Pahang Malay
Pahang Malay | |
---|---|
بهاس ملايو ڤهڠ | |
Base Pahang, Cakak Pahang | |
Native to | Malaysia |
Region | Pahang, Terengganu (Pasir Raja in Hulu Dungun) |
Ethnicity | Pahang Malays |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
zlm-pah | |
Glottolog | None |
Pahang Malay (
Nonetheless, the essential unity of Pahang and Terengganu Malay is demonstrated by the number of shared lexical, syntactic, and phonetics innovations. Both varieties, along with
Pahang Malay is known for its sharp rise and fall of tone and quick flowing accent. It exhibits a number of differences from the
The dialect is traditionally written in
Name
Pahang Malay is
Origin
There are at least two theories on the origin of Pahang Malay. Asmah Omar identifies the settlements near the estuary of Pahang River and its adjacent areas, where the early civilisation of Pahang could have begun, as the place of origin of the dialect before it was diffused inland.[10] This area includes Pekan, the historical capital of Pahang, which the subdialect of Pahang Malay spoken in the area is named after. This theory is consistent to the known details of Malay settlement patterns in Southeast Asia. Until the 19th century, the Malay population was riverine and maintaining inter-communal link by river and maritime routes.[11]
Another theory by Tarmizi Harsah, suggests that the dialect originated from Ulu Tembeling, in deep hinterland of Pahang. The theory is based on the study of a variant spoken in Ulu Tembeling, also known locally as cakap ulu ('the upstream speech') or base lama ('the old language').[12] Although it retains part of the general characteristics of Pahang Malay, the dialect of Ulu Tembeling has the special feature of consonantal diphthongisation at the end of words, which is one of its kind among Malay dialects of the peninsula. Another unique feature of the dialect is that it retains several phonological characteristics of Ancient Malay, for example, the use of vowel *i and *u, and the addition of glottal consonant at the last position in words ending with vowels.[13] However, Tarmizi's theory went against the commonly accepted Malay settlement patterns which began at the river mouth and coastal areas before dispersing inland.
Distribution
Pahang Malay is almost exclusively spoken within the state of Pahang, though there are sizeable migrant communities of its native speakers in urban areas like
Dialects and sub-dialects
Due to high divergences of the dialects and sub-dialects of Pahang Malay, their classifications remain unclear so far. Among the earliest attempt to classify these dialects and sub-dialects was by Asmah Omar who conducted her study based on the
Other scholars like Collins and Tarmizi Harsah provided an alternative method in this dialectal study, focusing on the geographic units of river basins and coastal strips, rather than on the existing political boundaries.[18][19] This is based on the fact that the spread of these sub-dialects is independent of the political divisions of current Malaysian states. On the other hand, both river basins and coastal strips are the features of topography that have greatly shaped the earliest patterns of migration and settlement in the Malay world of Southeast Asia.[20] Based on this, Tarmizi Harsah identified three main variants of Pahang Malay, spoken along the lining of three main rivers of Pahang; Pahang River, Jelai River and Lipis River. He classified these variants further into two main sub-dialects, Hulu Pahang ('Upper Pahang') consisting of the Lipis and Jelai rivers variants, and Hilir Pahang ('Lower Pahang') consisting of the Pahang River variant.[21]
Characteristics
Phonology
In general, like many other dialects of Malay language, the differences between Pahang Malay and the Standard Malay are recognized through changes in phonology at the end of the words. The unique identity of Pahang Malay can be traced in three features of phonology; vowels before consonant [± coronal],
Word | Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jelai River | Lipis River | Pahang River | |||
tangan | /taŋan/ | [taŋɛ̃] | [taŋɛ̃] | [taŋæ̃] | hand |
kanan | /kanan/ | [kanɛ̃] | [kanɛ̃] | [kanæ] | right (direction) |
tahun | /tahun/ | [taʉ] | [taʉ] | [tawɛ̃] | year |
daun | /da.un/ | [daʉ] | [daʉ] | [dawɛ] | leaf |
angin | /aŋin/ | [aŋˈiː] | [aŋˈiː] | [aŋiɛ̃] | wind |
sakit | /sakit/ | [sakeʔ] | [sakeʔ] | [sakiɛʔ] | pain |
bukit | /bukit/ | [bukeʔ] | [ᵇukeʔ] | [bukiɛʔ] | hill |
lutut | /lutut/ | [lutʉʔ] | [ˡutʉʔ] | [lutuɛʔ] | knee |
perut | /pərut/ | [pəɣʉʔ] | [pəɣʉʔ] | [pəɣuɛʔ] | stomach |
tumpul | /tumpul/ | [tumpʉ] | [ᵗumpʉ] | [tumpuɛ] | blunt |
bakul | /bakul/ | [bakʉ] | [bakʉ] | [bakuɛ] | basket |
Word | Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jelai River | Lipis River | Pahang River | |||
tulang | /tulaŋ/ | [tula] | [tulãŋ] | [tulãŋ] | Bone |
abang | /abaŋ/ | [aba] | [abãŋ] | [abãŋ] | older brother |
hidung | /hiduŋ/ | [ido] | [ido] | [idɔ̃ᵊ] | nose |
jantung | /d͡ʒantuŋ/ | [dʒanto] | [dʒanto] | [dʒantɔ̃ᵊ] | heart |
minum | /minum/ | [minũː] | [minũː] | [minɔ̃] | drink (verb) |
senyum | /səɲum/ | [səɲnũː] | [səɲnũː] | [səɲɔ̃ᵊ] | smile (verb) |
tiup | /ti.up/ | [tiʲoʔ] | [tiʲoʔ] | [tiʲɔʔ] | blow |
hidup | /hidup/ | [idoʔ] | [idoʔ] | [idɔʔ] | live (verb) |
The Standard Malay
Word | Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jelai River | Lipis River | Pahang River | |||
besar | /bəsar/ | [bəsɐː] | [bəsɐᵊ] | [bəsɐᵊ] | big |
bakar | /bakar/ | [bakɐː] | [bakɐᵊ] | [bakɐᵊ] | burn |
telur | /təlur/ | [təlɔː] | [təlɔᵊ] | [təlɔᵊ] | egg |
tidur | /tidur/ | [tidɔː] | [tidɔᵊ] | [tidɔᵊ] | sleep |
kotor | /kotor/ | [kɔtɔː] | [kɔtɔᵊ] | [kɔtɔᵊ] | dirty |
hilir | /hilir/ | [ilɛː] | [ilɛᵊ] | [ilɛᵊ] | downstream |
pasir | /pasir/ | [pasɛː] | [pasɛᵊ] | [pasɛᵊ] | sand |
Common diphthongs found in Standard Malay, /-ai̯/ and /-au̯/, do not exist in Pahang Malay, as both are
Word | Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Meaning | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jelai River | Lipis River | Pahang River | |||
petai | /pətai̯/ | [pətɜ] | [pətɜ] | [pətɜː] | Parkia speciosa |
semai | /səmai̯/ | [səmɛ̃] | [səmɛ̃] | [səmɛ̃ː] | to sow |
sungai | /suŋai̯/ | [suŋɛ̃] | [suŋɛ̃] | [suŋɛ̃ː] | river |
renyai | /rəɲai̯/ | [ɣəɲɛ̃] | [ɣəɲɛ̃] | [ɣəɲɛ̃ː] | drizzle |
kerbau | /kərbau̯/ | [kəɣbɔ] | [kəɣba] | [kəɣbaː] | buffalo |
pisau | /pisau̯/ | [pisɔ] | [pisa] | [pisaː] | knife |
pulau | /pulau̯/ | [pulɔ] | [pula] | [pulaː] | island |
Vocabulary
The following are some differences in vocabulary between Pahang Malay and Standard Malay.
Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Meaning |
---|---|---|
anda | awok/aok | you |
anda semua | wokme/aokme | you (plural) |
baiki | bele | to repair |
bekas plastik | molor | plastic container |
bengkak | merenin | swelling |
beritahu | royek/kabo | to tell |
berjalan beriringan | berlimbor | walking side by side |
berminyak | berlemin | oily |
berpeluh banyak | berjejet | sweating heavily |
bertikam lidah | bertonyeh/bertaki | verbal argument |
buang air besar | ronoh/perot | defecation |
budu | pede | budu |
cetek | tohor | shallow |
cuai | lepe | careless |
degil | babir | stubborn |
gelojoh | polok | greed/guzzle |
kalah teruk | lengit | severely defeated |
kebas kaki | sesemut/senyor | numbness of the foot |
kenapa | ngaper/matnyer | why |
koyak rabak | berjelobei | ragged |
lari lintang pukang | bercemperidei | running helter-skelter |
leka | ralit | preoccupied |
letih | kehut/kohot/tok rot | tired |
malu | kanyor | shy |
mereka | demeh | they |
pening | oteng | woozy |
pengotor | habat | dirty person |
penuh | mombong | full |
beg plastik | jabir | plastic bag |
sahabat | rodong | friend |
saya | ||
selimut | gebor | blanket |
selirat | sengkelik | reticulated |
suruh | nyeraya | to order |
telekung | mahane | white shawl worn by Muslim women while praying |
tercekik | mengkelan | choked |
tidur | reloh | sleep |
tipu | pedo'oh | to lie |
tilam | lece | mattress |
yang ini | hok ni | this one |
yang itu | hok tu | that one |
Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Meaning |
---|---|---|
sangat busuk | busuk melantong | very stinky |
sangat cantik | lawo mat | very beautiful |
sangat cerah | ngerlang | very fair |
sangat hitam | itang legang | very dark |
sangat manis | manis meletiang | very sweet |
sangat masam | masang menaung | very sour |
sangat pahit | pahit lepang | very bitter |
sangat tawar | tawor heber | very insipid |
sangat tebal | tebal bakut | very thick |
sangat wangi | wangi merohong | very fragrant |
Sample texts
Standard Malay | Pahang Malay | Pronunciation | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
Amboi, manis sungguh buah rambutan ini | Poh palih, manih melekang mutan ni | [pɔh paliɛh maniɛh mələkãŋ mutæ̃ ni] | Wow, the rambutan is too sweet |
Kalau kotor seperti ini tidak boleh bersiar-siar | Kala bercerakoh macang ni tok leh gi jalan | [kalaː bətʃəɣakɔh matʃãŋ ni toʔ leh gi dʒalaæ] | If you are dirty like this you cannot go out |
Awak kena berubat dengan doktor, berubat dengan bomoh sudah tidak berkesan | Aok ni kene bebele dengan dokto, bomo tok jalan | [awɔʔ ni kənə bəbələ dəŋæ doʔtɔ bɔmɔ toʔ dʒalæ] | You must see the doctor, bomoh's treatment won't heal you |
Leka buda-budak bermain galah panjang di atas pasir | Selok budok-budok maen tayang ataih pase | [səlɔʔ buɔʔ-budɔʔ maen tajaŋ ataç pasɛᵊ] | The kids are too occupied playing the galah panjang on the sand |
Saya tidak suka perangai budak itu | Koi tok gemor ke pe'el budok tu | [koj toʔ gəmɔ kə peʕɛ̃ː buɔʔ tu] | I don't like the child's behavior |
References
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 251
- ^ Collins 1989, pp. 253–254
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 320–321
- ^ Asmah Omar 2008, p. 294
- ^ Pahang Delights 2005
- ^ Milner 2010, p. 19
- ^ Tan & Tan 1978, p. 90
- ^ Tan & Tan 1978, p. 90
- ^ Guy 2014, p. 29
- ^ Asmah Omar 2008, p. 311
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 248
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2013, p. 3
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2013, p. 4
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 251
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 258
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 255
- ^ Asmah Omar 2008, p. 294
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 247
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 315
- ^ Collins 1989, p. 247
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 328
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 321–322
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 321–322
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, p. 323
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 323–324
- ^ Tarmizi Hasrah, Rahim Aman & Shahidi A.H 2010, pp. 325–326
Bibliography
- Asmah Omar (2008). Susur Galur Bahasa Melayu [The Origin of Malay language] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 978-9836-298-26-3.
- Collins, James Thomas (1989). "Malay Dialect Research in Malaysia: The Issue of Perspective" (PDF). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 145 (2): 235–264. .
- Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010). "Jumlah Penduduk Mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Mukim dan Negeri, Malaysia, 2010/Total Population by Ethnic Group, Mukim and State, Malaysia, 2010 – Pahang" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-27.
- Guy, John (2014). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0300-204-37-7.
- Milner, Anthony (2010). The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1444-339-03-1.
- Pahang Delights (2005). "Radio Channels in Pahang".
- Tan, Soo Hai; Tan, Ding Eing (1978). A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195-807-22-6.
- Tarmizi Hasrah; Rahim Aman; Shahidi A.H (2010). "Variasi Dialek Pahang: Keterpisahan Berasaskan Jaringan Sungai" [Variants of Pahang Dialect: Divergences Based on the Riverine System] (PDF). Jurnal Melayu (in Malay). 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
- Tarmizi Hasrah; Rahim Aman; Shahidi A.H (2013). "Sketsa Dialek Melayu Pahang" [Sketches of Pahang Malay Dialect] (PDF). Jurnal Linguistik (in Malay). 12.