Pakistan–United States relations
Pakistan |
United States |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the United States, Islamabad |
Envoy | |
Pakistani Ambassador to the United States Masood Khan | American Ambassador to Pakistan Donald Blome |
Pakistan and the United States established relations on 15 August 1947, a day after the independence of Pakistan, when the United States became one of the first nations to recognize the country.
The relationship between the two nations has been described as a "roller coaster" characterized by close coordination and lows marked by deep bilateral estrangement.
The conflicts sharply soured the public opinion in both nations, with public opinion of each nation ranking the other as one of the least favored countries in 2013.[8][9] As of 2014, 59% of Pakistanis consider the United States to be an enemy, reduced from 74% in 2012.[10][11][12] The Pakistanis have the least favorable view of US compared with 39 countries in the world surveyed by Pew.[13] US favorability has ranged between 10% (2002) to 23% (2005) in Pakistan between 1999 and 2013.[14] A Gallup poll showed that more than 72% of Pakistanis thought the United States was an enemy rather than a friend of Pakistan.[15]
Background
During the
Third-Party factors in Pakistan–U.S. relations
The U.S.'s troubled relationship with Pakistan continues to be eroded by crisis after crisis.[19] It has been alleged that the ISI of Pakistan pays journalists to write articles hostile to the United States in the early 2010s.[20] Despite this, both Pakistan and the United States continue to seek a productive relationship to defeat terrorist organizations in the War on Terror.[21] But in recent years, "Islamabad has arguably lost some of its strategic significance in the West following the US/NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan".[22] Pakistan once provided NATO with a supply route to Afghanistan, a link that dominated bilateral relations during the war. However, with the end of the war and the withdrawal of US troops from the region in the early 2020s, Pakistan's influence on the US disappeared and the US no longer needed it to engage with Afghanistan.[23]
Pakistan's decades-long rivalry and conflict with U.S. strategic partner India in the context of Kashmir and all-weather strategic cooperation with China in the context of great power competition between the United States and China poses difficulties for the country's efforts to improve relations with the United States.[24][25][26][27]
Diaspora
There are an estimated 554,202 self-identified
History
1947–1958: Relations between the United States and the newly-independent state
Following Pakistan's creation from the
Prime Minister
In 1950, the United States extended an overture to Pakistan by inviting Prime Minister Khan for an official state visit. As the
Throughout the period between 1950 and 1953, several major Pakistan political and military figures paid visits to the United States. During this time,
Defense ties between the two countries strengthened almost immediately following Khan's visit to the United States. Personal goodwill towards Pakistan was evident even when Liaqat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951. Under the government of
In 1956, President
American interest in Pakistan as an ally against the spread of communism primarily was focused on maintaining excellent ties with Pakistan's military establishment. Prime Minister
1958–1971: relations during the military dictatorships of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan
During the rule of Ayub Khan, Pakistan enjoyed a close relationship with the United States. Ayub Khan was strongly pro-American, and on a visit the United States in 1954, before Khan was head of state, he famously told American
In 1960, Ayub Khan granted permission for the United States to fly its first spy missions to the Soviet Union from the Peshawar Air Base, which had been recently upgraded with American funds. In May 1960, the
In 1961, Khan paid his first visit to the United States as head of state. American goodwill towards Khan was evident by an elaborate state dinner held at Mount Vernon, and a ticker tape parade for Khan in New York City.[35]
American military aide was concentrated in
Economic aid to Pakistan was further increased by the United States through the consortium companies.[36] West Pakistan's high rate of economic growth during this time period brought wide regard to Pakistan as a model of successful implementation of capitalism in a developing country; in 1964, GDP growth was 9.38%.[36]
In 1962, relations began cooling. In the aftermath of India's major defeat in the Sino-Indian War, the United States shipped arms to India.[37] It did not provide notice to Pakistan and ignored Pakistan's concerns that these arms might be used by India against Pakistan.[38] Additionally, Ayub Khan was disappointed that Pakistan's decision not to take advantage of Indian vulnerabilities during its war with China was not rewarded with serious United States efforts in negotiations to settle the Kashmir dispute.[39]
Convinced that diplomatic solutions would not favor Pakistan, Pakistan launched
American President Lyndon Johnson cultivated warm personal relations with Indian and Pakistani leaders, This policy had unintended negative consequences. Since 1954, the American alliance with Pakistan caused India to move closer to the Soviet Union. Johnson hoped that a more evenhanded policy towards both countries would soften the tensions in South Asia, and bring both nations closer to the United States. With a major presence already in Vietnam, Johnson ended the traditional American division of South Asia into 'allies' and 'neutrals'. He had a plan to develop good relations with both India and Pakistan, supplying arms and money to both, and to maintain neutrality from their intense border feuds. The result was that his even-handedness pushed Pakistan closer to Communist China and India closer to the Soviet Union.[40]
Pakistan's role in U.S.-China relations
President
1971: Relations during war
At the onset of hostilities between India and Pakistan which led to the two-week December
The United States secretly encouraged the shipment of military equipment from the Shah's Iran, Turkey, and Jordan to Pakistan, and reimbursed those countries for their shipments,[44] despite congressional objections.[45] The United States, however, also threatened to cut-off aid to pressure Pakistan to end hostilities, but did not wish for India to dominate the new political landscape in South Asia either.
Near the end of the war, the Nixon Administration recognized Pakistan's imminent defeat, but sent the USS Enterprise and the Task Force-74 of the United States Seventh Fleet into the Indian Ocean, which was regarded as a warning to India to resist escalating attacks against West Pakistan.[46] As it was the height of the Vietnam War, the United States show of force was seen as a sign of support for the beleaguered West Pakistan Armed Forces.[47]
Declassified CIA intelligence documents stated that "India intended to dismember Pakistan and destroy its armed forces, a possible loss of U.S. ally in the Cold war that the United States cannot afford to lose." Nixon termed India a "Soviet stooge" before ordering the Enterprise to lead the Task Force-74.[48] In an assessment completed by the United States, India was seen as being able to summarily defeat Pakistan, were India to receive the full backing of Soviet Union.[48] Nixon sent a message to Soviet Union urging Russians to stop backing India. In Nixons' words: "In the strongest possible...(...)... terms to restrain India with which ... (Soviets) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility".[48]
Democratic government (1971–1977)
As a result of the 1970s election,
When differences develop, a small country should not take on a great power head-on, it is wiser for it to duck, detour, side-step and try to enter from the back-door...
— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, on U.S.-Pakistan relations, [34]
Although
During the course of
Pakistan was exposed to a kind of "nuclear threat and blackmail" unparalleled elsewhere..... (...)... If the world's community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would be a constraint to launch atomic bomb programs of their own!... [A]ssurances provided by the United Nations were not "Enough!"...
— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, statement written in "Eating Grass", source[51]
Although Carter placed an embargo on Pakistan, Bhutto, under the technical guidance and diplomatic advice of
In 1974, with India carried out the test of nuclear weapons near the Pakistan's eastern border, codename
Bhutto called upon
Military dictatorship (1977–1988)
In 1979, a group of Pakistani students
After the removal and death of Bhutto, Pakistan's ties with the United States were better and improved. On December 24, 1979, the Soviet
Following the
In the 1980s, Pakistan agreed to pay $658 million for 28
When Americans lost in Vietnam, Americans went home and cried. When the Soviets got kicked out of Egypt, Soviets decided to go after Libya. ... Is America still the leader of the free world? In what respect?. ... I hope it will soon restore its countervailing role, abandoned after Vietnam
— Zia on U.S.'s policy on Pakistan., [34]
Initially, Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three years; Zia rejected this as "peanuts".[55] Carter also signed the finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen. All attempts were rebuffed, Zia shrewdly played his cards knowing that Carter was on his way out and he may get a better deal from the incoming Reagan. After Ronald Reagan came to office, defeating Carter for the US presidency in 1980, all this changed, due to President Reagan's new priorities and the unlikely and remarkably effective effort by Congressman Charles Wilson (D-TX), aided by Joanne Herring, and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust Avrakotos to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States, faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia in fighting a US-supported war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.
The Reagan administration and Reagan himself supported Pakistan's military regime, American officials visited the country on a routine basis.
Democratic governments (1988–1998)
After the
Rift in relations
In 1992 US Ambassador Nicholas Platt advised Pakistan's leaders that if Pakistan continued to support terrorists in India or Indian-administered territory, "the Secretary of State may find himself required by law to place Pakistan on the state sponsors of terrorism list."[20] When the US decided to respond to the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa by firing missiles at an al-Qaeda camp in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, five Pakistani ISI agents present at the camp were killed.[20]
Economic embargo
In 1989, Benazir Bhutto made a quick visit in the U.S. asking U.S. to stop financing the
In 1995, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto made a final visit to U.S. urging President Bill Clinton to amend the Pressler Amendment and emphasized the United States to launch a campaign against extremism, with Pakistan allying with the United States.[60] Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was successful in passing the Brown Amendment, but the embargo on arms remained active. During the United States trip, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto faced heated criticism and opposition on the nuclear weapons program, who however responded fiercely and in turn sharply criticized U.S.'s nonproliferation policy and demanded that the United States honor its contractual obligation.[60] Although Benazir was able to convince the U.S. business community to invest in Pakistan, she was unable to revert the economic embargo which kept investment away from the country.[60]
In 1998,
Cold war legacies and trade sanctions
CENTO and SEATO
Pakistan was a leading member of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) from its adoption in 1954–55 and allied itself with the United States during the most of the Cold war. In 1971–72, Pakistan ended its alliance with the United States after the East-Pakistan war in which East Pakistan successfully seceded with the aid of India. The promise of economic aid from the United States was instrumental in creating these agreements.
During the
Trade embargo
In April 1979, the United States suspended most economic assistance to Pakistan over concerns about Pakistan's atomic bomb project under the Foreign Assistance Act.[64]
September 2001 and after
After the
We've captured 689 and handed over 369 to the United States. We've earned bounties totaling millions of dollars
— Former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf
In 2003, the US officially forgave US$1 billion in Pakistani debt in a ceremony in Pakistan in turn for Pakistan joining the US 'war on terror'. "Today's signing represents a promise kept and another milestone in our expanding partnership," US Ambassador Nancy Powell said in a statement, "The forgiveness of $1 billion in bilateral debt is just one piece of a multifaceted, multi-billion dollar assistance package." The new relationship between the United States and Pakistan is not just about September 11,' Powell said. "It is about the rebirth of a long-term partnership between our two countries." However, Pakistan support of the U.S. and its war has angered many Pakistanis that do not support it.
In October 2005, Condoleezza Rice made a statement where she promised that the United States will support the country's earthquake relief efforts and help it rebuild" after the Kashmir earthquake.[65]
Alliance with United States
Prior to the September 11 attacks in 2001, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia were key supporters of the Taliban in Afghanistan, as part of their "strategic depth" objective vis-a-vis India, Iran, and Russia.[citation needed]
After 9/11, Pakistan, led by General Pervez Musharraf, reversed course as they were under pressure from the United States and joined the "War on Terror" as a U.S. ally. Having failed to convince the Taliban to hand over bin Laden and other members of Al Qaeda, Pakistan provided the U.S. a number of military airports and bases for its attack on Afghanistan, along with other logistical support.[citation needed] Since 2001, Pakistan has arrested over five hundred Al-Qaeda members and handed them over to the United States; senior U.S. officers have been lavish in their praise of Pakistani efforts in public while expressing their concern that not enough was being done in private. However, General Musharraf was strongly supported by the Bush administration.[citation needed]
In return for their support, Pakistan had sanctions lifted and has received about $10 billion in U.S. aid since 2001, primarily military. In June 2004, President George W. Bush designated Pakistan as a major non-NATO ally,[66] making it eligible, among other things, to purchase advanced American military technology.
Pakistan has lost thousands of lives since joining the U.S. war on terror in the form of both soldiers and civilians and was going through a critical period, however many areas of Pakistan are becoming terror free.[neutrality is disputed] Suicide bombs were commonplace in Pakistan, whereas they were unheard of prior to 9/11.[citation needed] The Taliban have been resurgent in recent years in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. Hundreds of thousands of refugees have been created internally in Pakistan, as they have been forced to flee their homes as a result of fighting between Pakistani forces and the Taliban in the regions bordering Afghanistan and further in Swat.[citation needed]
A key campaign argument of US President Barack Obama was that the US had made the mistake of "putting all our eggs in one basket" in the form of General Musharraf.[citation needed] Musharraf was eventually forced out of office under the threat of impeachment, after years of political protests by lawyers, civilians and other political parties in Pakistan. With Obama coming into office, the U.S. is expected to triple non-military aid to Pakistan to $1.5 billion per year over 10 years, and to tie military aid to progress in the fight against militants. The purpose of the aid is to help strengthen the relatively new democratic government led by President Zardari and to help strengthen civil institutions and the general economy in Pakistan and to put in place an aid program that is broader in scope than just supporting Pakistan's military.
Aid from the United States since 9/11
Pakistan is a
Trust deficit issues
In 2008,
On 11 June 2008, the
In the November
The American politicians at the U.S. Congress publicly accused Pakistan of harboring of
Border engagement and skirmishes
The United States and Pakistan have experienced several military confrontations on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. These skirmishes took place between American forces deployed in Afghanistan, and Pakistani troops guarding the border. On November 26, 2011, 28 Pakistani soldiers were killed in an aerial attack on Pakistani positions near the border. The attack further damaged US-Pakistani relations with many in Pakistan calling for a more hardline stance against the United States.[77]
Following the incident, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and Defense Secretary Leon Panetta spoke to their Pakistani counterparts to give their "deepest condolences" in a joint statement and also supported a NATO investigation.[78] A NATO spokesman also said that NATO "regrets the loss of life of any Pakistani servicemen".[79]
2009: U.S. military and economic aid
On 14 September 2009, former President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, admitted that American foreign aid to Pakistan had been diverted from its original purpose of fighting the Taliban to preparing for war against neighboring India.[80] The United States government has responded by stating that it will take these allegations seriously.[81] However Pervez Musharraf also said, '"Wherever there is a threat to Pakistan, we will use it [the equipment] there. If the threat comes from al-Qaeda or Taliban, it will be used there. If the threat comes from India, we will most surely use it there."[80]
In late 2009,
On December 1, 2009, President Barack Obama in a speech on a policy about Pakistan said "In the past, we too often defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly. Those days are over.... The Pakistani people must know America will remain a strong supporter of Pakistan's security and prosperity long after the guns have fallen silent so that the great potential of its people can be unleashed."[84] President Obama also said, "In the past, we too often defined our relationship with Pakistan narrowly, those days are over. Moving forward, we are committed to a partnership with Pakistan that is built on a foundation of mutual interests, mutual respect and mutual trust" and that the two countries "share a common enemy' in combating Islamic extremism."[85]
In the aftermath of a thwarted bombing attempt on a 2009 Northwest Airlines flight, the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) issued a new set of screening guidelines that includes pat-downs for passengers from countries of interest, which includes Pakistan.[86] In a sign of widening fissures between the two allies, on January 21, Pakistan declined a request by the United States to launch new offensives on militants in 2010.[87] Pakistan say it "can't launch any new offensives against militants for six months to a year because it wants to 'stabilize' previous gains made. However, the US praises Pakistan's military effort against the militants.[88] Furthermore, Pakistan president, in meeting with the U.S. delegation, had said Pakistan "had suffered a... loss of over 35 billion dollars during the last eight years as a result of the fight against militancy." But the President also called for "greater Pak-U.S. cooperation".
2010: Coalition partnership issues
In February 2010, Anne W. Patterson (U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan) said that the United States is committed to a partnership with Pakistan and further said "Making this commitment to Pakistan while the U.S. is still recovering from the effects of the global recession reflects the strength of our vision. Yet we have made this commitment, because we see the success of Pakistan, its economy, its civil society and its democratic institutions as important for ourselves, for this region and for the world."[84]
Between 2002 and 2010, Pakistan received approximately $18 billion[89] in military and economic aid from the United States. In February 2010, the Obama administration requested an additional $3 billion in aid, for a total of $20.7 billion.[90]
In mid-February 2010, after the capture of the second most powerful Taliban, Abdul Ghani Baradar in Pakistan by Pakistani forces, the White House hailed the operation. Furthermore, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs said that this is a "big success for our mutual efforts(Pakistan and United States)in the region" and praised Pakistan for the capture, saying it was a sign of increased cooperation with the US in the terror fight.[91]
In March, Richard Holbrooke, then US special envoy to Pakistan, said that US-Pakistani relations have seen "significant improvement" under Obama. He also said, "No government on earth has received more high-level attention" than Pakistan.[92][93]
2011: American accusations and attacks in Pakistan
2011 was rated by the BBC as a "disastrous year" for Pakistan-U.S. relations, primarily due to three events: the
The CIA had long suspected Osama bin Laden of hiding in Pakistan.[98][99] India and US have also accused Pakistan of giving safe-haven to the Taliban.[100] However, Pakistan has repeatedly denied these accusations.
The attack on the US embassy and the NATO headquarters in Kabul were blamed on the
In May 2011, Pakistani journalist Saleem Shahzad was killed and in September, The New Yorker reported that the order to kill Shahzad came from an officer on General Kayani's staff. In July Admiral Mullen alleged that Shahzad's killing had been "sanctioned by the government" of Pakistan,[109] but the ISI denied any involvement in the Shahzad murder.
It was reported in 2011 that academics and journalists in the United States have been approached by
Collapse of alliance and death of Osama bin Laden
According to Obama administration officials, US officials did not share information about the raid with the government of Pakistan until it was over.[115][116] Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Mullen called Pakistan's army chief Ashfaq Parvez Kayani at about 3 a.m. local time to inform him of the Abbottabad Operation.[117]
According to the Pakistani foreign ministry, the operation was conducted entirely by US forces.[118] Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) officials said they were also present at what they called a joint operation;[119] President Asif Ali Zardari flatly denied this.[120] Pakistan's foreign secretary Salman Bashir later confirmed that Pakistani military had scrambled F-16s after they became aware of the attack but that they reached the compound after American helicopters had left.[121]
2012–13: American sentiment against Pakistan
Since some in the U.S. government claimed that they had caught bin Laden without Pakistani help, numerous allegations were made that the government of Pakistan had shielded bin Laden.[119][122][123] Critics cited the very close proximity of bin Laden's heavily fortified compound to the Pakistan Military Academy, that the US chose not to notify Pakistani authorities before the operation and the double standards of Pakistan regarding the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[123][124][125]
However, according to Steve Coll, as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad, even by a rogue or compartmented faction within the government, other than the circumstantial fact of bin Laden's compound being located near (albeit not directly visible from) the Pakistan Military Academy. Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with Pakistani intelligence and police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed; it has also been suggested that the $25 million U.S. reward for information leading to bin Laden would have been enticing to Pakistani officers given their reputation for corruption. The compound itself, although unusually tall, was less conspicuous than sometimes envisaged by Americans, given the common local habit of walling off homes for protection against violence or to ensure the privacy of female family members.[126]
According to the leaked files, in December 2009, the
CIA chief
In 2012, Shakil Afridi, a doctor who had set up a fake vaccination campaign – in cooperation with the United States in searching for Al Qaeda and bin Laden – was convicted of treason by Pakistan, and sentenced to 33 years in prison.[133][134] The United States Congress voted to cut 33 million dollars in aid to Pakistan: 1 million dollars for every year that Shakil Afridi was sentenced to prison.[135] The role of Dr. Afridi was exposed by the British newspaper The Guardian in July 2011. CIA's fake vaccination campaign in turned greatly harmed Pakistan polio vaccine drive in the tribal areas. Experts have criticised the CIA's fake vaccination drive to find bin Laden, stating that there could have been a better and more ethical way to find bin Laden.[136][137]
2014 and 2015: Rapprochement
Following years of poor inter-governmental relations, the two countries began to cooperate more closely – particularly following the United States' use of drone missiles to strike at Pakistan's most-wanted militant
On 7 May 2015, according to an internal report prepared by
On February 11, 2016, US government has proposed US$860 million in aid for Pakistan during the 2016–17 fiscal year, including $265 million for military hardware in addition to counterinsurgency funds.[143]
From 2017 to 2020: Gradually alienate
On August 21, 2017,
On January 1, 2018, Donald Trump again criticized Pakistan, saying "they have given us nothing but lies and deceit".[148] President Trump also announced cancelling a $300 million disbursement to Pakistan, citing the country's failure to take strong actions against Afghan Taliban militants and their safe havens in Pakistan.[149] In February 2018, the Trump administration moved to change Pakistan's status into 'Grey List' of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF),[150] pressuring Pakistan to take action against terrorist financing in its territory.[151]
However, the relations between the two countries improved after Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan visited United States and met President Donald Trump.[150] Many experts viewed Khan's visit to United States as 'reset in the bilateral relationship between the two countries'. President Trump called for dramatically strengthening trade ties between Pakistan and the United States as America is a top export destination for Pakistan.[150] President Trump also offered to mediate between India and Pakistan on Kashmir. However, Trump's offer was immediately rejected by Indian foreign office.[150]
In September 2019, during a joint rally at Houston, Trump refused to endorse India's repeated allegations against Pakistan.[152] After the joint rally, Trump called himself a 'friend' of Pakistan and termed Imran Khan as a 'great leader'.[153]
In January 2020, President Trump once again held a meeting with Prime Minister Khan in Davos, on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum. President Trump hailed the growing relationship between the United States and Pakistan.[154] He said that United States has never been closer with Pakistan than it is currently under his administration. This was the third meeting between the two countries and Trump once again offered to mediate on Kashmir issue. His remarks were welcomed by Prime Minister Khan.[154]
After U.S. withdraws Afghanistan
U.S. "clearly distanced" itself from Pakistan after
During the 2022 Pakistani constitutional crisis, Imran Khan blamed the US officials Donald Lu and named the United States as the country in question over a "threatening letter", warns American "regime change" led to his downfall.[158] During the start of the war Imran Khan paid a visit to Russia and responded to a rally, he said "Are we your slaves? What do you think of us? That we are your slaves and that we will do whatever you ask of us? We are friends of Russia, and we are also friends of the United States. We are friends of China and Europe. We are not part of any alliance."[159]
In a statement released at the end of the 'Fourth Annual US-India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue', the United States and India call on Pakistan to take "irreversible action" to ensure that its soil is not used for terrorist attacks against any other country.[160]
In October 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden called Pakistan "one of the most dangerous nations in the world" during an address in California while speaking about the changing global geopolitical situation. Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari rejected the statement as baseless, and the country's acting foreign secretary summoned the U.S. ambassador for an explanation of Biden's remarks.[161][162]
Since the Pakistani government decided to import Russian oil in 2023, Dawn claimed the United States had demonstrated positive relations with Pakistan by allowing them to purchase oil from Russia at a discounted price, despite not signing a Washington-backed price cap on Russian petroleum products.[163]
In April 2023, a secret memo written by Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar was leaked to the press where she called for prioritizing ties with China over appeasing the U.S. within the context of the U.S.-China geopolitical rivalry.[164]
In response to the crackdown on former Prime Minister Imran Khan,
In August 2023, according to a leaked diplomatic cable at the March 7, 2022 meeting from Pakistan received by The Intercept, US State department encouraged removal of Imran Khan owing to his neutral stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[159] CNN reports that most Pakistanis believe the US involved in a plot against Imran Khan.[166]
Relations After the 2024 Elections
On March 29, 2024, President Biden wrote to Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, affirming Washington's support for Pakistan in addressing global and regional challenges.[167] This marked the first official correspondence between a U.S. President and a Pakistani Prime Minister in several years.[168]
Earlier in the same month, Democratic lawmakers urged President Biden and Secretary of State Antony Blinken to delay recognition of the new Pakistani government until thorough investigations into election irregularities were completed.[169][170] They cited evidence of violations and disruptions on election day.
Meetings between Pakistani and U.S. leaders
Visits by leaders of Pakistan[171]
Visitor | Date | Description |
---|---|---|
Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan | May 3–5, 1950 | Official visit. Afterward visited New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Houston, New Orleans (Louisiana), Schenectady (New York), and Boston (Massachusetts). Departed U.S. May 30. |
Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad | November 8–13, 1953 | Met with President Eisenhower after obtaining medical treatment in Boston. |
Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra |
October 14–21, 1954 | Official guest. |
Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy | July 10–13, 1957 | Official visit. Afterward visited Colorado Springs (Colorado), the Grand Canyon (Arizona), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City (Utah), Omaha (Nebraska), Detroit (Michigan), and New York City. Departed U.S. July 27. |
President Field Marshal Ayub Khan |
July 11–14, 1961 | State visit. Addressed U.S. Congress July 12. Afterward visited New York City, Gettysburg (Pennsylvania), San Antonio, Austin, and the LBJ Ranch (Texas). Departed U.S. July 18.
|
President Field Marshal Ayub Khan |
September 24, 1962 | Informal meeting at Newport (Rhode Island). Afterward visited Washington and New York City. Departed U.S. September 27. |
President Field Marshal Ayub Khan |
December 14–16, 1965 | State visit. Arrived in U.S. December 12; visited New York City. |
President General Yahya Khan | October 24–25, 1970 | Attended White House dinner on 25th Anniversary of the U.N; met privately with Richard Nixon on October 25. |
Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | September 18–20, 1973 | Official visit. In U.S. September 17–24; visited Williamsburg, San Francisco, and New York City. |
Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | February 4–7, 1975 | Official visit. Afterward visited New York City. Departed U.S. February 8. |
President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | October 3, 1980 | Private visit while attending U.N. General Assembly session.
|
President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | December 6–9, 1982 | State visit; visited New York City, Houston, Sacramento, and San Francisco. Departed U.S. December 14. |
President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | October 23, 1985 | Met with President Reagan in New York City at reception and luncheon at the U.N. |
Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo |
July 15–18, 1986 | Official Visit; visited Orlando (Fla.) and New York City. Departed U.S. July 22. |
Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto | June 5–7, 1989 | Official Visit; visited Boston and New York City. Departed U.S. June 10. |
President Farooq Leghari | May 23–27, 1994 | Arrived in U.S. May 21; departed June 1. Also visited Rochester, NY. Met with President Bill Clinton during a private visit. Later visited New York City. |
Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto | April 9–11, 1995 | Official working visit. Arrived in the U.S. April 5; also visited New York City and Los Angeles. Departed the U.S. April 14. |
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif | September 22, 1997 | Met with President Bill Clinton at the UN General Assembly in New York City. |
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif | September 21, 1998 | Met with President Clinton at the U.N. General Assembly in New York City. |
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif | December 1, 1998 | Official working visit. |
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif | July 4–5, 1999 | Discussed the Kashmir conflict with President Bill Clinton during a private visit. |
President Pervez Musharraf | November 10, 2001 | Met with George W. Bush at the UN General Assembly in New York City. |
President Pervez Musharraf | February 12–14, 2002 | Official Working Visit. |
President Pervez Musharraf | September 12, 2002 | Met with President Bush at the UN General Assembly in New York City. |
President Pervez Musharraf | June 23–27, 2003 | Working visit. Met with President Bush in Washington, DC and Camp David. Arrived in Boston June 20; later visited Los Angeles. |
President Pervez Musharraf | September 24, 2003 | Met with President Bush at the UN General Assembly in New York City. |
Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali | September 30-October 4, 2003 | Working visit, meet U.S. President |
President Pervez Musharraf | September 21–22, 2004 | Met with President Bush at the UN General Assembly in New York City. |
President Pervez Musharraf | December 3–4, 2004 | Working visit. |
Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz | January 22–24, 2006 | Working visit. Arrived in the U.S. January 19; also visited New York City and Boston. |
President Pervez Musharraf | September 20–22, 2006 | Working visit. |
President Pervez Musharraf | September 27, 2006 | Also met with Afghan President Hamid Karzai on September 27. |
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani |
July 27–30, 2008 | Working visit. |
President Asif Ali Zardari | September 23, 2008 | Met with President Bush at the UN General Assembly in New York City. |
President Asif Ali Zardari | September 24–25, 2009 | Attended a meeting of the Friends of Democratic Pakistan in New York City |
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani |
April 11–13, 2010 | Attended the Nuclear Security Summit. |
President Asif Ali Zardari | January 14, 2011 | Attended Richard Holbrooke's memorial service. |
President Asif Ali Zardari | May 21, 2012 | Met with President Obama at the NATO summit in Chicago. |
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif | October 20–23, 2013 | Met with President Obama at the Oval Office. |
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif | October 20–23, 2015 | Met with President Obama at the Oval Office. |
Prime Minister Imran Khan | July 21–23, 2019 | Met with President Trump at the Oval Office. |
Visits by Presidents of the United States[172]
Visitor | Date | Description |
---|---|---|
Dwight D. Eisenhower | December 7–9, 1959 | Informal visit to Ayub Khan .
|
Lyndon B. Johnson | December 23, 1967 | Visit to Ayub Khan .
|
Richard Nixon | August 1–2, 1969 | State visit; met with President Yahya Khan. |
Bill Clinton | March 25, 2000 | Met with President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar and Pervez Musharraf; delivered radio address. |
George W. Bush | March 3–4, 2006 | Visit to Islamabad, met with Pervez Musharraf. |
Military aid and exchanges
The United States and Pakistan's military have historically close ties, reflecting shared interests in security and stability in South Asia, Central Asia as well as in regions covering Eastern Europe.[173] While Pakistan had close security cooperation with the United States during the Cold War, as the United States canceled all military aid to Pakistan in the 2010s, Pakistan increasingly turned to military cooperation with China.[174]
Historical assistance from the U.S.
From 1948 to 2013, the United States has provided a total of US$30 billion in aid to Pakistan,[175] half of it for military purposes. Of these aid and funds arrangement, Pakistan was obligated to spend these monetary funds by purchasing American goods, food, and other services.[176][177][178] In spite of China being the largest importer and exporter for Pakistan's market, the United States continues to be one of the largest sources of foreign direct investment in Pakistan and is Pakistan's largest export market.[176] With U.S. military assistance suspended in 2018 and civilian aid reduced to about $300 million for 2022, Pakistani authorities have turned to other countries for help.[6]
According to Pakistani officials, 70,000 civilians and more than 10,000 troops and policemen in Pakistan have died fighting the American
Some politicians in Pakistan argue the war on terror has cost the Pakistani economy $70 billion and U.S. aid costs the country more in the long term, leading to accusations that the US is making Pakistan a client state.[181]
On 31 May 2012, Senator Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) called for the United States to suspend all aid to Pakistan and grant citizenship to a doctor who was jailed for helping hunt down Osama bin Laden.[182]
Former
On 5 January 2018, US suspended about $2 billion in security aid to Pakistan for failing to clamp down on the Afghan Taliban and the Haqqani Network terror groups and dismantle their safe havens, a White House official said.[184]
The freezing of all security assistance to Pakistan comes after President Donald Trump in a New Year's Day tweet accused the country of giving nothing to the US but "lies and deceit" and providing "safe haven" to terrorists in return for $33 billion aid since 2003.[185]
Dispute from cancellation of military aid by America
On September 1, 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that they cancel the transfer of approximately $300 million in military aid to Pakistan.
Space science programs
In the 1990s, U.S. and the
During the 1990s and early 2000s, U.S. tightened its embargo and construction on Pakistan's space development, and in 1998, putting restrictions and sanctions on premier astronautics research department,
Cultural influence
There is some presence of US based fast food chains in Pakistan such as Pizza Hut, KFC and McDonald's.[193] South Asian cuisine including Pakistani also has a prominent presence in the USA.[194]
See also
- Embassy of the United States, Islamabad
- Muslims in the United States military
- Pakistanis in the United States military, American soldiers of Pakistani heritage
- Pakistan–United States skirmishes
- CIA activities in Pakistan
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- ^ "South Asian eateries in U.S. distinguishing cuisine from 'Indian food' umbrella". NBC News. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
Further reading
- Abbas, H. Pakistan's Drift into Extremism Allah, the Army and America's War on Terror (M. E. Sharpe, 2005).
- Bashir, Sadaf. "Pakistan's Engagement As A Frontline State In The US-Led ‘War On Terror’: Political, Economic And Strategic Dimensions" (Diss. Qurtuba University Of Science & Information Technology Peshawar (Pakistan), 2015.) online
- Buck, Brandan P. "Brokering a Buffer State: Afghan Neutrality and American Diplomacy, 1973–1979." International History Review (2018): 1-20.
- Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.
- Grimmett, Richard F. "US arms sales to Pakistan." (U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2008) online
- ISBN 978-1-61039-451-2
- Hathaway, R. M. The Leverage Paradox: Pakistan and the United States. (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 2017).
- Hilali, A. Z. US-Pakistan relationship: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (Routledge, 2017).
- Khan, Mahrukh. "Pakistan-US Relations: Rethinking the Dependency Relationship." Strategic Studies 39.4 (2019). online
- Kronstadt, K. Alan. "Pakistan-US relations." (U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2009) online.
- McMahon, Robert J. Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India and Pakistan (1994) excerpt and text search
- Malik, Naeem Mahboob, and Syed Khawaja Alqama. "Pakistan-US Relations: A Critical Analysis of Influence in post 9/11 Era." Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) 40.1 (2020): 33–42. online
- Pant, Harsh V. "The Pakistan thorn in China–India–US relations." Washington Quarterly 35.1 (2012): 83–95. online
- Powers, Thomas, "The War without End" (review of Steve Coll, Directorate S: The CIA and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Penguin, 2018, 757 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 7 (19 April 2018), pp. 42–43.
- ISBN 978-1-60127-075-7
- Raghavan, Srinath. The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia. (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.(2018). online review; also see excerpt; focus on India, Pakistan and Afghanistan; see pp 479–80 and passim.
- Sultana, Razia. "Major Threats to Pakistan in the Wake of US Withdrawal from Afghanistan: The Case of FATA and KP." FWU Journal of Social Sciences 1.1 (2015): 64. online
- Wirsing, Robert G., and James M. Roherty. "The United States and Pakistan." International Affairs 58.4 (1982): 588-609 online.
External links
- Pakistani-American Population and Demographics 2014
- Pakistani Embassy and Consulate Jurisdictions in the United States
- Highs and lows in U.S.-Pakistan relations: The two countries are allies but their relationship has been plagued by mistrust The Washington Post.
- Pakistan needs to lower its expectations of the United States Middle East Institute.
- US-Pak Relations Through the Decades Newsline Magazine.