Oxford
Oxford | |
---|---|
Oxonian | |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
OS grid reference | SP513061 |
Police | Thames Valley |
Ambulance | South Central |
Fire & Rescue | Oxfordshire |
Website | oxford.gov.uk |
Oxford (
History
The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the
The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation, emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full-fledged city. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I and stood at the heart of national affairs.[9]
The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.[10]
Geography
Physical
Location
Oxford's latitude and longitude are 51°45′N 1°15′W / 51.750°N 1.250°W, with Ordnance Survey
Climate
Oxford has a
The driest year on record was 1788, with 336.7 mm (13.26 in) of rainfall. The wettest year was 2012, with 979.5 mm (38.56 in). The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of 223.9 mm (8.81 in). The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of 21.1 °C (70 °F) and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of −3.0 °C (27 °F). The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of 11.8 °C (53 °F) and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F). The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of 87.9 mm (3.46 in). The greatest known snow depth was 61.0 cm (24.0 in) in February 1888.[13]
Climate data for Oxford (RMS),[a] elevation: 200 ft (61 m), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1815–2020 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
38.1 (100.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.9 (46.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.1 (52.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.1 (44.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.6 (2.1) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.6 (2.35) |
46.8 (1.84) |
43.2 (1.70) |
48.7 (1.92) |
56.9 (2.24) |
49.7 (1.96) |
52.5 (2.07) |
61.7 (2.43) |
51.9 (2.04) |
73.2 (2.88) |
71.5 (2.81) |
66.1 (2.60) |
681.6 (26.83) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.1 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 12.2 | 117.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.4 | 81.9 | 118.2 | 165.6 | 200.3 | 197.1 | 212.0 | 193.3 | 145.3 | 110.2 | 70.8 | 57.6 | 1,615.5 |
Source 1: Met Office[14] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: University of Oxford[15] |
- ^ Weather station is located 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the Oxford city centre.
Districts
The city centre
The city centre is relatively small and is centred on
Suburbs
Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including:
Green belt
Oxford is at the centre of the
Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a county borough, independent from the county council.[23] Oxford City Council meets at the Town Hall on the street called St Aldate's in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's guildhall since the 13th century.[24]
Most of Oxford is an
Economy
Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism.
Car production
Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.
Publishing
Science and technology
The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including
Education
The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of
Tourism
Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to
Retail
There are two small
Brewing
There is a long history of
The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in
Bellfounding
The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.[46]
Buildings
This is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford.
- Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
- The Headington Shark
- Oxford University Press
- Oxford Botanic Garden
- Sheldonian Theatre
- St. Mary the Virgin Church
- Radcliffe Camera
- Radcliffe Observatory
- Oxford Oratory
- Malmaison Hotel, in a converted prison in part of the medieval Oxford Castle
Parks and nature walks
Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside the ring road, including:
- University Parks
- Mesopotamia
- Rock Edge Nature Reserve
- Lye Valley
- South Park
- C. S. Lewis Nature Reserve
- Shotover Nature Reserve
- Port Meadow
- Cutteslowe Park
Demography
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | 1981 estimates[47] | 1991[48] | 2001[49] | 2011[50] | 2021[51] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 83,762 | 93% | 99,935 | 90.8% | 116,948 | 87.1% | 117,957 | 77.7% | 120,509 | 70.7% |
White: British | – | – | – | – | 103,041 | 76.8% | 96,633 | 63.6% | 86,672 | 53.5% |
White: Irish | – | – | – | – | 2,898 | 2,431 | 2,351 | |||
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | 92 | 62 | ||
White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 501 | |
White: Other | – | – | – | – | 11,009 | 8.2% | 18,801 | 12.4% | 24,975 | 15.4% |
Asian or Asian British : Total
|
– | – | 5,808 | 5.3% | 8,931 | 6.7% | 18,827 | 12.4% | 24,991 | 15.4% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | 1,560 | 1.4% | 2,323 | 1.7% | 4,449 | 2.9% | 6,005 | 3.7% |
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | 2042 | 1.9% | 2,625 | 2.0% | 4,825 | 3.2% | 6,619 | 4.1% |
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | 510 | 0.5% | 878 | 0.7% | 1,791 | 1.2% | 2,025 | 1.3% |
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | 859 | 0.8% | 2,460 | 1.8% | 3,559 | 2.3% | 4,479 | 2.8% |
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | 837 | 0.8% | 645 | 0.5% | 4,203 | 2.8% | 5,863 | 3.6% |
Black or Black British: Total | – | – | 3,055 | 2.8% | 3,368 | 2.5% | 7,028 | 4.6% | 7,535 | 4.7% |
Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | 1745 | 1,664 | 1,874 | 1,629 | ||||
Black or Black British: African | – | – | 593 | 1,408 | 4,456 | 5,060 | ||||
Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | 717 | 296 | 698 | 846 | ||||
Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | 3,239 | 2.4% | 6,035 | 4% | 9,005 | 5.6% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 1,030 | 1,721 | 1,916 | |||
Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | 380 | 703 | 1,072 | |||
Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | 974 | 2,008 | 3,197 | |||
Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | 855 | 1,603 | 2,820 | |||
Other: Total | – | – | 1,305 | 1.2% | 1,762 | 1.3% | 2,059 | 1.4% | 5,948 | 3.7% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | 922 | 0.6% | 1,449 | 0.9% |
Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | 1,305 | 1.2% | 1,762 | 1.3% | 1,137 | 0.7% | 4,499 | 2.8% |
Ethnic minority: Total | 6,265 | 7% | 10,168 | 9.2% | 17,300 | 12.9% | 33,949 | 22.3% | 47,479 | 29.3% |
Total | 90,027 | 100% | 110,103 | 100% | 134,248 | 100% | 151,906 | 100% | 162,040 | 100% |
Religion
Religion | 2001[52] | 2011[53] | 2021[54] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
No religion | 32,075 | 23.9 | 50,274 | 33.1 | 63,201 | 39.0 |
Christian | 81,100 | 60.4 | 72,924 | 48.0 | 61,750 | 38.1 |
Religion not stated | 11,725 | 8.7 | 12,611 | 8.3 | 16,110 | 9.9 |
Muslim | 5,165 | 3.8 | 10,320 | 6.8 | 14,093 | 8.7 |
Hindu | 1,041 | 0.8 | 2,044 | 1.3 | 2,523 | 1.6 |
Other religion | 656 | 0.5 | 796 | 0.5 | 1,447 | 0.9 |
Buddhism |
1,080 | 0.8 | 1,431 | 0.9 | 1,195 | 0.7 |
Jewish | 1,091 | 0.8 | 1,072 | 0.7 | 1,120 | 0.7 |
Sikh | 315 | 0.2 | 434 | 0.3 | 599 | 0.4 |
Total | 134,248 | 100.0% | 151,906 | 100.0% | 162,040 | 100.0% |
Transport
Air
In addition to the larger
Rail–airport links
Direct trains run from
Buses
Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the
Coach
The Oxford to
Cycling
Among British cities, Oxford has the second highest percentage of people cycling to work.[65]
Rail
Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to
Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via Bicester Village, having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014. The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.
In 1844, the
Only the original (
River and canal
Oxford was historically an important
Roads
Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a
A roads
The main roads to/from Oxford are:
- grade separated dual carriageway. Historically the A34 led to Bicester, Banbury, Stratford-upon-Avon, Birmingham and Manchester, but since the completion of the M40 it disappears at J9 and re-emerges 50 miles (80 km) north at Solihull.
- A40 – leading east dualled to J8 of the M40 motorway, then an alternative route to High Wycombe and London; leading west part-dualled to Witney then bisecting Cheltenham, Gloucester, Monmouth, Abergavenny, passing Brecon, Llandovery, Carmarthen and Haverfordwest to reach Fishguard.
- A44 – which begins in Oxford, leading past Evesham to Worcester, Hereford and Aberystwyth.
- A420 – which also begins in Oxford and leads to Bristol, passing Swindon and Chippenham.
Zero Emission Zone
On 28 February 2022 a
A consultation on the introduction of a wider Zero Emission Zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed.
Bus gates
Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.[87]
Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. On 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months.[88] The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by October 2024.[89] The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake.[90][91] In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.[92]
Motorway
The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than 6 miles (10 km) away from the city centre, curving to pass to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford.
Education
Schools
Universities and colleges
There are two universities in Oxford, the
The Bodleian Library
The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom,[96] and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the British Library. The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[97]
Media
As well as the
Local papers include
Culture
Museums and galleries
Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions. The majority are departments of the University of Oxford. The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum, the world's first university museum,[103] and the oldest museum in the UK.[104] Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.[105]
The
The
Art
Art
Music
Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of
Theatres and cinemas
- Burton Taylor Studio, Gloucester Street
- Curzon Cinema, Westgate, Bonn Square
- Michael Pilch Studio, Jowett Walk
- New Theatre, George Street
- North Wall Arts Centre, South Parade
- Odeon Cinema, George Street
- Odeon Cinema, Magdalen Street
- Old Fire Station Theatre, George Street
- O'Reilly Theatre, Blackhall Road
- Oxford Playhouse, Beaumont Street
- Pegasus Theatre,[119] Magdalen Road
- Phoenix Picturehouse, Walton Street
- Ultimate Picture Palace, Cowley Road
- Vue Cinema, Grenoble Road
- Theatre company
Literature and film
Well-known Oxford-based authors include:
- Brian Aldiss (1925–2017), science fiction novelist, lived in Oxford.[120]
- Vera Brittain (1893–1970), undergraduate at Somerville.
- The Thirty-nine Steps.
- A.S. Byatt (born 1936), Booker Prizewinner, undergraduate at Somerville.
- Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), (1832–1898), author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was a student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church.
- Susan Cooper (born 1935), undergraduate at Somerville, best known for her The Dark Is Rising sequence.
- Sir William Davenant (1606–1668), poet and playwright.[121]
- detective novels in Oxford.[120]
- John Donaldson (c. 1921–1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.
- Siobhan Dowd (1960–2007), Oxford resident, undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall.
- Victoria Glendinning (born 1937), undergraduate at Somerville.
- Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932), educated at St Edward's School, wrote The Wind in the Willows.
- Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart) (1906–1994), Scottish novelist and academic, Student of Christ Church
- P. D. James (1920–2014), born and died in Oxford; wrote about Adam Dalgliesh
- C. S. Lewis (1898–1963), student at University College and Fellow of Magdalen.
- T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at Jesus, postgraduate at Magdalen.
- Iris Murdoch (1919–1999), undergraduate at Somerville and fellow of St Anne's.
- Carola Oman (1897–1978), novelist and biographer, born and brought up in the city.
- Iain Pears (born 1955), undergraduate at Wadham and Oxford resident, wrote An Instance of the Fingerpost.
- Philip Pullman (born 1946), undergraduate at Exeter, teacher and resident in the city.
- Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957), undergraduate at Somerville, wrote about Lord Peter Wimsey.
- J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973), undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton
- Oxford University1973–78.
- Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), 19th-century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878.[122]
- Athol Williams (born 1970), South African poet, postgraduate at Hertford and Regent's Park from 2015 to 2020.
- Charles Williams (1886–1945), editor at Oxford University Press.
Oxford appears in the following works:[citation needed]
- the poems Thyrsis includes the lines: "And that sweet city with her dreaming spires, She needs not June for beauty's heightening,..."
- The Scarlet Pimpernel
- "Harry Potter" (all the films to date)
- The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica by James A. Owen
- Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster")[124]
- Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm
- Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers
- Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh
- A Question of Upbringing (1951 ) by Anthony Powell
- Alice in Wonderland (1951 ) by Walt Disney
- Second Generation (1964) by Raymond Williams
- Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) by Steven Spielberg
- Inspector Morse (1987–2000)
- Where the Rivers Meet (1988) trilogy set in Oxford by John Wain
- All Souls (1989) by Javier Marías
- The Children of Men (1992) by P. D. James
- Doomsday Book (1992) by Connie Willis
- His Dark Materials trilogy (1995 onwards) by Philip Pullman
- Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)[125]
- The Saint (1997)
- 102 Dalmatians (2000)
- Endymion Spring (2006) by Matthew Skelton
- Lewis (2006–15)
- The Oxford Murders (2008)
- Mr. Nice (1996), autobiography of Howard Marks, subsequently a 2010 film
- A Discovery of Witches (2011) by Deborah Harkness
- X-Men: First Class (2011)
- Endeavour (2012 onwards)
- The Reluctant Cannibals (2013) by Ian Flitcroft
- Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018)
- The Late Scholar by Jill Paton Walsh, part of the continuation of the Lord Peter Wimsey books of Dorothy L. Sayers
Sport
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Football
The city's leading
Oxford City Nomads F.C. was a semi-professional football club that ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league.
Rowing
Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world-famous Boat Race. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford,[126] south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club,[127] and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge, namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club,[128] Falcon Boat Club[129] and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.[130]
Cricket
Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including Colin Cowdrey, Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan.[131] Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League.
Athletics
Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in
Rugby league
In 2013,
both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League.Rugby union
Hockey
There are several
Ice hockey
Speedway and greyhound racing
American football
Gaelic football
Éire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local
Religion
- Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
- St. Mary the Virgin Church
International relations
Oxford is
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Oxford.
Individuals
- Vice Admiral Lord Nelson: 22 July 1802.
- Lord Valentia: 6 December 1900.
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt: 3 February 1919.
- Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty: 25 June 1919.
- Field Marshal Lord Haig: 25 June 1919.
- Sir Michael Sadler: 18 May 1931.
- Benjamin R. Jones: 4 September 1942.
- Lord Nuffield: 15 January 1951.
- Sir Robert Menzies: 6 June 1953.
- Alic Halford Smith: 10 February 1955.
- Lord Bicester: 1 March 1955.
- Lord Attlee: 16 January 1956.
- Sir Basil Blackwell: 12 January 1970.
- Olive Gibbs: 17 June 1982.
- Nelson Mandela: 23 June 1997.
- Aung San Suu Kyi: 15 December 1997 (Revoked by Oxford City Council on 27 November 2017).
- Colin Dexter: 26 February 2001.
- Professor Sir Richard Doll: 16 September 2002.
- Sir Roger Bannister: 12 May 2004.
- Sir Philip Pullman: 24 January 2007.
- Professor Christopher Brown: 2 July 2014.
- Benny Wenda: 17 July 2019.[151]
Military units
- Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry: 1 October 1945.
- 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd): 7 November 1958.
- Royal Green Jackets: 1 January 1966.
- The Rifles: 1 February 2007.[153]
See also
- Bishop of Oxford
- Earl of Oxford
- List of attractions in Oxford
- List of Oxford architects
- Mayors of Oxford
- Oxfam
- Oxford bags
- The Oxfordian Age – a subdivision of the Jurassic Period named for Oxford
References
Citations
- ^ a b "Key Facts about Oxford". Oxford City Council. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "Civic office holders". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-19-863156-9.
- ^ Dictionary.com, "oxford" in Dictionary.com Unabridged. Source location: Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oxford Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Available: http://dictionary.reference.com Archived 20 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 4 July 2012.
- ^ Sager 2005, p. 36.
- ^ "A brief history of the University". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-31789-297-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-1038-7.
- ISBN 0-902280-40-6.
- ^ "Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Radcliffe Meteorological Station". Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ "Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "Oxford (Oxfordshire) UK climate averages". Met Office. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford". University of Oxford. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ "About Boswells". Boswells-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ Ffrench, Andrew (29 February 2020). "Everything must go now at Boswells in closing down sale". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ "The Oxford Green Belt: Key Facts". CPRE Oxfordshire. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ Ffrench, Andy (4 March 2017). "Estate agents call for building on Green Belt to ease house price crisis". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ Elledge, Jonn (22 September 2017). "Loosen Britain's green belt. It is stunting our young people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019 – via The Guardian.
- ^ White, Anna (26 February 2015). "Welcome to Britain's most unaffordable spot – it's not London". Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019 – via The Telegraph.
- ^ "Oxford Green Belt Study Final Report Prepared by LUC" (PDF). Oxfordshire County Council. October 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "Local Government Act 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 25 April 2023
- ^ Historic England. "Town Hall, Municipal Buildings and Library (Grade II*) (1047153)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Parish council contact details". Oxford City Council. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Elsevier". The Publishers Association. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- ^ "Home – Digital Oxford". Digital Oxford. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
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Further reading
- ISBN 0-460-04194-0.
- Attlee, James (2007). Isolarion: A Different Oxford Journey. Chicago: ISBN 978-0-226-03093-7.
- Curl, James Stevens (1977). The Erosion of Oxford. Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. ISBN 0-902280-40-6.
- Dale, Lawrence (1944). Towards a Plan for Oxford City. London: Faber and Faber.
- Gordon, Anne (22 June 2008). "History, learning, beauty reign over Oxford". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-19-280136-4.
- Sharp, Thomas(1948). Oxford Replanned. London: The Architectural Press.
- Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). Oxford An Architectural Guide. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-817423-3.
- Woolley, A. R. (1975). The Clarendon Guide to Oxford (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-951047-4.
External links
- Howarth, Osbert John Radcliffe (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 405–414. .
- Oxford City Council official website
- Thames Valley Guide – Oxford