Pain fitzJohn
Pain fitzJohn | |
---|---|
Sheriff of Herefordshire | |
In office between 1123 and 1127 – after 1136 | |
Preceded by | Adam de Port[1] |
Succeeded by | Humphrey[1] |
Sheriff of Shropshire | |
In office after 1126 – after 1135 | |
Preceded by | Richard de Baumais[2] |
Succeeded by | William fitzAlan[2] |
Personal details | |
Died | 10 July 1137 |
Resting place | Gloucester Abbey |
Nationality | Anglo-Norman |
Spouse | Sybil |
Relations | Eustace (brother) William (brother) Alice (sister) Agnes (sister) John fitzRichard (father) |
Children | Cecily Agnes |
Parent | (father) |
Pain fitzJohn[a] (before 1100 – 10 July 1137) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and administrator, one of King Henry I of England's "new men", who owed their positions and wealth to the king.
Pain's family originated in Normandy, but there is little to suggest that he had many ties there, and he appears to have spent most of his career in England and the Welsh Marches. A son of a minor nobleman, he rose through ability to become an important royal official during Henry's reign. In 1115, he was rewarded with marriage to an heiress, thereby gaining control of the town of Ludlow and its castle, which he augmented with further acquisitions.
Although later medieval traditions described Pain as a chamberlain to King Henry, that position is not securely confirmed in contemporary records. He did hold other offices, however, including that of sheriff in two counties near the border between England and Wales. In his capacity as a royal justice, Pain also heard legal cases for the king throughout much of western England.
After King Henry's death in 1135, Pain supported Henry's nephew, King Stephen, and was with the new king throughout 1136. In July 1137, Pain was ambushed by the Welsh and killed while leading a relief expedition to the garrison at Carmarthen. His heirs were his daughters, Cecily and Agnes. Cecily married the son of one of Pain's close associates, Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford. Pain was generous in his gifts of land to a number of monastic houses.
Family background
Pain was a son, probably the eldest, of John fitzRichard,[b] a tenant-in-chief listed in Domesday Book.[7][c] John may have had two wives, therefore the identity of Pain's mother is uncertain.[9] On the basis of landholding, it has been speculated that Pain's mother was a daughter of Ralph Mortimer, who held Wigmore in Domesday Book.[10][d] As well as being a moneyer, Pain's paternal grandfather, who came from near Avranches in Normandy, owned a mill.[e] Pain's brother, Eustace fitzJohn, became a royal official who owned lands in the north of England.[13] His other siblings included William, Alice and Agnes.[9] William was probably the same William who later held Harptree in Somerset,[14] and in 1130 was a royal justice in western England.[15] Alice was the abbess of Barking Abbey and Agnes became the wife of Roger de Valognes.[9]
Pain was born some time before 1100.[3] His father may have been in the service of King Henry in Normandy before Henry became king. The family lands in England, which were not extensive, were mainly in East Anglia,[16] and Pain appears to have inherited most of them; his payment for danegeld, a tax, in 1130 for his East Anglian properties was 40 shillings, compared to only 9 shillings for his brother Eustace.[17][f][g]
Marriage and lands
All accounts agree that Pain married in 1115 and that his wife was named
King Henry and King Stephen recognised Pain as the legitimate holder of the lands acquired through his wife Sybil. Her kinsman Gilbert de Lacy was the son of Roger de Lacy, who had been banished from England in 1095 and his English estates confiscated; he had though retained his properties in Normandy. Roger's English possessions were given to his brother Hugh de Lacy, from whom Sybil had inherited them. On Roger's death Gilbert inherited the lands in Normandy, and pressed his claim to the family's former English estates. Coplestone-Crow speculates that the uncertainty hanging over the inheritance was one reason why Pain endeavoured to secure more lands around Ludlow.[25]
Pain is the presumed builder of
Career
Under Henry I
Pain was too young to serve King
The author of the
In 1115, Pain was a witness to a
Pain was one of Henry's "new men", who owed their positions and wealth to the king. The medieval writer Orderic Vitalis described them as a group as "of base stock who had served him [Henry] well, raised them, so to say, from the dust" and that the king "stationed them above earls and famous castellans".[j][37] Although Orderic stated that the families of these men were not considered high status, this was probably an exaggeration on the chronicler's part. Pain's family was respectable enough, as his father held a number of properties directly from the king.[38] It appears that Pain did not always take the king's side; the historian C. Warren Hollister has argued that Pain was not among the supporters of Henry's only surviving legitimate child, Matilda, in 1126, when Henry had his nobility swear that they would recognise her as his heiress. Hollister feels that the removal of Waleran from Pain's custody was a sign that Pain had not supported Matilda.[39]
Pain consolidated much of his power in Shropshire and Herefordshire at Bridgnorth Castle, often using that site as a place of business in preference to Shrewsbury, which had previously been the main centre of business for his predecessors as sheriff. As well as Waleran, Pain imprisoned a Welsh hostage there in 1128, Llywelyn ab Owain, the nephew of Maredudd ap Bleddyn, ruler of the Welsh principality of Powys.[13] Besides Bridgnorth, Pain used his possession of Ludlow Castle to consolidate his power in the Welsh Marches.[40] During Henry's reign, the Welsh border was a zone of frequent raids and conflict between the Anglo-Normans and the Welsh.[41]
The Gesta Stephani indicates that Pain, along with Miles of Gloucester, was a major landholder in the western part of England, and the pair managed to dominate justice in that region.[42] According to the document the two men "raised their power to such a pitch that from the Severn to the sea, all along the border between England and Wales, they involved everyone in litigation and forced services."[43] The later medieval writer Gerald of Wales called Miles and Pain "secretaries and privy councillors of the king".[43]
The 1130
By the end of Henry's reign, Pain had witnessed over 60 royal charters for the king, spanning a period from around 1115 until 1135.
Under Stephen
Following King Henry's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the king's nephews—
On Henry's death in December 1135, Pain attended the king's funeral. Pain was an early supporter of King
After Henry's death, the Welsh attempted to drive out the Norman lords who had been extending their control into Wales during Henry's reign.[48] Pain was with King Stephen at the siege of Exeter from June to August 1136, early in the king's reign.[56] Crouch argues that Stephen did not at that time trust Pain, and kept him at the siege to more easily monitor his actions, and to prevent him from defecting to Matilda's cause.[56][57]
Relations with the Church
In 1119 Pope Callixtus II addressed letters to a group of Anglo-Norman landholders in the Welsh Marches, including Pain, accusing them of having appropriated the lands of the Diocese of Llandaff and ordering their return. Pain was among a group of nobles similarly accused by Pope Honorius II in 1128. Honorius once again ordered the nobles to restore to the Church lands they had confiscated.[58]
Pain gave lands to Llanthony Priory, helping to establish the endowment of that monastic house,
Death and legacy
On 10 July 1137 Pain was killed by a javelin blow to the head
Pain's heirs were his two daughters, Cecily and Agnes.
The historian W. E. Wightman described Pain as a "second-class baron and first-class civil servant".[68]
Notes
- ^ Sometimes known as Payn fitzJohn,[3] FitzJohn[4] or Pagan fitzJohn.[5]
- ^ The usage of the patronymic "fitz" denotes "son of". This makes Pain's name "Pain, son of John" and his father's name "John, son of Richard".[6]
- ^ W. E. Wightman wrote in his 1966 study of the Lacy family that Pain was a younger son, rather than the eldest son, but gives no reasoning for this belief.[8]
- ^ The basis for this is that both Eustace and Pain held lands in Lincolnshire previously held by Mortimer. Pain also had Wigmore on top of the lands in Lincolnshire.[10] Eustace's son William de Vesci, held lands which were stated to have been "given to a predecessor of William in marriage".[11]
- ^ 19th-century accounts sometimes state that Pain's father John fitzRichard was the brother of Serlo de Burg, but later research has shown that John fitzRichard was the son of Richard, himself the son of Ranulf the Moneyer.[12]
- pounds in Domesday Book in 1086.[18]
- ^ Eustace inherited the manor of Saxlingham in Norfolk, but all the other lands in Norfolk held by John fitzRichard went to Pain. The manor of Elsenham in Essex, which Domesday Book recorded as held by John fitzRichard went to neither Pain nor Eustace and it is unknown to whom it descended.[19]
- ^ Among other historians that accept Sybil as Hugh's daughter are Brock Holden[21] and W. E. Wightman.[22]
- ^ Waleran was a rebel captured in 1124 by Henry.[35]
- ^ Castellans are the officials in charge of a castle.[36]
- ^ Henry I had more than 20 illegitimate children.[53]
- ^ Only John of Worcester gives the exact date. Likewise, he is the only chronicler who dates the event to 1137, with the Gesta Stephani, John of Hexham, and Richard of Hexham dating the event to 1136 without an exact date.[3] Most modern historians agree with John of Worcester's date.[3][5][13][32]
Citations
- ^ a b c Green English Sheriffs p. 45
- ^ a b Green English Sheriffs p. 72
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cokayne Complete Peerage XII/2 pp. 270–271
- ^ a b Green Government of England p. 15
- ^ a b c d Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants p. 919
- ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 126
- ^ Tout and Dalton "Eustace fitz John" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Wightman Lacy Family pp. 177–178
- ^ a b c Keats-Rohan Domesday People p. 284
- ^ a b Remfry "Early Mortimers of Wigmore" Foundations pp. 404–406
- ^ Quoted in Remfry "Early Mortimers of Wigmore" Foundations p. 405
- ^ Cokayne Complete Peerage XII/2 Appendices pp. 7–11
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mason "Pain fitz John" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants p. 920
- ^ a b Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 360
- ^ a b c Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology p. 179
- ^ Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 359
- ^ Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 359 footnote 4
- ^ Green Government of England p. 251 footnote 209
- ^ a b Green Henry I p. 133
- ^ a b Holden Lords of the Central Marches pp. 17–18
- ^ a b Wightman Lacy Family p. 175
- ^ a b c Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology pp. 171–172
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 79 footnote 21
- ^ Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology p. 178
- ^ Green Henry I p. 174
- ^ Sanders English Baronies p. 95
- ^ Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology p. 176
- ^ Coplestone-Crow "From Foundation to Anarchy" Ludlow Castle p. 25
- ^ a b Wightman Lacy Family pp. 178–179
- ^ Green Government of England pp. 30–31
- ^ a b c Green Government of England pp. 252–253
- ^ Quoted in Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 360
- ^ Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 361
- ^ a b Hollister Henry I p. 313
- ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms p. 61
- ^ Quoted in Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 359
- ^ Green Government of England p. 140
- ^ Hollister "Anglo-Norman Succession Debate" Journal of Medieval History pp. 30–31
- ^ Coplestone-Crow "From Foundation to Anarchy" Ludlow Castle p. 23
- ^ Bartlett England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings p. 73
- ^ Newman Anglo-Norman Nobility p. 103
- ^ a b Quoted in Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology p. 179
- ^ Stenton English Justice p. 63
- ^ a b Brett English Church Under Henry I p. 105
- ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 250
- ^ King King Stephen p. 36
- ^ a b Chibnall Empress Matilda p. 77
- ^ Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology p. 180
- ^ Hollister "Anglo-Normal Succession Debate" Journal of Medieval History p. 38 footnote 40
- ^ Green Aristocracy of Norman England p. 285
- ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 71–73
- ^ Hollister Henry I p. 41
- ^ Green Henry I p. 115
- ^ a b Dalton "Eustace Fitz John" Speculum p. 366
- ^ a b Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 57
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 74
- ^ Davies Book of Llandaf p. 47
- ^ Davies Book of Llandaf p. 49
- ^ Wightman Lacy Family p. 183
- ^ Cownie "Gloucester Abbey" England and Normandy p. 151
- ^ a b Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 59
- ^ Marritt "Reeds Shaken by the Wind?" King Stephen's Reign p. 121
- ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 102
- ^ Coplestone-Crow "Payn fitzJohn and Ludlow Castle" Shropshire History and Archaeology p. 181
- ^ Newman Anglo-Norman Nobility pp. 172–173
- ^ Green Aristocracy of Norman England p. 381
- ^ Wightman Lacy Family p. 239
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