Pa-Hng language
Pa-Hng | |
---|---|
Pateng | |
Pronunciation | [pa31 ŋ̊ŋ35] |
Native to | China, Vietnam |
Native speakers | (34,000 cited 1995–2009)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pha |
Glottolog | pahn1237 |
Pa-Hng is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; 巴哼语 Bāhēng yǔ) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.
Classification
Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed.[2] This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).[3]
Names
Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names:[3]
- pa31 ŋ̥ŋ35 (巴哼)
- m̥m35 nai33 (唔奈)
- Red Yao (红瑶)
- Flowery Yao (花瑶)
- Eight Surname Yao (八姓瑶)
In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng ka31 jiu33 (嘎优), while the Miao people call them ta55 tia52 ju33 (大达优).[4] In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (xeŋ33) are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan 兰, Dai 戴, Deng 邓, Ding 丁, Pu 蒲, and Feng 奉.[5]
In China, Pa-Hng speakers are classified as Yao, even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic.
Varieties
Mao & Li (1997) splits Pa-Hng into the following subdivisions, and most closely related to Hm Nai:
- Pa-Hng proper (巴哼 pa31 ŋ̥ŋ35)
- Northern
- Southern
- Hm Nai (唔奈 m̥m35 nai33)
Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng varieties can be found in Mao & Li (1997). An additional dialect is found in Vietnam.
- Northern Pa-Hng: Gundong 滚董, Liping County 黎平, Guizhou
- Southern Pa-Hng: Wenjie 文界, Sanjiang County三江, Guangxi
- Hm Nai: Huxingshan 虎形山, Longhui County 隆回, Hunan
The Na-e dialect (also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa-Hng, Pà Then [Pateng]), is a geographic outlier. Paul Benedict (1986) argued that it is not actually Pa-Hng, or even Hmongic, but a separate branch of the
Distribution
China
Pa-Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China. Most of the counties have 1,000 - 6,000 Pa-Hng speakers (Mao & Li 1997).
- Hunan
- Longhui County, Shaoyang (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Hm-Nai: Huxingshan 虎形山乡, Xiaoshajiang 小沙江乡, Motang 磨塘乡, Dashuitian 大水田乡
- Dongkou County, Shaoyang (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Chenxi County, Huaihua (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Xupu County, Huaihua (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Chengbu Miao Autonomous County, Shaoyang
- Xinning County, Shaoyang
- Suining County, Shaoyang (100+ speakers)
- Longhui County, Shaoyang (Hm-Nai speakers)
- Guizhou
- Liping County
- Northern Pa-Hng: Gundong 滚董乡, Shunhua 顺化乡
- Congjiang County
- Southern Pa-Hng: Gaomang 高忙乡
- Liping County
- Guangxi
- Rongshui County(12,000+ speakers)
- Northern Pa-Hng: Dalang 大浪乡, Danian 大年乡, Antai 安太乡, Dongtou 洞头乡, Gunbei 滚贝乡, Wangdong 汪洞乡, Gandong 杆洞乡; Huaibao 怀宝镇[9]
- Southern Pa-Hng: Baiyun 白云乡, Dalang 大浪乡, Anchui 安陲乡, Xiangfen 香粉乡
- Sanjiang County
- Northern Pa-Hng: Tongle 同乐乡, Laobao 老堡乡
- Southern Pa-Hng: Wenjie 文界乡, Liangkou 良口乡
- Longsheng County
- Southern Pa-Hng: Sanmen 三门乡, Pingdeng 平等乡
- Lingui County
- (13 other counties)
Vietnam
Pa-Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam. In Vietnam, the Pa-Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people, where they are called Pà Thẻn. Na-e as reported by Bonifacy (1905) is also found in northern Vietnam.
- Tân Trịnh,
-
- Minh Thương Village, Tân Lập Township
- Tân Thịnh Township
- Hồng Quang Village, Tuyên Quang Province (62 km northwest of Chiêm Hoá City), where the speakers are known as Mèo Hoa (Flowery Miao)[12]
According to Vu,
- Linh Phú (Yên Sơn District, Tuyên Quang)
- Lăng Can (Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang)
- From Xuân Minh (Bắc Quang District, Hà Giang).
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
Nasal | voiced | m | mʲ | n
|
ȵ
|
ŋ | |||||
voiceless | m̥ | m̥ʲ
|
n̥ | ȵ̊
|
ŋ̊ | ||||||
breathy | mʱ | mʲʱ | nʱ | ȵʱ | ŋʱ | ||||||
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | pʲ | t
|
tɕ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |
aspirated | pʰ | pʲʰ | tʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | qʰ | qʷʰ | |||
breathy | pʱ | pʲʱ | tʱ | tɕʱ | kʱ | kʷʱ | qʱ | ||||
prenasal | ᵐp | ᵐpʲ | ⁿt | ᶮtɕ | ᵑk | ᶰq | |||||
prn. breathy | ᵐpʱ | ᵐpʲʱ | ⁿtʱ | ᶮtɕʱ | ᵑkʱ | ᶰqʱ | |||||
Fricative
|
f | s | ɕ | x | h | ||||||
Approximant
|
voiceless | l̥
|
l̥ʲ
|
||||||||
voiced
|
ʋ | l
|
lʲ | j | w | ||||||
breathy | ʋʱ | lʱ | lʱʲ | jʱ |
- Alveolar sounds /t, tʰ, n, n̥, nʱ/ are heard as retroflex [ʈ, ʈʰ, ɳ, ɳ̊, ɳʱ] in the Laobao dialect.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | ||
Close | i | ĩ | (ɨ) | u | ũ | ||
Near-close | ɪ | ɪ̃ | |||||
Close-mid | e | ẽ | ɤ | o | õ | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɛ̃ | ɔ | ɔ̃ | |||
Open | a | ã | ɑ | ɑ̃ | |||
Syllabic | m̩ | n̩ | ŋ̍ |
/i/ can also be centralized to [ɨ] or [ʉ] when following initial sounds.[14][10][3]
See also
- Pa-Hng comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
References
- ^ Pa-Hng at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ISBN 978-0-85883-615-0.
- ^ a b c 毛, 宗武 [Máo Zōngwǔ]; 李, 云兵 [Lǐ Yúnbīng] (1997). Bā hēng yǔ yánjiū 巴哼语研究 [A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]]. Shanghai: 上海远东出版社/Shànghǎi yuǎndōng chūbǎn shè.
- ^ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
- ^ a b Tongdao Dong Autonomous County Ethnic Gazetteer 通道侗族自治县民族志 (2004).
- ^ Benedict, Paul (1986). "Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 9 (1): 89–90.
- ^
- Strecker, David (Fall 1987). "Some Comments on Benedict's 'Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language'" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10 (2): 22–42.
- Strecker, David (Fall 1987). "Some Comments on Benedict's 'Miao–Yao Enigma: The Na-e language': Addendum" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10 (2): 43–53.
- ^ a b "Map & Language Descriptions | Borderlands: Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
- ^ a b 毛宗武 / Mao Zongwu. 优诺语研究 / Younuo yu yan jiu (A Study of Younuo). Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.
- ^ .
- ^ Niederer, Barbara (2004). "Pa-hng and the classification of the Hmong-Mien languages". In Tapp, N.; Michaud, J.; Culas, C.; Lee, G. Yai (eds.). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Bangkok: Silkworm Books. pp. 129–146.
- ^ a b Edmondson, J. A.; Gregerson, K. J. (2001). Adams, K. L.; Hudak, T. J. (eds.). "Four Languages of the Vietnam-China Borderlands". Papers from the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies: 101–133.
- ^ Vũ, Quốc Khánh (2013). Người Pà Thẻn ở Việt Nam [The Pa Then in Vietnam]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản thông tấn. pp. 12–15.
- ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. (1992). "Pa-hng development and diversity". In Ratliff, M.; Schiller, E. (eds.). Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (PDF). Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 159–186.