Płock

Coordinates: 52°33′N 19°42′E / 52.550°N 19.700°E / 52.550; 19.700
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Płock
Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock
Ducal Capital City of Płock
River Vistula and Płock Cathedral
  • Town Hall
  • Płock Castle
  • Market Square
  • Mariavite Cathedral
    • Car plates
    		WP
    WebsitePłock City Hall

    Płock (pronounced

    GUS on 31 December 2021, there were 116,962 inhabitants in the city.[1] Its full ceremonial name, according to the preamble to the City Statute, is Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock (the Princely or Ducal Capital City of Płock). It is used in ceremonial documents as well as for preserving an old tradition.[2]

    Płock is a capital of the

    royal city of Poland.[4] It is the cultural, academic, scientific, administrative and transportation center of the west and north Masovian region.[5] Płock is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Płock, one of the oldest dioceses in Poland, founded in the 11th century, and it is also the worldwide headquarters of the Mariavite Church. In Płock are located also the Marshal Stanisław Małachowski High School, the oldest school in Poland and one of the oldest in Central Europe, and the Płock refinery
    , the country's largest oil refinery.

    History

    Main article: Timeline of Płock

    Middle Ages

    Płock Diadem, 13th century

    The area was long inhabited by pagan peoples. In the 10th century, a

    Benedictine monastery
    was established here. It became a center of science and art for the area.

    During the rule of the first monarchs of the

    religious freedom in Europe, who studied there in the late 14th century.[9]

    Privilege of King Casimir III the Great from 1353 created a fund for the construction of defensive walls.

    In 1237 Płock was officially granted

    Włodzimierz.[10] In the 14th century King Casimir III the Great vested Płock with vast privileges.[6] The first Jewish immigrants came to the city in the 14th century, responding to the extension of rights by the Polish kings. In 1495 the Duchy of Płock was integrated directly with the Polish Crown as a reverted fief
    .

    Modern era

    Expanded representational coat of arms of Płock

    In the early modern period, Płock was a

    wars between Sweden and Poland
    in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

    In the 17th century, the Swedes destroyed much of the city, but the people rebuilt and recovered.[5] In the late 18th century, it took down the old city walls, and made a New Town, and after Germans of Prussia partitioned Poland Second Partition of Poland, they filled Plock with many German migrants.[5]

    In the

    Fryderyk Chopin visited Płock. In 1831, the last sejm of Congress Poland was held in the Płock town hall.[8] It was a seat of provincial government and an active center; its economy was closely tied to major grain trade. It laid out a new city plan in the early 19th century, as new residents continued to arrive. Many of its finest buildings were constructed in this period in the Neoclassical style. In 1820 the Płock Scientific Society was founded,[6] and in the late 19th century the city began to industrialize.[5] In 1863 local Poles fought in the January Uprising against Russia.[6] The leader of the uprising in the Płock region, Zygmunt Padlewski, was executed by the Russians in Płock in May 1863.[8] In 1905, large demonstrations of Polish youth and workers took place in Płock.[6]

    Płock in 1852, by Wojciech Gerson

    During

    Lwów).[13]

    World War II

    The bridge at Płock, destroyed by retreating Polish forces during the invasion of Poland in September 1939

    Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, the city of Płock was annexed into the Reich as part of the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau. The Germans renamed the city Schröttersburg in 1941 after the former Prussian Baron of the Empire Friedrich Leopold von Schrötter.[14]

    As part of the Intelligenzaktion, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, who were then imprisoned in the local prison, and around 200 of whom were murdered in large massacres in Łąck between October 1939 and February 1940.[15] Among the victims were Polish teachers, activists, shopowners, notaries, local officials, pharmacists, directors and members of the Polish Military Organisation.[16] Next mass arrests of about 2,000 Poles from Płock and the Płock County were carried out in April 1940, and in June 1940, another 200 Poles from various settlements in the region were imprisoned in the local prison.[17] Some prisoners were then deported and murdered in the Soldau concentration camp, and some teachers from Płock were among Polish teachers murdered in the Mauthausen concentration camp.[18] In 1940, Germans murdered 80 elderly and disabled people from Płock in the nearby village of Brwilno.[19] The Archbishop of Płock Antoni Julian Nowowiejski and the auxiliary Bishop Leon Wetmański were imprisoned in the nearby village of Słupno, and then in 1941 also murdered in the Soldau concentration camp, where also many other local priests were killed.[20] Nowowiejski and Wetmański are now considered two of the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs of World War II by the Catholic Church. Poles were also subjected to expulsions, 1,300 Poles were expelled in November and December 1939, and over 4,000 also in February and March 1941.[21] Nazi Germany also subjected the inhabitants to forced labour. Even 10 to 14-year-old children were used for forced labour in the city and its environs, whereas older ones were deported to forced labour in Germany.[22] The Germans also established and operated two forced labour subcamps of the local prison,[23][24] and an additional forced labour "education" camp in the city.[25] In the winter of 1942–1943, a freight train with kidnapped Polish children arrived to the Płock-Radziwie station, and around 300 of the children froze to death and were buried by the Germans in the forests of nearby Łąck.[26] Since 1943, the local Sicherheitspolizei carried out deportations of Poles including teenage boys to the Stutthof concentration camp.[27]

    Historical population
    YearPop.±%
    195033,128—    
    196042,798+29.2%
    197071,900+68.0%
    1980102,548+42.6%
    1990123,398+20.3%
    2000128,580+4.2%
    2010126,061−2.0%
    2020118,268−6.2%
    source [28]

    At the same time, the Nazis were also brutalizing the Jewish population of Płock. They conscripted them for forced labor and established a

    Treblinka. By the war's end, only 300 Jewish residents were known to have survived, of more than 10,000 in the region (for more information see Jewish history below). Some Poles in Płock tried to assist their Jewish neighbors by smuggling food to them and sneaking food to them when they were rounded up and had to stand in the street for an entire day on a bitterly cold day waiting to be deported.[29]

    Germans closed Polish institutions, schools

    looted or destroyed numerous Polish cultural monuments, collections and archives, including the rich collection of the Płock Scientific Society.[30][31] The collections of local museums, the cathedral's ancient treasury, church archives and the diocesan library were stolen and taken to museums in Königsberg, Wrocław and Berlin.[31] The local seminary was converted by the Germans into barracks of the SS.[30]

    Despite such circumstances, the city remained the center of the

    Fall of Communism
    in the 1980s.

    Recent history

    In 1975–1998, Płock was the capital of the

    Płock Voivodeship. In 1976, Płock was one of the centers of large anti-communist protests
    .

    Climate

    Płock has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[34][35]

    Climate data for Płock (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 12.7
    (54.9)     		16.5
    (61.7)     		23.8
    (74.8)     		30.3
    (86.5)     		32.1
    (89.8)     		34.3
    (93.7)     		36.6
    (97.9)     		37.3
    (99.1)     		35.5
    (95.9)     		26.7
    (80.1)     		19.5
    (67.1)     		15.4
    (59.7)     		37.3
    (99.1)
    Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.9
    (33.6)     		2.5
    (36.5)     		7.1
    (44.8)     		14.1
    (57.4)     		19.2
    (66.6)     		22.3
    (72.1)     		24.7
    (76.5)     		24.6
    (76.3)     		19.0
    (66.2)     		12.7
    (54.9)     		6.3
    (43.3)     		2.3
    (36.1)     		13.0
    (55.4)
    Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
    (29.5)     		−0.4
    (31.3)     		3.1
    (37.6)     		8.8
    (47.8)     		13.7
    (56.7)     		16.9
    (62.4)     		19.0
    (66.2)     		18.8
    (65.8)     		13.9
    (57.0)     		8.7
    (47.7)     		3.9
    (39.0)     		0.1
    (32.2)     		8.8
    (47.8)
    Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.8
    (25.2)     		−3.0
    (26.6)     		−0.3
    (31.5)     		3.9
    (39.0)     		8.4
    (47.1)     		11.6
    (52.9)     		13.6
    (56.5)     		13.5
    (56.3)     		9.5
    (49.1)     		5.4
    (41.7)     		1.6
    (34.9)     		−2.2
    (28.0)     		4.9
    (40.8)
    Record low °C (°F) −35.6
    (−32.1)     		−27.7
    (−17.9)     		−23.7
    (−10.7)     		−6.2
    (20.8)     		−4.0
    (24.8)     		0.3
    (32.5)     		4.2
    (39.6)     		3.9
    (39.0)     		−2.2
    (28.0)     		−7.5
    (18.5)     		−20.2
    (−4.4)     		−23.9
    (−11.0)     		−35.6
    (−32.1)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 30.4
    (1.20)     		26.2
    (1.03)     		30.6
    (1.20)     		31.6
    (1.24)     		50.8
    (2.00)     		48.2
    (1.90)     		40.5
    (1.59)     		42.9
    (1.69)     		47.3
    (1.86)     		35.0
    (1.38)     		33.7
    (1.33)     		33.4
    (1.31)     		450.7
    (17.74)
    Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.3
    (2.5)     		5.9
    (2.3)     		3.9
    (1.5)     		1.0
    (0.4)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.0
    (0.0)     		0.3
    (0.1)     		1.7
    (0.7)     		3.7
    (1.5)     		6.3
    (2.5)
    Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.62 13.77 13.20 11.40 12.37 12.40 13.13 12.30 11.50 12.80 14.60 15.90 158.99
    Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 15.3 14.1 6.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.4 11.8 52.1
    Average
    relative humidity
    (%)     		86.7 83.5 77.4 69.2 70.0 71.7 72.0 70.9 77.6 83.1 88.5 88.4 78.3
    Mean monthly sunshine hours 48.9 68.8 132.3 203.8 254.8 256.9 257.9 247.0 166.5 111.2 47.3 36.4 1,831.7
    Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]
    Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[44][45][46]

    Culture

    Architecture

    Main sights include:

    • Płock Cathedral - originally built in the Romanesque style, dates back to the 12th century, reconstructed in 16th century
    • Płock Castle, built in 14th century, today housing the diocesan museum with the collection of medieval goldsmiths' works
    • Saint Dominic Church - former Dominican church, built in 13th century and remodelled in 16th century
    • Saint Bartholomew Church - built in the 14th century, rebuilt in Baroque style in 18th century
    • Small Synagogue - built 1810-1822
    • Płock Town Hall, built 1824-1827 in the classicist style
    • Neo-Gothic
      style
    • Museum of Mazovia - housed in Art Nouveau tenement house
    • Dom Turysty - modernist hotel built 1959-1962

    Museums

    Mazovian
    Museum

    In popular culture

    Various Polish films were shot in Płock, including

    Stawka większa niż życie.[47]

    Cuisine

    The officially protected

    kiełbasa named after Wzgórze Tumskie (Cathedral Hill),[48] and baleron płocki, a local type of baleron, a popular Polish smoked lunch meat.[49]

    Religion

    Catholic Church

    Divine Mercy Sanctuary

    Płock is the oldest legislated seat of the Roman Catholic

    sarcophagi
    of Polish monarchs. It is one of the five oldest cathedrals in Poland.

    Moreover, the city is famous for the Divine Mercy Sanctuary, where the apparition of Jesus to Saint Faustina Kowalska is reported to have taken place, and the Divine Mercy devotion was revealed.[50]

    Mariavite Church

    Interior of the Temple of Mercy and Charity - seat of the Mariavite bishops

    From the visions of

    Vistula River. Poland in total has about 25,000 members of the Old Catholic Mariavite Church, as it is now named, with another 5,000 in France. A smaller breakaway church, the Catholic Mariavite Church
    , which has an integrated female priesthood (since 1929), has 3,000 members in Poland.

    Jewish history

    The Jewish presence in Płock (Yiddish: Plotzk) dates back many centuries, probably to the 13th and 14th centuries, when records include them. The Polish kings extended rights to them in 1264 and the 14th century, and provided continued political support through the centuries.[51] At the beginning of the 19th century, their more than 1,200 residents comprised more than 48% of the city's population in what is considered the city's Old Town; through the century, their proportions ranged from 30 and 40 percent.[52] It varied as German migrants were arriving in the region, and the area was becoming urbanized, as more people moved to the city. After Płock fell to Russia in the 19th century, it was part of the Pale of Settlement, where Russians allowed the settlement of Jews. As in other parts of the Russian Partition of Poland, they were restricted to employment in trades and crafts.[51]

    Small Synagogue

    In the late 19th century, Moszek Szlama Sarna (1838–1908) established two factories to produce farm machines and tools, and the first iron foundry in the city. The Jewish community had two synagogues and two cemeteries (dating to the 15th century), religious and secular schools, and established a library and hospital. They contributed strongly to the economy and culture of the city. In the early 20th century,and had two newspapers, representing active political parties.[51]

    In 1939, Płock had a Jewish population of 9,000, an estimated 26% of the city's total.[52] After the 1939 invasion of Poland, German Nazi persecution began, about 2,000 Jews fled the city, with half going to Soviet-controlled territory. They were assigned to locations far from the front. In 1940, the Nazis established a ghetto in Płock. They started actions against the Jews, killing those in an old people's home and sick children, and transporting others to be killed at Brwilski Forest. Ultimately, they transported the Jews to 20 camps and sites in the Radom district, where in 1942 those still alive were sent to Treblinka to be murdered.[51] There is evidence that a few Poles tried to help their Jewish neighbors in Plock by smuggling food into the ghetto, sneaking food to them while they were awaiting deportation, and throwing loaves of bread to them on the transport trucks. While small acts, they took courage.[53] By 1946, only 300 Jews survived in Płock. While they were active in the new politics, gradually the Jews left, and by 1959 three remained.[52] Herman Kruk, a survivor and notable chronicler of life inside the Nazi concentration camps, was born in Płock in 1897.[54]

    The small synagogue, built in 1810, was one of the few to survive World War II in the Masovia region of Poland. The Great Synagogue was destroyed during the Holocaust. The small synagogue was designated as a historic building about 1960, but deteriorated in physical condition while vacant. It was renovated and adapted for use as a museum, opening in April 2013 as the Museum of Masovian Jews, a branch of the Museum of Płock Mazowiecki.[55]

    Economy

    Orlen headquarters

    The main industry is

    pipeline leading from Russia to Germany. Associated industrial activities connected with the refinery are servicing and construction. A Levi Strauss & Co.
    factory is located in Płock and provides manufacturing jobs.

    Education

    Transport

    Mass transit

    • KM Płock - Komunikacja Miejska Płock[56]

    Bus service covers the entire city, with 41 routes.

    Bridges

    Sport

    Orlen Arena, home venue of Wisła Płock handball team
    • Superliga
      , Poland's top division, multiple Polish Champion and multiple Polish Cup winner
    • Polish SuperCup
      winner in 2006

    Politics

    Market Square with the Town Hall

    Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Płock constituency

    Notable people

    Boleslaus III of Poland
    Tadeusz Mazowiecki

    Twin towns - sister cities

    See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

    Płock is

    twinned with:[58]

    Former twin towns:

    In March 2022, Płock suspended its partnership with the Russian city of Mytishchi and the Belarusian city of Novopolotsk as a response to the

    2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[60]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 7 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 1462000.
    2. ^ (in Polish)(Statut Miasta Płocka) Załącznik do Uchwały Nr 302/XXI/08 Rady Miasta Płocka z dnia 26 lutego 2008 roku (Dz. Urz. Woj. Mazowieckiego z 2008 r. Nr 91, poz. 3271 Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine)
    3. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 20 kwietnia 2018 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Płock - Wzgórze Tumskie", Dz. U. z 2018 r. poz. 1003
    4. ^ a b Adolf Pawiński, Mazowsze, Warszawa 1895, p. 37 (in Polish)
    5. ^ a b c d Płock : Local History Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Virtual Shtetl website, accessed 28 October 2013
    6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Płock". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 11 July 2020.
    7. ^ "Get to know Płock". From official Płock website.en. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
    8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Z dziejów Płocka". Małachowianka OnLine (in Polish). Retrieved 1 September 2019.
    9. ^ Erlich, Ludwik (1968). Pisma wybrane Pawła Włodkowica (Preface). Warsaw: PAX. p. 13.
    10. ISSN 0860-1054
      .
    11. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 54.
    12. ^ Gembarzewski, p. 75
    13. ^ a b c "Rocznica odznaczenia Płocka Krzyżem Walecznych za obronę przed bolszewikami". Onet (in Polish). 8 April 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
    14. ^ de:Landkreis Schröttersburg
    15. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 224–225.
    16. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. pp. 225–226.
    17. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 230.
    18. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. pp. 231–232.
    19. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 236.
    20. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 233.
    21. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4
      .
    22. ^
      ISSN 0029-389X
      .
    23. ^ "Außenkommando "Große Allee" des Strafgefängnisses Schröttersburg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 6 November 2020.
    24. ^ "Außenkommando des Strafgefängnisses Schröttersburg in Bauzug". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 6 November 2020.
    25. ^ "Arbeitserziehungslager Schröttersburg-Süd". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
    26. Biblioteka Jagiellońska
      . p. 78.
    27. ^ Drywa, Danuta (2020). "Germanizacja dzieci i młodzieży polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim z uwzględnieniem roli obozu koncentracyjnego Stutthof". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 187.
    28. ^ "Płock (Mazowieckie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
    29. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7
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    30. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945. p. 381.
    31. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. p. 224.
    32. ^ "Widziałam egzekucję jako dziecko [FOTO]". PortalPłock (in Polish). Retrieved 1 July 2020.
    33. ISSN 0029-389X
      .
    34. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
      .
    35. ISSN 1027-5606
      .
    36. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    37. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    38. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    39. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    40. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    41. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    42. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    43. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    44. ^ "Płock Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    45. ^ "Płock Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    46. ^ "Płock Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    47. ^ "Jak kręcili filmy w Płocku, kto kogo uderzył w twarz i dlaczego". PortalPłock (in Polish). Retrieved 11 July 2020.
    48. ^ "Kiełbasa tumska". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
    49. ^ "Baleron płocki". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
    50. ^ Shrine of the Divine Mercy in Plock
    51. ^ a b c d Plock: Jewish Community before 1989 Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Virtual Shtetl, accessed 28 October 2013
    52. ^ a b c Płock: Demography Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Virtual Shtetl, accessed 28 October 2013
    53. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7
      .
    54. ^ Kassow, Samuel D. "Vilna Stories". Retrieved 31 December 2012.
    55. ^ Samuel D. Gruber, "Poland: Płock Synagogue Reopens as a Museum", Samuel Gruber's Jewish Art and Monuments blog, accessed 28 October 2013
    56. ^ kmplock.eu
    57. ^ Mostwplocku.blogspot.com
    58. ^ "Miasta partnerskie". Retrieved 18 May 2020.
    59. ^ "Städtepartnerschaften und Internationales". Büro für Städtepartnerschaften und internationale Beziehungen (in German). Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
    60. ^ "Płock zawiesza partnerską współpracę z rosyjskimi i białoruskimi miastami" (in Polish). 2 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

    External links

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