Pacific hurricane
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2019) |
A Pacific hurricane is a
List of seasons
25
50
75
100
125
150
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
|
Period | Seasons |
---|---|
Pre-1920s | Before 1900, 1900s, 1910s |
1920s | 1920–1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929 |
1930s | 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 |
1940s | 1940, 1941, 1942–1948, 1949 |
1950s | 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 |
1960s | 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969 |
1970s | 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 |
1980s | 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 |
1990s | 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 |
2000s | 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 |
2010s | 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 |
2020s | 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 |
1950s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | – | 7 | 6 | 0 | 1 Hiki | 1 | Unknown | Includes Hiki, the third wettest tropical cyclone in the United States .
|
1951 | – | 9 | 2 | 0 | 1 Two 1 Eight |
0 | Unknown | |
1952 | – | 7 | 3 | 0 | 1 Five 1 Seven |
0 | Unknown | |
1953 | – | 4 | 2 | 0 | TS One | 0 | Unknown | |
1954 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 0 | TS Seven | 40 | Unknown | |
1955 | – | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 One | 0 | Unknown | |
1956 | – | 11 | 7 | 0 | 1 One | 0 | Unknown | |
1957 | – | 13 | 9 | 1 | 4 Twelve | 21 | $100,000 | |
1958 | 14 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 1 Eleven | 0 | Unknown | |
1959 | 15 | 15 | 5 | 3 | 5 Patsy | >1,800 | $280 million | Patsy was the first known category 5 hurricane in the Central Pacific basin. Includes the deadliest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Pacific, the 1959 Mexico hurricane. |
1960s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 1 Estelle | 0 | Unknown | |
1961 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 1 Iva | 436 | $16 million | |
1962 | 18 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 1 Doreen | Unknown | $11 million | |
1963 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 1 Mona | Unknown | Unknown | |
1964 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 Odessa | Unknown | Unknown | Least active season since 1953. |
1965 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 Emily | 6 | $10 million | |
1966 | 18 | 13 | 8 | 0 | 1 Connie | 9+ | $5.6 million | Includes the farthest traveled storm in the Eastern Pacific, Blanca. |
1967 | 17 | 17 | 6 | 1 | 3 Olivia | 121 | Unknown | |
1968 | 26 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 1 Rebecca | 9 | Unknown | Tied with 2009 for having the most storms named in the month of August. |
1969 | 15 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 1 Doreen | 10 | Unknown | Includes the latest first-named storm at that time, Ava, which formed in July. |
1970s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | ACE | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 21 | 19 | 5 | 0 | – | 2 Lorraine | 22 | Unknown | |
1971 | 22 | 18 | 12 | 6 | 139 | 3 Olivia | 52 | $40 million | First year of reliable records in the eastern and central Pacific basins. |
1972 | 20 | 14 | 9 | 4 | 136 | 4 Celeste | 1 | $75,000 | |
1973 | 18 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 114 | 5 Ava | 0 | Unknown | Featured the strongest hurricane in the basin at the time and the earliest category five in the Eastern Pacific on record. |
1974 | 25 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 90 | 4 Maggie | 18–33 | $4 million | Featured one of the most active periods of tropical cyclones on record with five existing simultaneously (Ione, Joyce, Kirsten, Lorraine, and Maggie). |
1975 | 21 | 17 | 9 | 4 | 112 | 4 Denise | 30 | $20 million | |
1976 | 19 | 15 | 9 | 5 | 121 | 4 Annette | 614–964 | $360 million | |
1977 | 17 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 22 | 2 Florence | 8 | $39.6 million | Least active season until 2010. Featured no major hurricanes, tied with 2003. |
1978 | 25 | 19 | 14 | 7 | 207 | 4 Fico 4 Hector 4 Norman |
4 | $301 million | First season to use masculine and feminine names. |
1979 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 57 | 4 Ignacio | Unknown | Unknown | Most recent year in which no tropical cyclones crossed into the Central Pacific basin. |
Total | 201 | 150 | 86 | 36 | 1110 | Ava | 767–1,102 | ≥$385.075 million |
1980s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | ACE | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 16 | 15 | 7 | 3 | 77 | 4 Kay | 0 | Unknown | |
1981 | 17 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 72 | 3 Norma | 79 | $134 million | |
1982 | 30 | 23 | 12 | 5 | 161 | 4 Olivia | 1,937 | $1.3 billion | Fifth most active season on record. |
1983 | 26 | 21 | 12 | 8 | 206 | 4 Kiko 4 Raymond |
168 | $303.33 million | Tied with 1984 for the fourth most active season at the time. |
1984 | 26 | 21 | 13 | 7 | 193 | 4 Douglas | 21 | Unknown | Tied with 1983 for the fourth most active season at the time. |
1985 | 28 | 24 | 12 | 8 | 192 | 4 Rick | 1 | $1 million | Third most active season on record. Tied with for the most active month of July since reliable records began. |
1986 | 26 | 17 | 9 | 3 | 107 | 4 Roslyn | 2 | $352 million | |
1987 | 20 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 132 | 4 Max | 3 | $144.22 million | Last year in which the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center was the primary warning center for tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific Ocean. |
1988 | 23 | 15 | 7 | 3 | 127 | 4 Hector | 24 | Unknown | Hurricane Joan crossed over Central America and was named Miriam in the Eastern Pacific basin.
|
1989 | 25 | 18 | 9 | 4 | 110 | 4 Raymond | 14 | $1.75 million | |
Total | 237 | 189 | 99 | 46 | 1377 | Max | 2,250 | ≥$2.240 billion |
1990s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | ACE | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 27 | 21 | 16 | 6 | 245 | 4 Trudy | 19 | $12.5 million | Fifth most active season on record and third most active in terms of ACE. Tied with 1992, 2014, and 2015 for the most hurricanes in a single season. |
1991 | 16 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 178 | 4 Kevin | 11 | Unknown | |
1992 | 30 | 27 | 16 | 10 | 295 | 4 Tina | 25 | $3.15 billion | Second-most active Pacific hurricane season on record in terms of ACE. Tied with 1990, 2014, and 2015 for the most hurricanes in a single season. Includes the strongest hurricane on record to strike Hawaii, Iniki. Hurricane Ekeka is the most intense off-season hurricane in the Pacific basin. |
1993 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 9 | 201 | 4 Lidia | 50 | $40 million | |
1994 | 23 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 185 | 5 Gilma | 26 | $735 million | Tied with 2002 and 2018 for having the most category 5 hurricanes in a single season. Includes the tropical cyclone that travelled the farthest distance on record, Hurricane John. It was also the longest-lasting tropical cyclone ever observed until surpassed by Cyclone Freddy in 2023. |
1995 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 100 | 4 Juliette | 124 | $31 million | Least active season since 1979. |
1996 | 14 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 53 | 4 Douglas | 48 | $813,000 | Tied with 2021 for the most hurricanes to strike Mexico in a single season. Hurricane Cesar crossed over from Central America and was renamed Douglas in the Pacific basin. |
1997 | 24 | 19 | 9 | 7 | 167 | 5 Linda | 261–531 | $551 million | Hurricane Linda was the most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin until Patricia in 2015. |
1998 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 134 | 4 Howard | 54 | $760 million | |
1999 | 14 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 90 | 4 Dora | 16 | None | |
Total | 193 | 157 | 99 | 55 | 1,648 | Linda | 581–853 | ≥$4.9 billion |
2000s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | ACE | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 21 | 19 | 6 | 2 | 95 | 4 Carlotta | 27 | $84 million | |
2001 | 19 | 15 | 8 | 2 | 90 | 4 Juliette | 13 | $401 million | |
2002 | 19 | 15 | 8 | 6 | 124 | 5 Kenna | 7 | $101 million | Tied with 1994 and 2018 for having the most category 5 hurricanes in a single season. Includes the fourth most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin, Kenna. |
2003 | 17 | 16 | 7 | 0 | 56 | 2 Nora | 23 | $129 million | Featured no major hurricanes, tied with 1977. |
2004 | 18 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 71 | 4 Javier | None | None | |
2005 | 17 | 15 | 7 | 2 | 96 | 4 Kenneth | 6 | $12 million | |
2006 | 25 | 19 | 11 | 6 | 155 | 5 Ioke | 14 | $355 million | Most active since 2000. Includes the most intense hurricane in the Central Pacific basin, Ioke. |
2007 | 15 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 52 | 4 Flossie | 42 | $80 million | |
2008 | 19 | 17 | 7 | 2 | 83 | 4 Norbert | 45 | $153 million | |
2009 | 23 | 20 | 8 | 5 | 127 | 5 Rick | 16 | $226 million | Most active since 1994. Tied with 1968 for having the most storms named in the month of August. Includes the third most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin, Rick. |
Total | 192 | 159 | 72 | 29 | 949 | Rick | 193 | ≥$1.54 billion |
2010s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | ACE | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 13 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 52 | 5 Celia | 268 | $1.62 billion | Least active Pacific hurricane season on record, tied with Omeka .
|
2011 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 121 | 4 Dora | 43 | >$203.67 million | |
2012 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 5 | 98 | 4 Emilia | 8 | $27.9 million | |
2013 | 21 | 20 | 9 | 1 | 76 | 3 Raymond | 194 | $4.56 billion | |
2014 | 23 | 22 | 16 | 9 | 199 | 5 Marie | 49 | >$1.52 billion | Fourth most active season on record. Tied with 1990, 1992, and 2015 for the most hurricanes in a single season. |
2015 | 31 | 26 | 16 | 11 | 287 | 5 Patricia | 45 | $566 million | Second most active season on record. Includes the most intense hurricane in the Pacific basin, Patricia. Tied with 1990, 1992, and 2014 for the most hurricanes in a single season. Tied with 1985 and 2016 for the most active month of July since reliable records began. Latest ending to a season on record. |
2016 | 23 | 22 | 13 | 6 | 183 | 4 Seymour | 11 | $95.8 million | Earliest start on record in the Pacific basin. Fourth most active season on record. Tied with 1985 and 2015 for the most active month of July since reliable records began. Agatha was the latest forming first-named storm on record in the Eastern Pacific since reliable records began. |
2017 | 20 | 18 | 9 | 4 | 100 | 4 Fernanda | 45 | $375.28 million | |
2018 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 318 | 5 Walaka | 56 | >$1.46 billion | Fourth-most active season on record. Most active Pacific hurricane season on record in terms of ACE. Tied with 1985 for the most named storms on record in the month of June (5). Tied with 1994 and 2002 for having the most Category 5 hurricanes in a single season. |
2019 | 21 | 19 | 7 | 4 | 97 | 4 Barbara | 7 | $16.1 million | Third-latest first named storm since reliable records began in 1971. No hurricanes formed in August for the first time since 1973. |
Total | 208 | 186 | 106 | 58 | 1531 | Patricia | 723 | ≥$10.2 billion |
2020s
Year | TD | TS | HU | MH | ACE | Strongest storm |
Deaths | Damages (USD) |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 21 | 17 | 4 | 3 | 77.3 | 4 Marie | 47 | >$276.91 million | Least active season since 2011. First season in which no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific basin. Featured one unnamed tropical storm which was operationally classified as a tropical depression. |
2021 | 19 | 19 | 8 | 2 | 94 | 4 Felicia | 13 | >$255 million | Earliest start to a season east of 140°E on record, second earliest fifth named storm on record. Second consecutive in which no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific basin. Five systems made landfall in Mexico. |
2022 | 19 | 19 | 10 | 4 | 116.5 | 4 Darby | 33 | >$123.3 million | Featured two tropical cyclones that crossed over from the Atlantic (Bonnie and Julia). Third consecutive in which no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific basin. Second season in a row to have at least five systems make landfall. |
2023 | 20 | 17 | 10 | 8 | 163.2 | 5 Otis |
>61 | >$16.689 billion | Costliest Pacific hurricane season on record. Adrian was the second-latest forming first-named storm on record in the Eastern Pacific since reliable records began. Featured Hilary, the first tropical storm to enter California since Nora in 1997. Featured Hurricanes Jova and Otis, two of the fastest intensifying Pacific hurricanes on record. Otis was also the first Pacific hurricane to make landfall at Category 5 intensity. Tied with 1992 for the most named storms in October. |
2024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | None | None | ||
Total | 79 | 72 | 32 | 17 | 451 | Otis
|
154 | ≥$17.3 billion |
History
Documentation of Pacific hurricanes dates to the
Despite the documentation of storms in the region, the official position of the United States Weather Bureau denied the existence of such storms. In 1910, the agency reported on global tropical cyclones, noting that "the occurrence of tropical storms is confined to the summer and autumn months of the respective hemispheres and to the western parts of the several oceans." In 1913, the Weather Bureau reinforced their position by excluding Pacific storms among five tropical cyclone basins; however, the agency acknowledged the existence of "certain cyclones that have been traced for a relatively short distance along a northwest course... west of Central America."[2]
After California became a state and the discovery of gold there in 1848, shipping traffic began increasing steadily in the eastern Pacific. Such activity increased further after the Panama Canal opened in 1914, and the shipping lanes moved closer to the coast. By around 1920, Pacific hurricanes were officially recognized due to widespread ship observations, radio service, and a newly created weather network in western Mexico. Within 60 years, further studies of the region's tropical activity indicated that the eastern Pacific is in fact the second most active basin in the world.[2]
During the 1920s, a few documents in the Monthly Weather Review reported additional storms within 2,000 mi (3,200 km) off the Mexican coastline.[3][4]
The Eastern and Central Pacific hurricane database
The Eastern Pacific hurricane best track database was initially compiled on
The format of the database was completely revised by the NHC during 1984, so that the format could resemble the Atlantic database before they took over the warning responsibility from the EPHC for the Eastern Pacific during 1988.[7][9][10] During 2008 and 2013 several revisions were made to the database to extend tracks in land, based on reports in the Mariners Weather Log and extrapolation of the tracks since the EPHC stopped issuing advisories on systems before they made landfall.[11] The archives format was significantly changed during 2013 to include non-synoptic best track times, non-developing tropical depressions and wind radii.[12] During February 2016, the NHC released the 1959 Mexico hurricane's reanalysis, which was the first system to be reassessed, using methods developed for the Atlantic reanalysis process.[13]
Climatology
The presence of a semi-permanent
The
Eastern North Pacific
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012) |
Hurricane season runs between May 15 and November 30 each year.[17] These dates encompass the vast majority of tropical cyclone activity in this region.
The
This area is, on average, the second-most active basin in the world. There are an average of 16 tropical storms annually, with 9 becoming hurricanes, and 4 becoming major hurricanes.
Most east Pacific hurricanes originate from a tropical wave that drifts westward across the intertropical convergence zone, and across northern parts of South America. Once it reaches the Pacific, a surface low begins to develop, however, with only little or no convection. After reaching the Pacific, it starts to move north-westward and eventually west. By that time, it develops convection and thunderstorm activity from the warm ocean temperatures but remains disorganized. Once the tropical wave becomes organized, it becomes a tropical depression. Formation usually occurs from south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec to south of Baja California with a more westerly location earlier in the season. In the eastern Pacific, development is more centered than anywhere else. If wind shear is low, a tropical cyclone can undergo rapid intensification as a result of very warm oceans, becoming a major hurricane. Tropical cyclones weaken once they reach unfavorable areas for a tropical cyclone formation. Their remnants sometimes reach Hawaii and cause showers there.
There are a few types of Pacific hurricane tracks: one is a westerly track, another moves north-westward along Baja California and another moves north. Sometimes storms can move north-east either across Central America or mainland Mexico and possibly enter the Caribbean Sea becoming a
Central Pacific
Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, with a strong peak in August and September. However, tropical cyclones have formed outside those dates.
It is rare that tropical cyclones form in the Central Pacific, though on average 3 or 4 storms move into this area per year, primarily from the Eastern Pacific, but also on rare occasions from across the International Dateline in the Western Pacific. Most often, storms that occur in the area are weak and often decline in strength upon entry. The only land masses impacted by tropical cyclones in this region are Hawaii and Johnston Atoll. Due to the small size of the islands in relation to the Pacific Ocean, direct hits and landfalls are rare.
Steering factors
Hurricanes in the Eastern Pacific tend to move westward out to sea, harming no land—unless they cross into the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins, in which case they might harm land such as Hawaii or Japan. However, hurricanes can recurve to the north or northeast, hitting Central America or Mexico early and late in the hurricane season.
Extremes
- The strongest recorded Pacific hurricane was barometric pressure of 872 mbar (hPa; 25.75 inHg). This ranks Patricia as the strongest tropical cyclone globally in terms of 1-minute sustained winds and the second strongest globally in terms of barometric pressure.[21]
- Hurricane John (1994) was the farthest-travelling tropical cyclone worldwide, traversing 7,165 mi (13,280 km) in 30 days and 18 hours.[22]
- The 1959 Mexico hurricane was the deadliest Pacific hurricane, causing 1,800 fatalities mostly in Colima and Jalisco.[23]
See also
- Atlantic hurricane
- Cordonazo wind
- Tropical cyclone
- Typhoon
- Atlantic hurricane season
- Pacific typhoon climatology
- Pacific typhoon season
- North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
- Australian region tropical cyclone season
- South Pacific tropical cyclone season
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
- Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
- List of tropical cyclone records
References
- ^ Chris Landsea (July 15, 2011). "Subject: A1) What is a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
- ^ a b c Arnold Court (1980). Tropical Cyclone Effects on California. NOAA technical memorandum NWS WR ;159. Northridge, California: California State University. pp. 2, 4, 6, 8, 34. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
- . Retrieved December 21, 2010.
- ^ a b Neumann, Charles J; Leftwhich, Preston W (August 1977). Statistical Guidance for the Prediction of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Motion — Part I (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-124). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service — Western Region. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ Brown, Gail M; Leftwhich, Preston W; National Hurricane Center (August 1982). A Compilation of Eastern and Central North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Data (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 16). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ a b Leftwhich, Preston W; Brown, Gail M (February 1981). Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Occurrences during Intra Seasonal Periods (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-160). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service — Western Region. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
- ^ a b Davis, Mary A.S.; Brown, Gail M; Leftwhich, Preston W; National Hurricane Center (September 1984). A Tropical Cyclone Data Tape for the Eastern and Central North Pacific Basins, 1949-1983: Contents, Limitations, and Uses (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 25). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 2–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
- ISSN 1520-0434.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (April 2015). Revisions made to EPAC HURDAT (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S; Tanabe Raymond (April 2013). The revised Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT2) (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
- ^ "Re-analysis of the 1959 Manzanillo Mexico Hurricane Landfall intensity changed from category 5 to category 4" (PDF) (Press release). United States National Hurricane Center. February 4, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4381-1879-6.
- ^ Dorst, Neal (January 21, 2010). "TCFAQ G1) When is hurricane season?". Hurricane Research Division. United States: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ^ Graham, Steve; Riebeek, Holli (November 1, 2006). "Hurricanes: The Greatest Storms on Earth: Feature Articles". Earth Observatory. United States: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- ^ a b "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". FAQ. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 31, 2007.
- ^ "Latest Advisories on Current Tropical Cyclones Hurricanes Typhoons". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclone Climatology. Archived December 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 19, 2008.
- Chris Landsea. The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858.Retrieved on April 19, 2008.
- ^ Todd B. Kimberlain; Eric S. Blake & John P. Cangialosi (February 1, 2016). Hurricane Patricia (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Records". FAQ. National Hurricane Center & Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
- ^ E. Jáuregui (2003). "Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico" (PDF). Atmósfera. p. 200. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.