regained control of the Cleveland television station, which is today known as WKYC. Each network owned stations in other markets where the other networks did not: in addition to Cleveland, these were ABC's KGO-TV (channel 7) in San Francisco and WXYZ-TV (channel 7) in Detroit, NBC's WRC-TV (channel 4) in Washington, D.C., and CBS' KMOX-TV (channel 4, now KMOV) in St. Louis.
As a result of a revision to the FCC's media ownership rules in 1999, a company can now own any number of television stations with a combined market reach of less than 39% of the country, but cannot own two of the four highest-rated stations in any market.).
UHF vs. VHF
Early development
Local television stations in the United States were concentrated on the VHF dial (channels 2–13) in the early days of the industry. However, it soon became apparent that the twelve channels available on the VHF dial would not be sufficient to meet the demands of the growing industry. As a result, in 1952, the FCC opened up a new spectrum of frequencies on the UHF dial (channels 14–83) for terrestrial television.[3] As an incentive for companies to operate UHF stations, the FCC relaxed the ownership limit for a given entity from five to seven stations, provided that no more than five were on the VHF dial.
With this opportunity to expand its roster of O&Os, NBC bought WBUF-TV (channel 17) in Buffalo in 1955[4] and WKNB-TV (channel 30) in New Britain, Connecticut (near Hartford) in 1957, and changed WKNB's call letters to WNBC-TV (the present-day WNBC in New York City used the WRCA-TV callsign from 1954 to 1960). The network wanted to see if a UHF station could effectively compete against VHF stations, and attempted to make the stations more competitive by investing in significant equipment upgrades. However, WBUF consistently ranked behind its VHF competitors, WGR-TV (channel 2, now WGRZ) and WBEN-TV (channel 4, now WIVB-TV). Similarly, WNBC consistently rated behind VHF competitor WNHC-TV (channel 8, now WTNH); WNBC faced an additional problem as its signal was not strong enough to cover New Haven and western Connecticut (nearly all of Connecticut is part of the Hartford-New Haven market).
By the time the FCC allocated additional VHF stations to Buffalo (WKBW-TV, channel 7) and Hartford (WTIC-TV channel 3, now WFSB), NBC decided that its experiment was a lost cause, and put WBUF and WNBC up for sale. While it found a buyer for WNBC (which retained its NBC affiliation), there were no takers for WBUF, and it went off the air in 1958. NBC then affiliated with WGR-TV, where it remains to this day. NBC donated WBUF's license and some of its equipment to PBS member station WNED-TV, which took over the channel 17 frequency in 1959 (due to a number of transactions, the WBUF-TV license is now held by WNLO and the channel 17 frequency was later held by WBXZ-LD; WNED still holds the virtual channel 17 in the Buffalo market, but has not advertised it since the early 2000s).
Similarly, CBS bought UHF stations WGTH-TV (channel 18) in Hartford[5] and WOKY-TV (channel 19, later on channel 18) in Milwaukee in 1955, and changed their call letters to WHCT-TV and WXIX-TV, respectively. However, CBS' ratings were astonishingly low in those markets. In 1959, CBS decided to move its Hartford and Milwaukee affiliations to VHF stations WTIC-TV and WITI-TV (channel 6) respectively, and sold off what became WHCT (now Univision affiliate WUVN) and WXIX (now CW affiliate WVTV) – ironically, CBS was sent back to the UHF dial in Milwaukee following an affiliation switch in December 1994, which saw WITI becoming a Fox station, while its former CBS affiliation moved to WDJT-TV (channel 58).
1980s and beyond
The underperformance of early UHF O&Os (and UHF stations in general) was primarily attributed to the fact that manufacturers were not required to equip new television sets with UHF tuners until 1964, following the 1961 passage of the
By the time the Fox network launched in October 1986, many of the nation's VHF stations were already affiliated with one of the "Big Three" networks. As a result, Fox had little choice but to affiliate with UHF stations in most markets upon its launch (the few VHF outlets that the network initially affiliated with, a few of which were owned by Fox itself, were in a handful of large and mid-sized markets; however, Fox was forced to align with a UHF outlet in a few markets where it initially approached a VHF
As a result of the New World deal, CBS lost its longtime Detroit affiliate WJBK (channel 2) to Fox. CBS then unsuccessfully sought to affiliate with other stations in the market before it eventually purchased low-rated ethnic independent WGPR-TV (channel 62) and changed the station's callsign to WWJ-TV (a callsign once used by one of the stations that CBS approached for an affiliation, WDIV-TV) in 1995. The station continues to receive low ratings, and after a brief attempt at running an 11:00 p.m. newscast from 2001 to 2002 that was produced by sister station WKBD-TV (which voluntarily shut down its news department shortly afterward to enter into a short-lived news share agreement with WXYZ-TV), was the only CBS owned-and-operated station without a local news presence until 2009, when a morning newscast produced by the Detroit Free Press premiered (that program, First Forecast Mornings, was canceled in 2012). CBS also bought KEYE-TV (channel 42) in Austin, Texas from the Granite Broadcasting Corporation in 2000, five years after that station took the CBS affiliation from KTBC, another former New World station that switched to Fox.
NBC would not buy a UHF O&O again until 1995, when it acquired WNCN (channel 17) in Goldsboro, North Carolina (part of the Raleigh–Durham market). It subsequently purchased KNSD (channel 39) in San Diego in 1996, and it repurchased channel 30 in Hartford, now WVIT, in 1997.
Currently, most American networks have at least one owned-and-operated station on a UHF frequency (which now usually corresponds to the station's physical digital channel, particularly in cases where a station previously operated on a VHF channel, which now corresponds to its virtual channel, prior to the 2009 digital television transition). Newer networks, such as Univision and Ion Television, even have mostly UHF O&Os.
Ownership and network changes
Mergers, acquisitions, and other business deals between television networks and other companies sometimes require a network to sell off an O&O, in order to stay under the ownership cap. In addition, networks may choose to sell off O&Os in smaller markets in order to concentrate on their stations in larger markets, or to give themselves leeway to purchase stations in other growing markets. The following are examples of transactions involving owned-and-operated stations in the United States:
DuMont Television Network
The DuMont network found itself in financial trouble in 1954, and decided to sell off its
However, even with income generated from the sale, DuMont was never able to recover from its problems, and the network shut down in August 1956. Its two other owned-and-operated stations, WABD (channel 5, now WNYW) in New York City and WTTG (channel 5) in Washington, D.C., became independent stations and remained so until October 1986, when they became Fox O&Os at the network's inception.
CBS
In 1986, CBS sold its longtime owned-and-operated station in St. Louis, KMOX-TV, to
On February 7, 2007, CBS announced the sale of its owned-and-operated stations in
NBC
For much of the modern television era, NBC did not have an owned-and-operated station in Philadelphia. In 1955, NBC forced Westinghouse to trade its NBC-affiliated Philadelphia cluster of KYW-AM (1060) and WPTZ-TV (channel 3) to NBC in exchange for WTAM-AM-FM and WNBK-TV in Cleveland. Westinghouse only agreed to the trade after NBC threatened not only to yank its programming from WPTZ, but also Westinghouse-owned WBZ-TV (channel 4) in Boston. NBC changed the callsigns of the Philadelphia stations to WRCV-AM-TV, while Westinghouse changed the Cleveland stations' callsigns to KYW-AM-FM-TV. NBC's then-ownership of Philadelphia's channel 3 was cited by CBS when it purchased its then-affiliate WCAU-TV in 1958, despite FCC rules at the time barring companies from owning stations with overlapping signals, as WRCA/WRCV did.
In 1965, NBC was forced to reverse the trade on orders from the Federal Communications Commission and the
In 1997, LIN TV Corporation sold a 76% stake in Dallas-Fort Worth's KXAS-TV (channel 5) to NBC in exchange for 24% of San Diego's KNSD; therefore, NBC owned 76% of both stations. Although this was not defined as a traditional O&O arrangement, NBC's controlling interest in the stations allowed them to be considered NBC owned-and-operated stations. In February 2013, LIN pulled out of the joint venture, giving NBC 100% ownership of the two stations.[11]
In December 2001, NBC acquired an O&O in the
On March 19, 2008, NBC announced its intention to sell two additional O&Os: WTVJ in Miami and WVIT in New Britain-Hartford, Connecticut. On July 18 of that year, it was announced that WTVJ would be sold to Post-Newsweek Stations (now the Graham Media Group), then owner of Miami's ABC affiliate WPLG (channel 10). Had the FCC approved this deal, it would have resulted in the Miami market being home to the largest duopoly in the United States between two "Big Three" or "Big Four" network affiliates. WVIT was later withdrawn from the selling block, as all of the offers made for that station were much lower than NBC's asking price. The sale of WTVJ also fell through due to the delay in FCC approval for the deal, the election of Barack Obama as president effectively de facto signaling a rejection of the deal from a Democratic-led FCC board of commissioners was coming, and public opposition over the proposed sale of WTVJ to the owner of another major network station.
In 2016, NBC announced that it would launch a new O&O in Boston (
ABC
Detroit's WXYZ-TV had been an ABC owned-and-operated station from its sign-on in 1948, as WXYZ radio (1270 AM, now WXYT) had been an affiliate of ABC radio's predecessor, the NBC Blue Network. However, when Capital Cities Communications acquired ABC in 1985, the combined assets of the new company exceeded the FCC's ownership limit at the time. As such, the network opted to sell WXYZ to the E. W. Scripps Company, having remained with ABC ever since then as an affiliate of the network.
During the series of network affiliation switches that was spurred by Fox's 1994 deal with New World Communications, ABC bought two stations in markets adjacent to Detroit:
Capital Cities also owned two CBS affiliates – Fresno's KFSN and
On November 3, 2010, ABC reached an agreement to sell WJRT and WTVG back to former owner SJL Broadcasting, amidst speculation that The Walt Disney Company might spin off ABC;[16] both stations retained their ABC affiliations (SJL then flipped the stations to Gray Television, at a significant profit, in July 2014). When the sale was completed, KFSN in Fresno (at the time ranked as the 55th largest media market) would then become the smallest English-language owned-and-operated major network station by market size (not counting satellites and semi-satellites). The sale was completed on April 1, 2011.[17] The Disney spin-off of ABC has never occurred, mainly due to insider trading allegations that scuttled the deal.
Fox
In 1987, Fox purchased its Boston affiliate,
As a result of the aforementioned Fox/New World partnership, Fox had to sell off its original O&Os in Dallas (KDAF) and Atlanta (
On June 13, 2007, Fox announced its intention to sell nine of its owned-and-operated stations: WJW (channel 8) in Cleveland, Ohio; KDVR (channel 31) in Denver, Colorado; KTVI (channel 2) in St. Louis, Missouri; WDAF-TV (channel 4) in Kansas City, Missouri; WITI in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; KSTU (channel 13) in Salt Lake City, Utah; WHBQ-TV (channel 13) in Memphis, Tennessee; WBRC (channel 6) in Birmingham, Alabama and WGHP (channel 8) in Greensboro, North Carolina. On December 21 of that year, it was announced that eight of the stations – WHBQ being the only one not included – would be sold to Local TV, a broadcast holding company controlled by the private equity firm Oak Hill Capital Partners;[18] the sale closed on July 14, 2008.
Of the eight former Fox O&Os involved in the sale to Local TV, WBRC ended up being traded to
On June 24, 2014, Fox announced that it would trade WFXT and WHBQ to the Cox Media Group, in exchange for the San Francisco duopoly of Fox affiliate KTVU (channel 2) and independent station KICU-TV (channel 36), which Fox had sought to acquire for several years (in this instance, it was part of an attempt by the network to acquire O&Os in additional markets where a franchise in the National Football Conference, from which most of Fox's NFL game telecasts come, is based).[24][25][26] The trade was completed on October 8, 2014.[27]
In December 2018,
The WB
From January 1995 to September 2006, Time Warner and Tribune Broadcasting jointly owned The WB Television Network. Tribune initially held a 12.5% ownership interest in the network at its launch, a stake that it later increased to 22%. As a result of its partnership, in November 1993 (fourteen months before the network debuted), Tribune agreed to a deal to affiliate most of its independent stations with The WB.[39] Despite Tribune's minority stake, the company's stations were not considered to be WB owned-and-operated-stations due to Time Warner's controlling interest in the network. This resulted in The WB having the unusual distinction of being the only broadcast network that did not have O&Os in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago throughout its existence (the three Tribune-owned WB affiliates in those cities – WPIX, KTLA and WGN-TV, respectively – were affiliates of the network as a result).
However, Tribune was the only one of the two companies involved in The WB that owned any stations aligned with the network as Time Warner did not own any television stations at the network's launch and would not own one until its 1996 merger with the
ACME Communications, which operated WB-affiliated stations in small and mid-sized markets, was owned by Jamie Kellner, the network's president from its 1995 launch until 2001. However, neither Time Warner or Tribune considered the ACME stations on the same level as the Tribune stations, nor did Time Warner have any interest in the stations outside of traditional affiliation agreements, or vice versa did ACME have any interest in Time Warner. Despite this, the ACME stations were among the first awarded de facto affiliation agreements for The CW when the network began to open up affiliation negotiations in March 2006, as many of its stations were among the top affiliates of The WB by viewership.
UPN
UPN stations that were formerly owned by Chris-Craft Industries and those that were owned by CBS Corporation at the end of the network's run were sometimes considered owned-and-operated stations of the network, and several transactions have involved these stations. Not too long after becoming a UPN owned-and-operated station itself, San Antonio station KRRT (channel 35, now KMYS) was sold to Jet Broadcasting in 1995, eventually becoming an affiliate of The WB (the station is now a CW affiliate that is operated by former owner Sinclair Broadcast Group, and owned by Sinclair partner company Deerfield Media).
On August 12, 2000, Chris-Craft sold its UPN stations to the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of News Corporation for $5.5 billion[41] – these stations had been stripped of their status as UPN owned-and-operated stations earlier that year due to Viacom's buyout of Chris-Craft's stake in the network, but remained with UPN as affiliates. Of those stations, San Francisco's KBHK (channel 44, now KPYX) was traded to the Paramount Stations Group, while Portland's KPTV (channel 12) was traded to the Meredith Corporation. Both KPTV and former Minneapolis-St. Paul sister station KMSP-TV (channel 9) traded their UPN affiliations with Fox affiliates in those markets that they respectively became co-owned with, WFTC (channel 29) and KPDX (channel 49). Fox had acquired WFTC from Clear Channel Communications not long after the Chris-Craft purchase was finalized, while Meredith already owned KPDX at the time it purchased KPTV. The other UPN stations that remained under Fox ownership retained their affiliations with that network, but were no longer O&Os – giving UPN the distinction of being one of only two broadcast networks whose stations in the three largest markets of New York, Los Angeles and Chicago were not owned-and-operated stations (along with The WB); WWOR-TV (channel 9) in Secaucus, New Jersey (part of the New York City market) and KCOP-TV (channel 13) in Los Angeles were de facto O&Os prior to Viacom's buyout of Chris-Craft's stake in UPN, while WPWR-TV (channel 50) in Chicago was an affiliate of UPN throughout the network's run (and would not be co-owned with the two other larger-market stations until after Fox purchased it from Newsweb Corporation in 2002).
In September 2006, these stations became O&Os of MyNetworkTV, which was created in response to The CW's decision to affiliate stations owned by Tribune Broadcasting and network part-owner CBS Corporation's
Viacom/CBS sold off several UPN owned-and-operated stations during the network's final five years. Mercury Broadcasting bought Wichita, Kansas' KSCC (channel 36, now KMTW) in 2001 (the station is now owned by Deerfield Media under a local marketing agreement with Sinclair Broadcast Group); KTXH (channel 20) in Houston and WDCA (channel 20) in Washington, D.C. were sold to Fox Television Stations that same year (as part of the aforementioned swap with KBHK, both are now owned-and-operated stations of MyNetworkTV). In 2005, WNDY-TV (channel 23) in Indianapolis and WWHO (channel 53) in Columbus were sold to LIN TV; in 2006, KAUT-TV (channel 43) in Oklahoma City was sold to The New York Times Company (which later sold its entire television group to Local TV, which in turn was subsequently acquired by Tribune Broadcasting), and in 2008, WUPL (channel 54) in New Orleans was sold to Belo (which subsequently merged with the Gannett Company).
The CW
Because of CBS Corporation's and later Paramount Global's ownership stake in The CW Television Network, while not a traditional O&O arrangement, stations owned by the company that carry programming from the network were previously considered O&Os. In February 2007, as part of the aforementioned group deal that included two of CBS's O&Os, CBS Corporation sold its CW owned-and-operated stations in West Palm Beach, Florida (WTVX, channel 34) and Providence (WLWC, channel 28) to Four Points Media Group. The Four Points stations were subsequently acquired by the Sinclair Broadcast Group; WLWC, in turn, has since been spun off to OTA Broadcasting, LLC.
In June 2010, CBS announced the sale of its
In October 2022, Nexstar Media Group purchased a majority stake in The CW from Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery. Nexstar had previously acquired Tribune Media, and with it CW affiliates in major markets such as Los Angeles, Dallas, and Washington, D.C. As such, those stations and other existing Nexstar-owned CW affiliates effectively became CW O&Os. This included several stations that run the network on a digital subchannel, including those receiving programming from small-market feed The CW Plus, but not stations owned by other entities such as Mission Broadcasting, which bought WPIX in New York City after buying it from the E. W. Scripps Company (Nexstar had divested the station to Scripps as part of the Tribune deal due to FCC ownership regulations), which Nexstar provides services to through local marketing agreements.
As part of Nexstar's deal to acquire majority ownership of The CW, Paramount Global was given the right to convert its eight CW-affiliated stations into independents; on September 1, 2023, Paramount Global exercised this right. In three of these markets (Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Tampa), a Nexstar-owned station took over the CW affiliation.
Other networks
In 1999, not long after Ion Television launched as Pax TV, its parent company Paxson Communications (now
Two years later, in 2001, Pax sold its
Multiple networks
Philadelphia's WCAU-TV had been a CBS owned-and-operated station starting in 1958. However, after CBS announced its alliance with Westinghouse Broadcasting in 1995, the network chose to affiliate with Westinghouse's KYW-TV, Philadelphia's longtime NBC affiliate. After a bidding war, WCAU was sold to NBC. KYW became a CBS owned-and-operated station after Westinghouse's merger with CBS a few months later.
As part of the same deal, NBC in turn transferred its own O&O stations in Denver (KCNC-TV, channel 4) and Salt Lake City (KUTV) to Westinghouse/CBS, and those stations became CBS O&Os after Westinghouse merged with CBS. NBC and CBS also swapped transmitting facilities in Miami between the then-weaker CBS-owned WCIX (channel 6, now WFOR-TV, channel 4) and the then-stronger NBC-owned WTVJ (channel 4, now on the weaker channel 6 signal under the same calls).
Stations that have been O&Os of more than one major network
- This includes future O&Os, and also counts stations aligned with UPN, The WB and The CW.
Station | Networks station served as an O&O |
---|---|
DuMont and CBS | KDKA-TV 2/Pittsburgh |
DuMont and Fox | WNYW 5/New York City |
WTTG 5/Washington, D.C. | |
Fox and MyNetworkTV | WFTC 29/Minneapolis/St. Paul |
NBC and CBS | KCNC-TV 4/Denver |
KUTV 2/Salt Lake City | |
KYW-TV 3/Philadelphia | |
CBS and NBC | WCAU-TV 10/Philadelphia |
UPN and Fox | KMSP-TV 9/Minneapolis-St. Paul |
UPN and MyNetworkTV | KCOP-TV 13/Los Angeles |
KTXH 20/Houston | |
KUTP 45/Phoenix | |
WDCA 20/Washington, D.C. | |
WPWR-TV 50/Gary-Chicago | |
WRBW 65/Orlando | |
WUTB 24/Baltimore | |
WWOR-TV 9/Secaucus-New York City |
O&O stations of U.S. broadcast television networks
ABC
Current owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Owned since |
---|---|---|
Chicago, Illinois | WLS-TV 7 | 1948 |
Durham - Raleigh - Fayetteville, North Carolina | WTVD 11 | 1986 |
Fresno, California | KFSN-TV 30 | 1986 |
Houston, Texas | KTRK-TV 13 | 1986 |
Los Angeles, California | KABC-TV 7 | 1949 |
New York City, New York | WABC-TV 7 | 1948 |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | WPVI-TV 6 | 1986 |
San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, California
|
KGO-TV 7 | 1949 |
Former owned-and-operated stations
Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Detroit, Michigan | WXYZ-TV 7 | 1948–1986 | ABC affiliate owned by E. W. Scripps Company |
Flint - Bay City - Saginaw, Michigan | WJRT-TV 12 | 1995–2011 | ABC affiliate owned by Allen Media Broadcasting
|
Toledo, Ohio | WTVG 13 | 1995–2011 | ABC affiliate owned by Gray Television |
CBS
Current owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Owned since |
---|---|---|
Baltimore, Maryland
|
WJZ-TV 13 | 1995 |
Boston, Massachusetts | WBZ-TV 4 | 1995 |
Chicago, Illinois | WBBM-TV 2 | 1953 |
Denver, Colorado | KCNC-TV 4 | 1995 |
Detroit, Michigan | WWJ-TV 62 | 1995 |
Fort Worth - Dallas, Texas | KTVT 11 | 1999 |
Los Angeles, California | KCBS-TV 2 | 1951 |
Miami - Fort Lauderdale, Florida | WFOR-TV 4 | 1989 |
St. Paul
|
WCCO-TV 4 | 1992 |
New York City, New York | WCBS-TV 2 | 1941 |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | KYW-TV 3 | 1995 |
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | KDKA-TV 2 | 1995 |
San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, California | KPIX-TV 5 | 1995 |
Stockton - Sacramento -Modesto, California | KOVR 13 | 2005 |
Walker, Minnesota | KCCW-TV 12 (satellite of WCCO-TV) |
1992 |
Former owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Austin, Texas | KEYE-TV 42 | 1999–2007 | CBS affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Green Bay, Wisconsin | WFRV-TV 5 | 1991–2007 | CBS affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Hartford, Connecticut | WHCT 18 | 1955–1959 | Univision affiliate, WUVN, owned by Entravision Communications |
Los Angeles, California | KTTV 11[n1 1] | 1949–1950 | Fox O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Escanaba - Marquette, Michigan | WJMN-TV 3 (satellite of WFRV) |
1991–2007 | MyNetworkTV affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Milwaukee, Wisconsin | WXIX 19/18 | 1955–1959 | CW affiliate, WVTV, owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | WCAU-TV 10 | 1958–1995 | NBC O&O owned by NBCUniversal |
Providence, Rhode Island | WPRI-TV 12 | 1995–1996 | CBS affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Salt Lake City, Utah | KUTV 2 | 1995–2007 | CBS affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
St. Louis, Missouri
|
KMOX-TV 4 | 1958–1986 | CBS affiliate, KMOV, owned by Gray Television |
Washington, D.C. | WTOP-TV 9[n1 2] | 1950–1954 | CBS affiliate, Tegna, Inc.
|
The CW
Current owned-and-operated stations
Former owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Atlanta, Georgia | WUPA 69 | 2006-2022 | Independent station owned by CBS News and Stations |
Detroit, Michigan | WKBD-TV 50 | 2006-2022 | Independent station owned by CBS News and Stations |
Norfolk, Virginia - Hampton Roads | WGNT 27 | 2006–2010 | CW affiliate owned by E. W. Scripps Company |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | WPSG 57 | 2006-2022 | Independent station owned by CBS News and Stations |
Jeannette - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | WPCW 19 | 2006-2022 | Independent station, WPKD-TV owned by CBS News and Stations |
Providence, Rhode Island | WLWC 28 | 2006–2007 | WNAC-DT2 in 2016 spectrum auction)
|
Sacramento - Stockton - Modesto, California | KMAX-TV 31 | 2006-2022 | Independent station owned by CBS News and Stations |
San Francisco - Oakland - San Jose, California | KBCW 44 | 2006-2022 | Independent station, KPYX owned by CBS News and Stations |
Seattle - Tacoma, Washington | KSTW 11 | 2006-2022 | Independent station owned by CBS News and Stations |
Tampa - St. Petersburg - Sarasota, Florida | WTOG 44 | 2006-2022 | Independent station owned by CBS News and Stations |
West Palm Beach, Florida | WTVX 34 | 2006–2007 | CW affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Estrella TV
Current owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Owned since |
---|---|---|
Chicago, Illinois | WESV-LD 40 | 2010 |
Denver, Colorado | KETD 53 | 2010 |
Houston, Texas | KZJL 61 | 2009 |
Key West - Miami - Fort Lauderdale, Florida
|
WGEN-TV 8 | 2018 |
Los Angeles, California | KRCA 62 | 2009 |
Phoenix, Arizona | KVPA-LD 42 | 2009 |
Port Jervis - New York City, New York | WASA-LD 24 | 2012 |
San Diego, California | KSDX-LD 29 | 2009 |
Former owned-and-operated station
City of Licence/Market | Station | Years Owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Dallas - Fort Worth, Texas | KMPX 29 | 2009-2020 | Estrella TV affiliate owned by Tegna, Inc.
|
Salt Lake City, Utah | KPNZ 24 | 2009-2018 | TCT owned by Tri-State Christian Television |
Fox
Current owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Owned since |
---|---|---|
Atlanta, Georgia | WAGA-TV 5 | 1997 |
Austin, Texas | KTBC 7 | 1997 |
Chicago, Illinois | WFLD 32 | 1986 |
Dallas - Fort Worth, Texas | KDFW-TV 4 | 1997 |
Detroit, Michigan | WJBK 2
|
1997 |
Houston, Texas | KRIV 26 | 1986 |
Los Angeles, California | KTTV 11 | 1986 |
Milwaukee, Wisconsin | WITI 6 |
|
Minneapolis - Saint Paul, Minnesota
|
KMSP-TV 9 | 2001 |
New York City, New York | WNYW 5 | 1986 |
Ocala-Gainesville, Florida | WOGX 51 (semi-satellite of WOFL, Orlando, FL) |
2002 |
Oakland - San Francisco - San Jose, California | KTVU 2 | 2014 |
Orlando - Daytona Beach - Melbourne, Florida | WOFL 35 | 2002 |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | WTXF-TV 29 | 1995 |
Phoenix, Arizona | KSAZ-TV 10 | 1997 |
Tacoma - Seattle, Washington | KCPQ 13 | 2020 |
Tampa - St. Petersburg - Sarasota, Florida | WTVT 13 | 1997 |
Washington, D.C. | WTTG 5 | 1986 |
Former owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Atlanta, Georgia | WATL 36 | 1993–1994 | Tegna, Inc.
|
Belmont - Charlotte, North Carolina | WJZY 46 | 2013–2020 | Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Birmingham, Alabama | WBRC 6 | 1996–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by Gray Television |
Boston, Massachusetts | WFXT 25 | 1987–1991 1995–2014 |
Fox affiliate owned by Cox Media Group |
Cleveland, Ohio | WJW 8 | 1997–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Dallas - Fort Worth, Texas | KDAF 33 | 1986–1995 | CW affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Denver, Colorado | KDVR 31 | 1995–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Greensboro - High Point - Winston-Salem, North Carolina |
WGHP 8 | 1996–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Kansas City, Missouri | WDAF-TV 4 | 1997–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Memphis, Tennessee | WHBQ-TV 13 | 1995-2014 | Fox affiliate owned by Imagicomm Communications
|
St. Paul, Minnesota
|
WFTC 29 | 2001–2002 | Merged into duopoly with, and affiliation transferred to, KMSP; MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Portland, Oregon | KPTV 12 | 2001–2002 | Fox affiliate owned by Gray Television |
Salt Lake City, Utah | KSTU 13 | 1990–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by E. W. Scripps Company |
St. Louis, Missouri | KTVI 2 | 1997–2008 | Fox affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Ion Television
Note: Some stations were owned by
Current owned-and-operated stations
Former owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Akron - Cleveland, Ohio | WVPX-TV 23 | 1999–2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Albuquerque, New Mexico | KAPX 14 | 1999–2003 | Univision Communications )
(Operated through an SSA by Entravision Communications |
Amsterdam - Albany - Schenectady - Troy, New York | WYPX-TV 55 | 1999–2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Albuquerque, New Mexico | KAPX 14 | 1999–2003 | Univision Communications )
(Operated through an SSA by Entravision Communications |
Ann Arbor - Detroit, Michigan | WPXD-TV 31 | 1998–2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Batavia - Buffalo - Rochester, New York | WPXJ-TV 51 | 1999–2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Battle Creek - Grand Rapids - Kalamazoo - Lansing, Michigan | WZPX-TV 43 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Bloomington - Indianapolis, Indiana | WIPX-TV 63 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Burlington - Greensboro - High Point-Winston-Salem, North Carolina |
WGPX-TV 16 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Champaign - Springfield - Decatur, Illinois | WPXU 23 | 1998–1999 | CW affiliate, WBUI, owned by GOCOM Media, LLC (Operated through an SSA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
Denver, Colorado | KPXC-TV 59 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Gadsden - Birmingham, Alabama | WPXH-TV 44 | 1999-2001 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Kaneohe - Honolulu, Hawaii | KPXO-TV 66 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Kansas City, Missouri | KPXE-TV 50 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Lake Worth - West Palm Beach - Fort Pierce, Florida
|
WPXP-TV 67 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Memphis, Tennessee | WPXX-TV 50[n1 4] | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
St. Louis, Missouri -
Paducah, Kentucky |
WPXS 13 | 1998–2005 | Daystar owned-and-operated station
|
Boise, Idaho
|
KTRV-TV 12 | 2016-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
New London - Hartford - New Haven, Connecticut | WHPX-TV 26 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Norfolk - Portsmouth - Newport News, Virginia | WPXV-TV 49 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | KOPX-TV 62 | 1998-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Porterville - Fresno, California | KPXF 61 | 1998–2003 | UniMás O&O, KTFF-DT, owned by Univision Communications |
Morehead - Lexington, Kentucky | WUPX-TV 67 | 2001-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Minden - Shreveport, Louisiana | KPXJ 21[n1 5] | 1998–2003 | CW affiliate owned by KTBS, LLC |
Spokane, Washington | KGPX-TV 34 | 1999-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Springfield - Dayton, Ohio | WDPX 26[n1 6] | 1998–1999 | CW affiliate, WBDT, owned by Vaughan Media (Operated through an SSA by Nexstar Media Group) |
Suring - Green Bay - Appleton, Wisconsin | WPXG 14 | 1998–1999 | CW affiliate, WCWF, owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Tolleson - Phoenix, Arizona | KPPX-TV 51 | 1999-2021 | Ion affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Waterville - Portland, Maine | WMPX-TV 23 | 1999–2003 | Fox affiliate, WPFO, owned by Corporate Media Consultants Group (Operated through an SSA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
MyNetworkTV
Current owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Owned since |
---|---|---|
Bemidji, Minnesota | KFTC 26 (satellite of WFTC, Minneapolis, MN) |
2006 |
Chicago, Illinois - Gary, Indiana | WPWR-TV 50 | 2006 |
Dallas - Fort Worth, Texas | KDFI-TV 27
|
2006 |
Houston, Texas
|
KTXH 20 | 2006 |
Los Angeles, California | KCOP-TV 13 | 2006 |
Minneapolis - St. Paul
|
WFTC 29 | 2006 |
Orlando - Daytona Beach, Florida | WRBW 65 | 2006 |
Phoenix, Arizona | KUTP 45 | 2006 |
Secaucus, New Jersey - New York City, New York | WWOR-TV 9 | 2006 |
Tacoma - Seattle, Washington | KZJO 22 | 2020 |
Washington, D.C. | WDCA 20 | 2006 |
Former owned-and-operated stations
Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Baltimore, Maryland | WUTB 24 | 2006–2013 | TBD affiliate owned by Deerfield Media (Operated through an SSA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
Rock Hill, South Carolina - Charlotte, North Carolina | WMYT-TV 55 | 2013–2020 | MyNetworkTV affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
NBC
Current owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Owned since |
---|---|---|
Boston, Massachusetts | WBTS-CD 15[n1 7] | 2018 |
Chicago, Illinois | WMAQ-TV 5 | 1948 |
Fort Worth - Dallas, Texas | KXAS-TV 5[n1 8] | 1997 |
New Britain - Hartford-New Haven, Connecticut | WVIT 30 | 1956–1959, 1997– |
Los Angeles, California | KNBC 4 | 1949 |
Miami-Fort Lauderdale, Florida | WTVJ 6 | 1989 |
New York City, New York | WNBC 4 | 1941 |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | WCAU 10 | 1995 |
San Diego, California | KNSD 39[n1 8] | 1996 |
San Francisco - Oakland, California
|
KNTV 11 | 2002 |
San Juan, Puerto Rico | WKAQ-TV3 2.3 (repeater of WNBC) |
2014 |
Washington, D.C. | WRC-TV 4 | 1947 |
Former owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Birmingham, Alabama | WVTM-TV 13 | 1996–2006 | NBC affiliate owned by Hearst Television |
Buffalo, New York | WBUF 17 | 1955–1958 | PBS member station, WNED-TV, owned by Western New York Public Broadcasting Association |
Cleveland, Ohio | WKYC-TV 3
|
1947–1955 1965–1990[n1 9] |
NBC affiliate owned by Tegna, Inc.
|
Columbus, Ohio | WCMH 4
|
1996–2006 | NBC affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Denver, Colorado | KCNC-TV 4 | 1986–1995 | CBS O&O owned by Paramount Global |
Goldsboro - Raleigh - Durham - Fayetteville, North Carolina |
WNCN 17 | 1996–2006 | CBS affiliate owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | KYW-TV 3 | 1955–1965 | CBS O&O owned by Paramount Global |
Providence, Rhode Island | WJAR-TV 10
|
1996–2006 | NBC affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Salt Lake City, Utah
|
KUTV 2 | 1994–1995 | CBS affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Telemundo
Current owned-and-operated stations
Former owned-and-operated station
Trinity Broadcasting Network
Notes:
- 1) Stations indicated by two plus signs ("++") are stations that were signed on by TBN or a TBN subsidiary.
- 2) Stations indicated by two asterisks ("**") represent a station owned by Community Educational Television, a TBN subsidiary.
Current owned-and-operated stations
Former owned-and-operated stations
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned |
---|---|---|
Canton - Cleveland, Ohio | WDLI-TV 17 | 1986–2018 |
Newark - Columbus, Ohio | WSFJ-TV 51 | 2007–2018 |
Richmond, Indiana - Dayton - Cincinnati, Ohio | WKOI-TV 43 | 1982–2018 |
Indianapolis, Indiana
|
WCLJ-TV 42 | 1987–2018 |
Until 2018, TBN never sold any of its full-power television stations (either one it owns outright or through its Community Educational Television subsidiary), though several translator stations have been sold off since the digital transition to other parties for either spectrum speculation, to become translators of other commercial stations, or in the case of W41BN in
In September 2018, TBN completed the sale of full-power station WDLI-TV to
UniMás
Current owned-and-operated stations
Univision
Current owned-and-operated stations
O&O stations of defunct major television networks in the United States
DuMont Television Network
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
New York, New York | WABD 5 | 1946–1956 | Fox O&O, WNYW owned by Fox Television Stations |
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | WDTV 2 | 1949–1954 | CBS O&O, KDKA-TV owned by CBS News and Stations |
Washington, D.C. | WTTG 5 | 1946–1956 | Fox O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
UPN
- UPN was co-founded by United Television / Chris-Craft Television and Paramount Pictures, and launched on January 16, 1995.
City of license/Market | Station | Years owned | Current ownership status |
---|---|---|---|
Atlanta, Georgia | WUPA 69 | 1995–2006 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global |
Baltimore, Maryland | WUTB 24 | 1998–2000 | TBD affiliate owned by Deerfield Media (Operated through an SSA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
Boston, Massachusetts | WSBK-TV 38 | 1995–2006 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global |
Columbus, Ohio | WWHO 53 | 1995–2005 | CW affiliate owned by Manhan Media (Operated through an LMA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
Dallas - Fort Worth, Texas | KTXA 21 | 1995–2000 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global
|
Houston, Texas | KTXH 20 | 1995–2000 | MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Indianapolis, Indiana | WNDY-TV 23 | 1999–2006 | MyNetworkTV affiliate owned by Circle City Broadcasting |
Los Angeles, California | KCOP-TV 13 | 1995–2000 | MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Miami, Florida | WBFS-TV 33 | 1995–2006 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global |
St. Paul, Minnesota
|
KMSP-TV 9 | 1995-2001 | Fox O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
New Orleans - Slidell, Louisiana | WUPL 54 | 1995–2006 | MyNetworkTV affiliate owned by Tegna, Inc.
|
Norfolk, Virginia | WGNT 27 | 1995–2006 | CW affiliate owned by E. W. Scripps Company |
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | KPSG 43 | 1998–2005 | Independent station, KAUT-TV, owned by Nexstar Media Group |
Orlando, Florida | WRBW 65 | 1996–2000 | MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Phoenix, Arizona | KUTP 45 | 1995–2000 | MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | WPSG 57 | 1995–2006 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global |
Pittsburgh - Jeannette, Pennsylvania | WNPA-TV 19 | 1998–2006 | CW, WPKD-TV, affiliate owned by Paramount Global |
Portland, Oregon | KPTV 12 | 1995–2000 | Fox affiliate owned by the Gray Television |
Providence, Rhode Island | WLWC 28 | 1997–2006 | Court TV affiliate owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings |
Sacramento, California | KMAX-TV 31[n1 20] | 1998–2006 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global |
San Antonio, Texas
|
KRRT 35 | 1995–1996 | CW affiliate, KMYS, owned by Deerfield Media (Operated through an SSA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
San Francisco, California | KBHK-TV 44 | 1995–2006 | CW, KPYX, affiliate owned by Paramount Global |
Seattle - Tacoma, Washington | KSTW 11 | 1997–2006 | Independent station owned by Paramount Global |
Secaucus, New Jersey - New York City, New York |
WWOR-TV 9 | 1995–2000 | MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
Washington, D.C. | WDCA 20 | 1995–2000 | MyNetworkTV O&O owned by Fox Television Stations |
West Palm Beach, Florida | WTVX 34 | 1997–2006 | CW affiliate owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group |
Wichita, Kansas | KMTW 36 | 2000–2001 | MyNetworkTV affiliate owned by Mercury Broadcasting Company (Operated through an LMA by Sinclair Broadcast Group) |
Notes
- ^ Station was co-owned by CBS in a joint venture with the Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Station was co-owned by CBS in a joint venture with The Washington Post.
- ^ WZRB carried a secondary affiliation with The CW from February to March 2014, shortly after becoming an Ion O&O.
- ^ WPXX-TV carried a primary affiliation with MyNetworkTV from 2006 to 2009.
- ^ KPXJ carried a secondary affiliation with Ion predecessor Pax TV until 2004, after becoming a UPN affiliate.
- ^ WBDT carried a secondary affiliation with Ion predecessor Pax TV until 2004, after becoming a WB affiliate.
- ^ WBTS-CD is licensed to Nashua, New Hampshire, but channel shares with PBS member station WGBX-TV in Needham, Massachusetts and is effectively a full-power simulcast for the entire market.
- ^ a b This station was co-owned with LIN TV Corporation (which held 24% minority interest in both stations) from 1997 to 2013, under the limited partnership Station Venture Operations.
- Multimedia Inc.in 1990. The network retained 49% ownership of the station, but since Multimedia owned 51% interest, WKYC technically lost its status as an NBC O&O as a result of the transaction.
- ^ a b c This station was jointly owned by Ensaness Communications from 1996 to 2003.
- ^ NBCUniversal holds the license to this station, although it is operated by ZGS Communications.
- ^ a b Univision Communications holds the license to this station, though it is operated by Entravision Communications.
- ^ KBTF-CD's signal is rebroadcast on the third digital subchannel of co-owned Univision outlet KUVI-DT (virtual channel 45.3, digital channel 45).
- ^ WFPA-CD's signal is rebroadcast on the second digital subchannel of co-owned Univision outlet WUVP-DT (virtual channel 65.2, digital channel 29).
- ^ KNIC-DT is the only UniMás station to be built and signed on by Univision Communications.
- ^ a b WLII was operated by Univision Communications under a local marketing agreement with Raycom Media from 2002 to 2005, when Univision purchased the station.
- ^ KABE's signal is repeated on second digital subchannel of co-owned MyNetworkTV affiliate KUVI-DT (digital subchannel 45.2, UHF digital channel 45).
- ^ a b Univision was carried as a secondary affiliation prior to Univision Communications' purchase of the station.
- ^ Univision was formerly affiliated with co-owned WMDO-CA from 2002 to 2005, WFDC was affiliated with Telefutura during that timeframe.
- ^ KMAX-TV was an owned-and-operated station of The WB from 1995 to 1998.
References
- ^ a b "FCC's Review of the Broadcast Ownership Rules". Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ISBN 9781592132454.
- ^ "The UHF-TV Morgue". WebCitation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "The UHF-TV Morgue: WBUF-TV, Channel 17, Buffalo, NY". WebCitation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "The UHF-TV Morgue: WHCT-TV, Channel 18, Hartford, Connecticut". WebCitation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Fox Gains 12 Stations in New World Deal". Chicago Sun-Times. May 23, 1994. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
- ^ Brian Lowry (July 18, 1996). "New World Vision : Murdoch's News Corp. to Buy Broadcast Group". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
- ^ Sallie Hofmeister (August 2, 1995). "CBS Agrees to Buyout Bid by Westinghouse : Entertainment: $5.4-billion merger would create biggest TV, radio empire. But the deal faces obstacles". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
- ^ Lisa Brown (February 28, 2014). "Meredith Corp. closes on $177 million purchase of KMOV". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ "CBS Corporation Completes Sale of Local TV Stations in Cerberus". CBS Corporation (Press release). January 10, 2008. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
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- ^ "NBC Tells KRON Bidders Who's Boss". San Francisco Chronicle. October 27, 1999. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ^ "NBC offers to buy KRON". San Francisco Chronicle. November 3, 1999. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ^ Tim Goodman (February 14, 2000). "KNTV in, KRON out as NBC affiliate". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Disney to Sell Two Stations". Broadcasting & Cable. November 3, 2010.
- ^ "Exclusive: New GMs For Former ABC O&Os in Flint, Toledo". Broadcasting & Cable. March 31, 2011.
- News Corporation. December 22, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ "Gray TV finalizes Raycom deal". WTOK-TV. January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
- ^ Robert Channick (December 27, 2013). "Tribune closes $2.7B Local TV acquisition". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
- ^ Ben Munson (May 9, 2018). "Fox buying 7 Sinclair stations for $910M". Fierce Cable. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
- ^ "Tribune Terminates $3.9 Billion Sinclair Merger, Sues Broadcast Rival". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. August 9, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- ^ Charles Riley (August 9, 2018). "Tribune calls off $3.9 billion Sinclair media deal". CNNMoney. Turner Broadcasting System/WarnerMedia.
- ^ "Fox And Cox To Swap 4 Stations In 3 Markets". TVNewsCheck. June 24, 2014.
- ^ "Fox Acquires San Francisco TV Stations in Swap with Cox". Variety. June 25, 2014.
- ^ John Eggerton (June 24, 2014). "Fox, Cox Swap Stations". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- ^ Michael Malone (October 8, 2014). "Cox, Fox Swap Closes in Boston, Bay Area, Memphis". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
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- ^ Mark K. Miller (December 3, 2018). "Nexstar Buying Tribune Media For $6.4 Billion". TVNewsCheck. NewsCheck Media.
- ^ Peter White; Dade Hayes (December 3, 2018). "Nexstar Confirms $4.1B Tribune Media Acquisition To Become Leading Local TV Station Owner". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation.
- ^ Gerry Smith; Nabila Ahmed; Eric Newcomer (December 3, 2018). "Nexstar to buy WGN owner Tribune Media for $4.1 billion". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Bloomberg News.
- ^ Arjun Panchadar; Sonam Rai (December 3, 2018). "Nexstar to buy Tribune Media for $4.1 billion". Reuters.
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External links
- ABC Owned Television Stations – List of ABC O&Os
- CBS Television Stations – List of CBS O&Os
- Nexstar Media Group – List of CW O&Os
- NBC-owned Television Stations – List of NBC and Telemundo O&Os
- Fox Television Stations – List of Fox and MyNetwork TV O&Os