The Lockheed P-3 Orion, a turboprop ASW aircraft, has been in service with the United States Navy (USN) since 1962.[4] In the 1980s, the USN began studies for a P-3 replacement, the range and endurance of which were reduced due to increasing weight and airframe fatigue life limitations. The specification required a new aircraft to have reduced operating and support costs. In 1989, Lockheed was awarded a fixed-price contract to develop the P-7, but this was canceled the following year.[5]
In 2000, a second competition for a replacement began. Lockheed Martin submitted the Orion 21, an updated new-build version of the P-3.[6] Boeing's proposal was based on its 737-800 airliner.[7]BAE Systems offered a new-build version of the Nimrod MRA4, a British jet-powered maritime patrol aircraft. BAE withdrew from the competition in October 2002, recognizing that without a production partner based in the United States, the bid was politically unrealistic.[8] On 14 May 2004, Boeing was selected as the winner of the Multimission Maritime Aircraft program.[9]
In June 2004, the USN awarded a development contract to Boeing.
Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group, CFM International, BAE Systems, and Marotta are major subcontractors.[12] In July 2004, the USN placed an order for five aircraft, and the first flight-test aircraft was to be completed in 2009.[11] On 30 March 2005, it was assigned the P-8A designation.[13]
Design phase and testing
The P-8 is to replace the P-3.[14] Initially, it was equipped with legacy systems with later upgrades to incorporate newer technology. The Government Accountability Office credited the incremental approach with keeping the project on schedule and on budget. The Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) deleted the requirement for the P-8A to be equipped with magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) equipment as a weight reduction measure, improving endurance. A hydrocarbon sensor detects fuel vapors from diesel-powered submarines and ships.[15]
The P-8's first flight was on 25 April 2009.[1] The second and third P-8s had flown and were in flight testing in early August 2010.[16] On 11 August 2010, low-rate production of the P-8 was approved.[17][18] A P-8 released sonobuoys for the first time on 15 October 2010, dropping six in three separate low-altitude passes.[19] In 2011, the ice detection system was found to be defective due to the use of counterfeit components; allegedly these parts were poorly refurbished and sold to subcontractor BAE Systems as new by a Chinese supplier.[20]
On 4 March 2012, the first production P-8A was delivered to the USN, flying to
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Inspector General (IG) report recommended delaying full-rate production over a lack of key data to assess if the P-8 met operational requirements; additional tests were also needed to guarantee a 25-year lifespan.[22] Boeing executives dismissed the report, saying that the test program was on track.[23] In 2013, full-rate production was delayed until the P-8 could demonstrate it can survive its 25-year lifespan without structural fatigue, overcome deficiencies, track surface ships, and perform primary missions.[24]
On 24 June 2013, during weapons integration testing, the P-8 achieved a significant milestone by firing a live AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile and scored a direct hit on a low-cost modular target.[25] On 1 July 2013, an initial operational test and evaluation (IOT&E) report found that the P-8A was "operationally effective, operationally suitable, and ready for fleet introduction." Six test and nine low-rate initial production aircraft had been delivered at that point.[26] On 31 July 2013, Boeing received a $2.04 billion contract to build 13 P-8As in the fourth low-rate initial production lot, for a fleet of 37 aircraft by the end of 2016, and long-lead parts for 16 P-8As of the first full-rate production lot.[27]
In January 2014, Naval Air Systems Command proceeded with full-rate production of the P-8A. Increment 1 systems include persistent anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities and an integrated sensor suite; in 2016, Increment 2 upgrades will add multi-static active coherent acoustics, an automated identification system, and high-altitude anti-submarine weapons.[28] Increment 3 in 2020 shall enable "net-enabled anti-surface warfare".[29]
In July 2014, Fred Smith, business development director for the P-8, noted that the program had: "saved $2.1 billion on 2004 estimates of the cost of production... the aircraft is now selling for $150 million, down from the forecasted $216 million".
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, with international cooperation from prospective users.[32]
Derivatives
In 2010, Boeing proposed to replace the
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) capabilities. A key feature was a pod-mounted radar on the fuselage's lower centerline, positioned so the engine nacelles do not obstruct its line of sight. It reuses the P-8A's Raytheon AN/APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar. Two aft ventral fins increase stability.[33][34]
In 2013, Boeing proposed repackaging some of the P-8's systems in the smaller and less expensive
Boeing Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA).[35] In 2014, Boeing also offered a JSTARS replacement based on the 737-700, rather than the P-8's 737-800.[36]
Design
The P-8 is a 737-800ERX, roughly similar to the 737-800 commercial passenger aircraft and the USN's 737-700-based C-40 Clipper transport aircraft, but with several modifications to make it suitable for its military service role.
Many of the changes reflect the need for the aircraft to operate at lower altitudes and be capable of more aggressive maneuvering than a commercial aircraft. However, the changes were kept in line with the existing assembly process. Boeing 737
bank angle, a more responsive autothrottle, and the elimination of audible warnings during low altitude operations.[37] In order to power additional onboard electronics, the P-8 has a 180 kVA electric generator on each CFM International CFM56 engine, replacing the 90 kVA generator of civilian 737s; this required the redesigning of the nacelles and their wing mountings.[37] The Navy says that compared to the P-3, the P-8 has a smoother flight experience, subjecting crews to less turbulence and fumes, allowing them to concentrate better on missions.[40]
After the aircraft roll off the assembly line, five operator stations (two
naval flight officers plus three enlisted Aviation Warfare Operators/naval aircrewman) are mounted in a sideways row, along the port side of the cabin. Other than one large window on each side of the forward cabin for two observers, none of the other crew stations have windows.[37] A short bomb bay for torpedoes and other stores opens behind the wing. The P-8 is to be equipped with the High-Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon Capability (HAAWC) Air Launch Accessory (ALA), turning a Mark 54 torpedo into a glide bomb for deploying from up to 30,000 ft (9,100 m).[41]
The P-8 features the Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar.
In U.S. service, the P-8A is complemented by the MQ-4C Triton unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which provides continuous surveillance. In January 2015, BAE Systems was awarded a contract for the USN's High Altitude ASW (HAASW) Unmanned Targeting Air System (UTAS) program to develop a sub-hunting UAV equipped with a MAD for launching from the P-8.[41]
The P-8 cannot use the Navy's typical
KC-46 Pegasus aircraft for in-flight refueling. In April 2017, the USAF 459th Air Refueling Wing worked with the Naval Air Systems Command to certify operationally the P-8 for in-flight refueling.[47] For extended endurance, the P-8 is equipped with six auxiliary fuel tanks.[48]
Operational history
United States
In February 2012, the P-8 made its mission debut during "
RIMPAC 2012 in the Hawaiian area, two P-8As participated in 24 scenarios as part of Air Test and Evaluation Squadron One (VX-1) while forward deployed to Marine Corps Base Hawaii.[51] On 29 November 2013, its inaugural deployment began when six aircraft and 12 air crews of squadron VP-16 departed its home station of NAS Jacksonville, Florida, for Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan.[52] This deployment was a pre-planned regional re-balancing action, but occurred shortly after China's establishment of the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone, heightening tensions.[53]
During early exercises and the Japanese deployment, the P-8 reportedly suffered radar, sensor integration, and data transfer problems, leading to more testing. In 2012–3, the US government's
Frank Kendall said of the report that, although its findings are factual, it ignored future capability upgrades for ASW and surveillance.[57]
A second squadron,
Bahamas.[59] On 20 February 2018, a P-8 of Patrol Squadron Eight (VP-8) rescued three fishermen whose vessel had been adrift in the South Pacific Ocean for eight days, deploying a search and rescue (SAR) kit containing supplies and communications equipment, the first time that a P-8 deployed a SAR kit in a real operation.[60]
On 19 August 2014, a Chinese
Su-30 fighter intercepted a P-8 over the Black Sea, coming within 5 feet (1.5 m) of it, forcing the P-8 through its jet wash, causing "a 15-degree roll and violent turbulence".[65]
USN P-8s routinely rotate through bases of allies.[66] In September 2014, the Malaysian government offered the use of bases in East Malaysia for P-8s, but no flights have yet been approved.[67] On 7 December 2015, P-8s were deployed to Singapore as part of a Defense Cooperation Agreement between the US and Singapore for "fighting terrorism and piracy."[68] China criticized the Singapore deployment as "regional militarization by the U.S."[69] The third detachment of two P-8s based in Paya Lebar Air Base, Singapore, participated in naval military drills with the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in mid 2016.[70]
During the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, at or before the time when the Russian Navy cruiser Moskva suffered damage and caught fire on 13–14 April, a U.S. Navy P-8A from Italy was patrolling within its radar range over the Black Sea[71] and the U.S., when asked, did identify the ship as Moskva as part of intelligence sharing to help Ukraine "defend against attack from Russian ships."[72]Moskva later sank. Ukraine claimed to have hit the vessel with one or more Neptune missiles. Russia claimed that the damage was accidental and not caused by a missile strike.[71][72]
On 20 November 2023, a U.S. Navy P-8A assigned to
MCAS Kaneohe Bay and ended up in the water. None of the nine crew on board were injured.[74][75] The U.S. Navy hopes to repair the aircraft and return it to operational status.[76] The aircraft was floated and pulled from the sea on 2 December 2023.[77]
A U.S. Navy P-8A Poseidon flew through the Taiwan Strait on 17 April 2024, asserting navigational rights amid tensions with China over Taiwan's sovereignty. This followed the first talks between U.S. and Chinese defense chiefs since 2022, aimed at easing regional tensions.[78]
India
In January 2008, Boeing proposed the P-8I, a customized export variant of the P-8A, for the Indian Navy.[79] The P-8I has a version of the Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar that meets export requirements.[80] It also features two components not fitted on the P-8A, a Telephonics APS-143 OceanEye aft radar and a magnetic anomaly detector (MAD).[81] On 4 January 2009, India's Ministry of Defence signed a US$2.1 billion (~$2.9 billion in 2023) agreement with Boeing for eight P-8Is to replace the Indian Navy's aging Tupolev Tu-142M maritime surveillance turboprops.[82] It was Boeing's first military sale to India and the P-8's first international customer.[83]
In October 2010, India's Defence Acquisition Council approved the purchase of four additional P-8Is;[84] contract signature followed in July 2016 with deliveries expected to start from 2020.[85] In 2011, India planned to order twelve more P-8Is at a later date; in 2019, this was cut to eight to ten due to a limited budget.[86][87] In November 2019, the Indian government approved the procurement of six more P-8Is.[88] In April 2021, the US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of six more P-8Is to India pending Congressional approval.[89] Of the 4 additional P-8Is ordered the first was delivered to Indian naval air station INS Hansa, DabolimGoa on 19 November 2020,[90] followed by another on 13 July 2021,[91] the remaining 2 were delivered on 30 December 2021.[92]
The
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Data Link II communications allows the P-8I to exchange tactical data between Indian Navy aircraft, ships and shore establishments;[93] it also features an integrated BEL-developed IFF system.[94] India has purchased AGM-84L Harpoon Block II missiles and Mk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight torpedoes for the P-8I.[95] In July 2012, Boeing began P-8I flight testing.[96]
On 19 December 2012, the first P-8I was handed over at Boeing's facility in Seattle.[97] It was inducted into the Indian Navy on 15 May 2013.[98] The type is based at INS Rajali, in Tamil Nadu.[99] In 2014, several Indian Navy P-8Is conducted search operations for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.[81] The Indian Navy inducted the first squadron in November 2015.[100] P-8Is participated in the 2017 Doklam Standoff between Indian Army and China's People's Liberation Army. Indian Navy P-8Is also monitored Pakistani Army units during the 2019 Pulwama standoff.[101]
Australia
On 20 July 2007, the
AP-3C Orions in conjunction with a then yet-to-be-selected unmanned aerial vehicle. The last AP-3C was scheduled to be retired in 2018, after nearly 30 years of service.[102][103] In March 2009, Australia's Chief of Air Force stated that, subject to government approval, the RAAF would introduce the P-8A in 2016.[104]
In October 2012, Australia formalized its participation, committing A$73.9m (US$81.1m) in an agreement with the USN.[105] In July 2013, Air Marshal Geoff Brown, head of the RAAF, said Australia was considering buying more P-8As and fewer MQ-4C Triton UAVs than earlier planned.[106] On 21 February 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced the intention to procure eight P-8As plus options for four more; entry into service is planned for 2021.[107]
In July 2014, negotiations commenced between Boeing and the US Department of Defense to integrate the AGM-84 Harpoon Block 1G anti-ship missile onto the P-8A on Australia's behalf.[108] In August 2014, the USN concluded an advanced acquisition contract on the first four of up to 12 P-8As to be bought by Australia, with delivery expected from 2017.[109] In January 2016, Australia ordered a further four P-8As.[110] The 2016 Defence White Paper stated that eight P-8As would be in service in the early 2020s and that 15 P-8As are planned for by the late 2020s.[111] Including support facilities, the first group of eight aircraft's total cost is estimated at $3.6 billion (AU$4 billion).[112]
The RAAF accepted its first P-8A on 27 September 2016;[113] it arrived in Australia on 14 November.[114] The RAAF had received 12 P-8As by 13 December 2019.[115] The Australian Government approved ordering two additional aircraft on 30 December 2020. The option to acquire a 15th aircraft may not be taken up.[116]
According to the Australian Defence Minister,
J-16 is alleged to have flown alongside a RAAF P-8A, deploying flares and chaff. One piece of chaff is alleged to have been ingested into the P-8A's engine.[117]
United Kingdom
In August 2012, it was reported that Boeing saw the
Nimrod MRA4.[119] On 23 November 2015, the UK announced its intention to order nine P-8s in the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015.[120] They are to be based at RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland and shall protect the UK's nuclear deterrent and aircraft carriers, as well as perform search-and-rescue and overland reconnaissance missions.[121]
On 25 March 2016, the U.S. State Department approved a proposed
Foreign Military Sale to the UK for up to nine P-8s and associated support.[122] The Royal Air Force (RAF) plans to operate the P-8 with U.S. weapons initially, and may transition to British weapons later.[123] It is unclear whether the UK will have access to future ground-surveillance capabilities developed for the P-8.[124] On 11 July 2016, Boeing announced the signing of a $3.87 billion (£3 billion) contract for nine P-8s and support infrastructure, spread across three production lots over a ten-year period, with deliveries commencing in 2019.[125][126]
The RAF has the service name Poseidon MRA Mk1.[127] They are operated by No. 120 Squadron and No. 201 Squadron.[128][129] The first Poseidon MRA Mk1 (ZP801) made its initial flight on 13 July 2019.[130] The UK took delivery of the first aircraft, named Pride of Moray, at Boeing's Seattle facility on 29 October. It arrived at Kinloss Barracks in February 2020 before relocating to RAF Lossiemouth in October 2020,[131][132] along with ZP802 which was delivered on 13 March 2020.[133] The RAF declared the P-8 had reached initial operating capability (IOC) on 1 April 2020.[134] The final aircraft arrived in January 2022.[135]
In March 2014, Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet reported that the Royal Norwegian Air Force is considering leasing aircraft from Boeing as No. 333 Squadron RNoAF's six P-3 Orions were becoming increasingly difficult to keep operational.[137] In June 2016, Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang reported that the Norwegian government would buy four new surveillance aircraft in its long-term defense plan; the P-8 was seen as the main option.[138] In December 2016, the U.S. State Department approved the sale with congressional approval pending.[139][needs update]
On 29 March 2017, Norway signed a contract for five P-8As, to be delivered between 2022 and 2023.[140] On 13 July 2021, Boeing rolled out first P-8As Poseidon aircraft from the paint shop for Norway.[141] The first aircraft was delivered on 18 November 2021. It is to be operated by the 133 Air Wing, 333 Squadron at Evenes Air Station.[142] The first P-8 is to be named Viking and the successive four aircraft are to be named for Norse gods: Vingtor, Ulabrand, Hugin and Munin.[citation needed]
New Zealand
Boeing publicly identified the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a potential customer in 2008, as a replacement for its P-3 Orions, due for replacement in 2025.[143] In April 2017, the U.S. State Department approved the possible foreign military sale of up to four P-8As with equipment and support, valued at US$1.46 billion (~$1.79 billion in 2023).[144][145] In July 2018, the New Zealand government announced the purchase of four P-8As, to begin operations in 2023.[146]
Four P-8As were ordered in March 2019.[147] The RNZAF is planning to operate the type for at least 30 years.[148] In September 2020, the inaugural Royal New Zealand Air Force crew for the P-8A graduated training at Jacksonville, Florida.[149] This crew is to then qualify as instructors to train the first RNZAF crews back in New Zealand. The first P-8A was delivered in December 2022 with three more aircraft delivered through May 2023.[150][151]
South Korea
In 2013, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) commenced a
On 26 June 2018, it was announced that DAPA had selected the P-8 and would acquire six aircraft through the US Foreign Military Sales program.[157] On 13 September 2018, the US state department stated it supported the sale of 6 P-8s and notified Congress.[158] South Korea ordered six P-8As in March 2019 and expected to be completed by June 2020.[147]
Germany
The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of five P-8As with associated equipment to Germany for an estimated cost of $1.77 billion. The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) notified US Congress of the possible sale on 12 March 2021.[159][160] On 23 June 2021, Germany approved the purchase of five P-8As worth $1.31 billion (~$1.45 billion in 2023).[161] On 28 September 2021, Germany finalized the purchase and is to retire its existing P-3C Orions when the P-8s are delivered.[162][163] In November 2023, a simulator and an additional three P-8s were approved.[164] The first P-8A Poseidon will enter service in the German Navy in Spring 2025.[165]
Canada
Boeing identified that the
Challenger MSA, a smaller and cheaper aircraft based on the Bombardier Challenger 650 integrating many of the P-8's sensors and equipment, to complement but not replace the CP-140s. Boeing also offered the P-8A with modifications specific to Canadian operations to replace the Aurora.[166][167]
In 2019, Canada announced the start of a project to replace its CP-140s, valued at greater than Can$5 billion and named "Canadian Multimission Aircraft Project". The Canadian Armed Forces requirements call for a crewed, long-range platform, capable of providing C4, ISR, and ASW with the ability to engage/control and to fully integrate with other ISR and ASW assets.[168] In 2022, Boeing officially announced they would offer the P-8A in the Canadian Multi-Mission Aircraft project[169] with CAE, GE Aviation Canada, IMP Aerospace & Defence, KF Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace Canada and Raytheon Canada.[170] In March 2023, Canada announced the submission of a Letter of Request via the U.S. government's Foreign Military Sales program on the acquisition of up to 16 P-8As.[171] On 27 June 2023, the State Department approved a possible $5.9 billion sale of up to 16 P-8As and associated equipment, pending approval by Congress.[172]
On 30 November 2023, Defence Minister Bill Blair announced that Canada would purchase up to 16 P-8As of the Poseidon for $10.4 billion CAD (US$7.7 billion).[173] The cost breakdown includes $8 billion CAD for the P-8A aircraft and related equipment, plus the other $2.4 billion CAD will be used for simulators, infrastructure and weapons.[174] The aircraft are expected to be delivered between 2026 and 2027, with full operational capability anticipated by 2033.[173] The new fleet is to be based in Nova Scotia at 14 Wing Greenwood, and in British Columbia at 19 Wing Comox.[175]
Potential operators
Brazil
On 23 September 2022, Boeing's Latin America director, Tim Flood, presented the capabilities of the P-8 to the Brazilian Air Force commander, General Carlos de Almeida Baptista Júnior. According to Baptista Júnior, "the discussions have a great importance to prospect the future of FAB's maritime patrol aviation", as part of a plan to replace its P-3AMs currently in service.[176][177]
Denmark
According to leaked defence list in the Danish newspaper Altinget, Denmark is considering acquiring P-8 Poseidons in the upcoming years.[178]
Italy
Italy indicated interest in purchasing P-8s, with fleet support provided by
Atlantic maritime patrol fleet,[180] possibly as a temporary solution because Italy remained interested in the P-8.[181]
Malaysia
In December 2017, the
Brigadier General Yazid Bin Arshad announced it had shortlisted four aircraft types to replace the force's aging fleet of Beechcraft Super King Air maritime patrol aircraft; these are the EADS CASA C-295 from Airbus, the P-8 from Boeing, ATR 72 MP from ATR, and the CASA/IPTN CN-235, possibly provided by either Airbus or Indonesian Aerospace, which acquired a licence to produce it. Arshad added that: "these four types are shortlisted, the door is not closed yet", indicating other options may be possible.[182]
NATO
In April 2019, Boeing was reported to be in exploratory talks with various NATO allies to offer the P-8 as a NATO-shared interim solution to provide European allies with its capabilities until domestic capabilities could be secured by 2035.[183]
In 2016, Turkey indicated that it planned to acquire a new MMA aircraft to supplement existing assets, the P-8A being the main candidate based on the required performance.[186]
Variants
P-8A Poseidon
Production variant developed for the United States Navy.
P-8I Neptune
Export variant for the Indian Navy
CAE Inc AN/ASQ-508A Magnetic Anomaly Detector and a Griffon Corporation Telephonics APS-143C(V)3 multi-mode aft radar added,[187][188] and a version of the Raytheon APY-10 multi-mission surface search radar that meets export requirements.[80]
German Navy – 5 P-8As on order,[3] with deliveries beginning in 2025. 3 more ordered in October 2023.[192] These are to be assigned to Naval Air Wing 3 (MFG 3) "Graf Zeppelin".[165]
Republic of Korea Navy – 4 P-8As delivered as of June 2023. 6 P-8As on order, with deliveries beginning in 2022;[147] these are to be assigned to 6th Air Wing Patrol Air Group 61.[199]
^"Program Profile Boeing P-8". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Retrieved 9 December 2023. In November, 2023, a P-8A assigned to VP-4 taking-off from MCAS Kaneohe Bay in Oahu, Hawaii, overshot the runway and entered the water. The aircraft sustained visible damage to the radome but the Navy's assessed the aircraft was still structurally intact and could possibly be returned to service pending a more thorough study.
^Watson, Sean (6 October 2016). "First Poseidon off the rank". Air Force. Department of Defence. p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
^ abFrank, Dorothee (12 February 2024). "Wechsel von der P-3C Orion zur P-8A Poseidon" [Change from the P-3C Orion to the P-8A Poseidon]. cpm Defence Network (in German). Retrieved 12 February 2024.
^"Eyes Forward: Italy chooses ATR 72s for sea surveillance, but still awaits UAV type selection". Aviation Week and Space Technology, 15 December 2008.