Nectin-3
Nectin-3, also known as nectin cell adhesion molecule 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NECTIN3 gene.
Nectin-3 belongs to the family of immunoglobulin(Ig)-like cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion[5] in several tissues during the development [6] and was firstly isolated at the turn of 20th and 21st century.[7]
Structure and localization
Nectin-3 has three splicing variants, nectin-3α, which is the biggest one, nectin-3β and the smallest variant nectin-3γ.
Nectin-3α (same as the other splicing variants) is abundately expressed in
The structural properties of nectin-3α is similar to
All nectins are able to form cis-homo dimer interactions, which simply means they can create dimer of two alike molecules on the same cell membrane. Further, nectin-3α can also interact with Nectin-1/2α in so called trans-hetero interaction.[7]
Function
Most of the publications deal with nectin-3 regardless the splicing variants, thus this page follows this concept.
Role in neural system
Nectin-3 is expressed by granule cells in dentate gyrus and the expression levels are developmentally regulated and reduced by early postnatal stress. On mice model, it has been shown that the early-life stress impaires the long-term spatial memory and temporal order memory. It is also very probable that the nectin-3 in dentate gyrus neurons modulate adult neurogenesis and dendritic spine plasticity.[11] It has been proven that combination nectin-3/nectin-1 is very important in formation of synapses in brain, hippocampus and that the formation of hetero-trans-dimers between nectin-1 and nectin-3 determines the position and size of the synapses, in vitro.[12] In vivo, it has been shown that the function of nectin-3 is crutial during the critical periods of the visual cortex development and that it is important not only for synapses formation but also for the synaptic refinement. Also it has been proven that there is a high importance of nectin-3 for the dendritic spine densities (which simply represent the sites of synaptic contacts) on visual cortical neurons.[13] The nectin-1/nectin-3 trans-interaction has been shown to be very important to establishing the adhesion between the pigment and non-pigment cell layers of the ciliary epithelia, which is essential for the morphogenesis of the ciliary body of the eye.[14]
Role in gametogenesis
Nectin-3 is important role player in spermatid development. The nectin-3–/– male mice were found to have defects in the later steps of sperm morphogenesis, exhibiting distorted nuclei and abnormal distribution of mitochondria. The loss of nectin-3 in male mice leads to male-specific infertility.[15] It has been shown that the chronic stress negatively influences the amnout of nectin-3 in the testis and also the male spermatogenesis function.[16]
Role in transendothelial migration
As mentioned above, nectin-3 is the only nectin which is expressed on T- lymphocytes. The interaction between nectin-3 on T-cells and other nectins on
Nectin-3 in cancer
Nectin-3 is highly expressed in epithelial cancer cells of human lung adenocarcinoma. It is expressed in 80% of patients which makes it relatively strong prognostic marker. It has been shown, there are various expression patterns of nectin-3; cytoplasmic, membranous or combined. The membranous expression is connected with significantly poorer prognosis, patients with this type of expression pattern are also more likely to earlier relapse and death.[18] Increased amounts of nectin-3 are also detectable in ovaries during the ovarian cancer and are correlated with poor patient prognosis. The data also suggest that the possible mechanism of nectin-3 in cellular invasion and migration is by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP2 and MMP9 in ovarian cancer.[19]
Contrary to previously mentioned cancers, the amount of nectin-3 negatively correlates with Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The loss of this protein correlates with increased tumor progressiveness.[20]
Interactions
Nectin-3 has been shown to interact with:
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000177707 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022656 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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