Přemyslid dynasty

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Přemyslid dynasty
Country Duchy of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia
Margraviate of Moravia
Duchy of Opava
Duchies of Silesia
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Duchy of Austria
Founded867
FounderBořivoj I
Final rulerWenceslaus III of Bohemia
Titles
Dissolution1306 (Royal branch)
1521 (Opavian branch)
Cadet branchesIn order of seniority:
  • Bretislian
    • Conradian:
      • Znojmo (1035-1191)
      • Brno (1035-1200)
    • Olomouc (1045-1227)
    • Děpoltian (1123-1247)
    • Opavian (1255-1521)

The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Premysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria.

Origin and growth of the Přemyslid dynasty

The dynasty's origin dates back to the 9th century,

Frankish Empire. The first historically-documented Přemyslid duke was Bořivoj I (867).[1] DNA testing on the remains of his son, Spytihněv I, reveal the family's Y-haplogroup to be R1b, second most common haplogroup in Czech republic.[2]

In the following century, the Přemyslids also ruled over Silesia and founded the city of

Vratislaus I, father of Saint Wenceslaus. Under the reign of Prince Boleslaus I the Cruel (935) and his son Boleslaus II the Pious (972), the Přemyslids ruled territory stretching to today's Belarus.[1]

The dynasty controlled vital trade routes during this time. The Bohemian lands and Prague were an important center of trade where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller

Boleslaus the Brave occupied Prague.[1]
Boleslaus III, son of Boleslaus II, escaped from Bohemia; decades of confusion and anarchy ensued.

The decline ended in the reign of Prince

Poland, including the cities of Kraków and Gniezno (1038), where he obtained the relics of St. Adalbert. He sought the establishment of the Prague archbishopric and a royal title. His son and successor Vratislaus II
became the first King of Bohemia in 1085.

Vratislaus' son

Lothar III in the Battle of Chlumec in 1126. This allowed a further strengthening of Bohemia, culminating during the reign of Vratislav's grandson, King Vladislaus II (1158). Vladislav II founded many monasteries and built the first stone bridge across the Vltava river, one of the earliest in Central and Northern Europe. Once again, internal struggles started the decline of the Přemyslids. Many leaders from the dynasty alternated on the Bohemian throne, leading to their eventual bankruptcy. Finally, on his ascension to the throne, Ottokar I began a series of changes that brought Bohemia out of crisis, and began a period of success[1]
that lasted for nearly 220 years.

At the height of its power

Last three Přemyslid kings according to illumination from the Chronicon Aulae regiae: Přemysl Ottokar II (one crown – Bohemia), Wenceslaus II (two crowns – Bohemia and Poland) and Wenceslaus III (three crowns – Hungary, Bohemia and Poland)
Bohemian king Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland, a romantic drawing by Jan Matejko (1892)

Ottokar I became the third King of Bohemia in the year 1198 but was the first King of Bohemia to acquire a hereditary royal title. This began significant growth of the Přemyslids' dynastic power. There was also a large urban and crafts development in Bohemia.

In the second half of the 13th century, the Přemyslids were one of the most powerful dynasties in Central Europe.[3] King Přemysl Ottokar II, son of Wenceslas I, earned the nickname "Iron and Golden King" because of his military power and wealth.[1] After several victorious wars with the Hungarian Kingdom, he acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, extending Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea.

King Ottokar II aspired to the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. His ambitions started the conflict with the House of Habsburg, which had been composed of little-known counts, and suited the interests of German noble houses better than the mighty King Ottokar. The Habsburg representative, Rudolf, was elected as King of the Romans. In the Battle of Marchfeld (1278), Ottokar clashed with the Imperial and Hungarian armies, only to be killed.[1] The Habsburgs then acquired Austria and retained it until the 20th century.

Ottokar's son King

Danube River and established numerous cities, among them Plzeň in 1295. Bohemia became a wealthy nation during his reign thanks to a large vein of silver at Kutná Hora.[1] He introduced the silver Prague groschen,[1]
which was an important unit of currency in Europe for centuries, and planned to build the first university in Central Europe.

The power and wealth of the Kingdom of Bohemia gave rise to great respect, but also to the hostility of other European royal families. The dynasty began to collapse following the untimely death of Wenceslaus II (1305), and the assassination of his only son, Wenceslaus III in 1306, which ended their rule.[1][3]

On the distaff side, however, the dynasty continued, and in 1355, Bohemian king Charles IV, the grandson of Wenceslaus II, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.

Legendary rulers

The name of the dynasty, according to

Přemysl, husband of duchess Libuše.[4]

Dukes of Bohemia

The first historical Přemyslid was Duke

Boleslaus I the Cruel
.

In 1085, Duke

King of Bohemia as a personal award from the Holy Roman Emperor
. The title, however, was not hereditary.

Kings of Bohemia

Maximum extent of the kingdom under Ottokar II,
c. 1276

Bohemia was the only princedom in the

Bretislaus
pacified Bohemia after years of civil conflict. The kingship was disputed whenever Bohemian internal conflict increased. It was fixed, however, after the position of the emperor in Germany weakened.

In 1198, Duke Ottokar I again gained the title of King of Bohemia as an ally of Philip of Swabia. This title was reconfirmed by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and later on in Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor's Golden Bull of Sicily (1212).

Kings of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, rulers of Austria

Territory under the control of the Přemyslids, c. 1301:
  Kingdom of Bohemia
  Kingdom of Poland
  Probable extent of territory under control of Wenceslaus III in Hungary
  Vassals

In 1269-1276, King

Hofburg Palace
in Vienna.

In 1300, King

Przemysł II of Poland
in 1296.

The royal line ended in 1306 with the death of King Wenceslaus III. The Bohemian throne went to the Luxembourgs, and the Polish throne returned to the Piasts.

Dukes of Opava, Krnov, Ratibor and Münsterberg

In 1269,

Duchy of Ratibor. His four sons divided the Duchy of Opava (the Duchy of Ratibor was inherited only by the eldest, John). Thus started the partition of a once-unified land between the descendants of Nicholas II. In 1443, William, Duke of Opava gained the Duchy of Münsterberg, which was held by Přemyslids until 1456. This line of Opavian Přemyslids ended in 1521, with the death of Valentine
, Duke of Ratibor.

Family tree

Premyslid Dynasty Family Tree
Premyslid Dynasty Family Tree

Bořivoj I. + Saint Ludmila

Family tree of
Habsburgs

See also

  • List of rulers of Bohemia
  • Kingdom of Bohemia
  • List of Polish rulers
  • List of rulers of Hungary

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Přemyslid Dynasty". Czech Republic Government. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  2. ^ "Dotyk | Odkud přišli Přemyslovci? Analýza DNA byla pro vědce velkým překvapením". www.dotyk.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  3. ^ a b "House of Přemysl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8090-1609-9
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