Pakistan Navy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Pakistan Navy
پاکستان بحریہ
Crest of Pakistan Navy
Founded14 August 1947 (1947-08-14)[Note 1]
(76 years, 8 months ago)
Country Pakistan
TypeNavy
Role
Size[2]: 73 [3]: 33 [4][5][6]
Part of
Urdu: ہمارے لیے اللّٰہ کافی ہے اور وہ بہترین کارساز ہے۔
(English: Allah is Sufficient for us - and what an excellent (reliable) Trustee (of affairs) is He!)[7]
(Qur'an, 3:173)
Colours    
AnniversariesNavy Day: 8 September
FleetList of active Pakistan Navy ships
Engagements
See list:
Websitepaknavy.gov.pk
Commanders
ATR 72-500

The Pakistan Navy (PN) (

independence of Pakistan from the United Kingdom.[9]

Its primary objective is to ensure the defence of the

multinational task forces mandated by the United Nations to prevent seaborne terrorism and privacy off the coasts.[12][13]

The Pakistan Navy is a

second strike capability with an ability to launch underwater missile system to target enemy positions.[18]

The Navy is commanded by the

Muhammad Amjad Khan Niazi.[20]

History

Division of the Royal Indian Navy in 1947

Main articles:
Partition of British India

Today is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The

founder of Pakistan, addressing the men and officers of HMIS Godavari in March 1948[21]
rating sailors breaching the Gates of Delhi during the rebellion against the British rule
in India in 1857

The Pakistan Navy came into existence on 14 August 1947 with the

Arabian sea on the West and the Bay of Bengal on the East.[24]: 90  In addition, India also objected to transfer any machinery at the Bombay Dockyard to Pakistan and further refused to part the machinery that happened to be on its soil.[25]
: 90 

The Navy endured a difficult history— with only 200 officers and 3,000 sailors were inherited to the Navy– the most senior being

federal budgets as well as the problems relating to its institutional infrastructure.[23]
: 46 

The

subcontinent was located in Bombay in India.[23]
: 46 

To overcome these difficulties, the Navy had to launch a recruitment programme for the young nation, starting in East Pakistan which proved to be very difficult to sustain the programme; therefore, it was moved back to West Pakistan to concentrate recruitment on West Pakistan.[23]: 46  Furthermore, the Navy's procurement was greatly determined by its war role and it had to struggle for a role for itself throughout its history from its beginning.[27]: 66 

The beginning: 1947–1964

Reorganization (1947–1964)

Main articles:
Military Advisory Assistance Group
PNS Shamsher visiting Australia in 1951. The frigate was transferred to Pakistan by the Royal Indian Navy in 1947 as a training ship.[28]
: 19 

The Navy's combat actions largely remained in absence during the

Indian emigrants to Pakistan.[29]: 474  In 1948, the Royal Pakistan Navy had to engage in humanitarian missions to evacuate Indian immigrants trapped in disputed and hostile areas, with its frigates operating continuously.[23]
: 48 

Command and control of the new Royal Pakistan Navy was extremely difficult as

Navy NHQ in Karachi and acquired its first O-class destroyer from the transfer by the Royal Navy.[23]
: 49 

The Royal Pakistan Navy greatly depended on the generous donations from the British

PNS Jhelum and PNS Tughril, under Commander Muzaffar Hasan, also joined the Royal Pakistan Navy.[30]

In 1950, the Navy's

NCOs gaining commission as an officers.[23]: 50–51  Support from the army and air force to the navy led to the establishment of logistics and maintenance machinery with vigorous efforts directed towards integrating the navy presence in East Pakistan, thereby creating opportunities for people in East Pakistan to participate in the build-up.[23]
: 51 

In 1951, the

Commander M.A. Alavi.[23]
: 51–52 

PNS Badr, a destroyer, visiting the Great Britain on a goodwill mission in 1957

During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by the navy's warships, and non-combat missions were conducted under the auspices of the Royal Navy.

Polish naval officer, Commander Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski.[31]

In the mid-1950s, the

U.S. government to provide monetary support for modernisation of ageing O–class destroyers and minesweepers, while commissioning the Ch–class destroyers from the Royal Navy.[23]: 54  British naval tradition was disbanded and cancelled when the United States Navy's advisers were dispatched to the Pakistani military in 1955.[32]

With the promulgation of the

Queen's colour and the White Ensign respectively in 1956.[21] The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy–Army–Air force to Army–Navy–Air Force.[33][self-published source?
]

In February 1956, the British government announced the transfer of several major surface combat warships to Pakistan Navy, including a cruiser and four destroyers to be purchased with funds made available under the U.S.

Military Assistance Program.[23]: 54  In 1957, the Navy finalised the purchase of a cruiser from the United Kingdom and used the government's own funds for the purchase which caused a great ire against Admiral Choudhri in the Finance Ministry.[23]
: 55 

In 1958, the Navy made an unsuccessful attempt to obtain

Navy NHQ staff began quarrelling with the Army GHQ staff and the Ministry of Defense (MoD) over plans regarding the modernisation of the navy that resulted in bitter interservice rivalry between army and navy and ended with Admiral Choudri's resignation to the Presidency in 1959.[23]
: 57 

Proposal of attaining the

CENTO.[23]

War with India and subsequent war deployments (1965–1970)

Main articles:
Operation Somnath, and 1967 PNS Ghazi's circumnavigation

After the bitter resignation of Vice-Admiral HMS Choudri in 1959, Vice-Admiral

Security Assistance Program (SAP).[23]
: 58 

PNS Ghazi in war theatre in 1965. In 1968, she executed a circumnavigation of Africa and Southern Europe in order to be refit in Turkey. Sunk in 1971 under mysterious circumstances.[35]

Even though, neither the Navy nor the Air Force was notified of the

Commander K. R. Niazi which was charged with gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements that stalked the diverting threats posed by the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.[35]

On the night of 7/8 September, a naval squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the command of Commodore S. M. Anwar, launched artillery operation— an attack on the radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the small coastal town of Dwarka.[35] The operation ended with limited damage to the area.[35] After gunnery bombardment, Ghazi was deployed against the Indian Navy's Western Naval Command at Bombay on 22 September and ended her operations and reported safely back to Karachi Naval Dockyard on 23 September 1965.[35]

Small ship PNS Alamgir in 1947

The Pakistan Navy explored the idea of installing Russian

missile system on former British frigates but Soviets refrained from doing so due to objections from India.[36]

After the war, the United States imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan and Pakistani military began exploring options for military procurement from China, France, and Soviet Union.[23]: 62  The United Kingdom offered the Navy to jointly built the Type 21 frigate but was rejected by Ayub administration that would only allow the financial capital to be spent on submarine procurement.[23]: 63 

In 1966, the Pakistan Navy established its own

Styx missiles to be installed in frigates in a believe that the missile boats were not big enough to meet the Pakistani requirements in operating in the Indian Ocean.[23]: 63  The Russians later determined to their strategic interests lay with India and allowed the developing relationship with Pakistan to wither.[36]
: 283–288 

Difficulties arose between and after the arms embargo was lifted by the United States which lifted based strictly on

Karachi coast in Indian Ocean to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, through the Atlantic Ocean and ended at the east coast of the Sea of Marmara where the Gölcük Naval Shipyard was located.[38]

In 1968–69, the Navy NHQ staff began its tussle with the

Eastern Naval Command (Pakistan) but this proved to be disaster for Navy when majority of Bengali naval officers and ~3,000 sailors defected to India to join the Awami League's military wing– the Mukti Bahini.[23]: 64–65  Such events had jeopardised the operational scope of the Navy and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that it (Navy) was ill-prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to learn the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.[23]
: 65 

Indo-Pakistan war of 1971

Main articles: Operation Barisal, Operation Jackpot, and Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971

By 1971, the Navy NHQ staffers and their commanders knew very well that the Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in East Pakistan (now

Navy Special Service Group, code named, Barisal, in April 1971.[21] Although, the Governor of East Pakistan, Vice-Admiral S.M. Ahsan, made efforts to increase the naval presence and significance in 1969 but the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command continued to pose a significant threat since it had capability of conduct operations in long-range areas.[39]

Furthermore, the defections from Navy's Bengali officers and sailors had jeopardise the Navy's operational scope who went onto join the Awami League's militant wing, the Mukti Bahini in a program known as Jackpot.[39] Though, the program was disrupted by the Navy from further annihilation but the naval facilities were severely damaged due to this operation on 15 March 1971.[39] East-Pakistan's geography was surrounded by India on all three landward sides by the Indian Army as the Navy was in attempt to prevent India from blocking the coasts.[39]

During this time, the Navy NHQ was housed in Karachi that decided to deploy the newly MLU Ghazi submarine on East while Hangor in West for the intelligence gathering purposes.[39]

At the end of East-Pakistan crisis.... We (Eastern Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force pounding us day and night....

— Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral Zumwalt in 1971[40]
PNS Nazim, which previously took part in the Vietnam and Korean Wars in the U.S. Navy as USS Wiltsie. She is now serving in the Pakistan Maritime Security Agency
as its "on-sea" headquarters.

With no naval aviation branch to guard the

Styx missiles anti-ship missiles, which the obsolescent Pakistani warships had no viable defence against.[41] Two of the warships, PNS Muhafiz and PNS Khaibar, were sunk, while PNS Shahjahan was damaged beyond repair.[41] After the attacks, the Indian Navy's missile boat squadron safely returned to its home base without sustaining any damages.[41]

On 8 December 1971,

Ahmed Tasnim, sank the Indian frigate INS Khukri off the coast of Gujarat, India— this was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since World War II, and resulted in the loss of eighteen officers and one-seventy six sailors of the Indian Navy while the inflicting severe damages to another warship, INS Kirpan, by the same submarine.[42] The Pakistan Air Force now covering for Karachi made several of the unsuccessful attempts to engage the Indian Navy's missile boat squadron by carrying out the aerial bombing missions over the Okha Harbor– the forward base of the Indian Navy's missile boat squadron.[41] The Indian Navy retaliated with a second missile attack on Pakistan's coast on the night of 8 December 1971 when a small flotilla of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi and launched a missile attack that sank the Panamanian cargo ship Gulf Star, PNS Dacca and the British merchant ship SS Harmattan were damaged.[41]

The missile-based attacks were the complete success for the Indian Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost severely cutting into its combat capability, nearly 1,700 sailors perished at the barracks.[43]

PNS Zulfiqar in 1947: She was subjected to a serious friendly fire incident when the senior naval observers misidentified their own ship as a smaller missile boat, giving clearance to the PAF to mount a missile attack.[43] She was scrapped in metal in 1983.

The

F-86 fighter jets of the Pakistan Air Force which made several attack runs before finally identifying Zulfiqar by the Navy NHQ.[43] This serious friendly fire incident resulted in further loss of navy personnel, as well as the loss of the ship, which was severely damaged and the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were now virtually extinct, and morale plummeted.[43] The Indian Navy observers who watched the raid nearby later wrote in their war logs that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the difference between a large PNS Zulfiqar frigate and a relatively small Osa missile boat."[43] The PAF, however, contested this claim by holding Cdre. Bhombal of the responsibility of misidentifying his own warship and giving clearance to the PAF to mount an attack on their own ship.[43][44]

The Navy's only long range submarine, Ghazi, was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.[45] Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.[46] The Indian Navy claims to have sunk the submarine.[47][48][49][50]

The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.[51] According to the defence magazine, Pakistan Defence Journal, the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong and the loss of Ghazi, the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.[41]

The damage inflicted by the Indian Navy and

Breguet Alizé naval aircraft was shot down by the Pakistan Air Force.[41]

According to one Pakistan scholar, Tariq Ali, the Pakistan Navy lost half its force in the war.[56] Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.[57]

According to the testimony provided by the

Ayub Khan, who had enjoyed considerable influence on Pakistan's national politicians, did not fully understood the Navy as a military service or neither comprehend the importance of safeguarding the sea lines of communication, which prevented the development of the Navy as a potent force as it should have in the 1970s.[25]
: 93 

Restructuring and building towards modern Navy: 1972–1989

Main article:
Pakistan-United States military relations
Operation Restore Hope in 1991. She was purchased from the Portuguese Navy in 1975 and joined the Pakistan Navy in 1977.[58]

After

1971 war, steps were taken to modernise and increase the operational scope of the Navy.[23][25]: 103 : 65  Unlike the army or the air force, the naval officers were able to continue their military service with the Navy, and their promotions were relatively quicker than other military branches in 1972–74.[23]
: 141 

In January 1972, the

Army GHQ in Rawalpindi.[58]: contents [61]

PNS Taimur (former USS Epperson) was acquired from the United States in 1977. She was sunk as a target in during a naval exercise in 2000.[62]

In 1974, the Naval Aviation branch was established with the transfer of the Westland Sea King helicopters from the United Kingdom in 1975, followed by test firing the surface-to-ship Exocet missile as a befitting response to the Indian Navy in 1979.[58] With the ability to fire the land-based Exocet missile from a reconnaissance aircraft, the Navy became the first of its kind in the South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.[63]: 77 

In 1976, the Navy moved towards successfully acquiring the military computers from the British firm, the

four-star rank admiral when Mohammad Shariff was promoted to this rank, and later becoming the first admiral to be appointed as the Chairman of Joint Chiefs Committee in 1977.[57][64]: 372  In 1977, the United States reportedly transferred the two refitted Gearing-class destroyer to the Pakistan Navy, which were much superior to the British frigates, followed by obtaining more destroyers from the U.S. Navy in 1982–83.[23]
: 142 

During this time, the Navy to diversify its procurement with defence deals made with China, France, and the United Kingdom but the dependence grew on China when the Navy acquired the anti-submarine warships that gave the Navy credible sea-denial capability.[2] In 1979, the France offered to sell their Agosta-70A-class submarine and was immediately acquired which were commissioned as Hurmat and Hashmat.[38] Induction of the Agosta-70A class gave Pakistan Navy a depth advantage over the Indian Navy, and gave the Navy an ability to conduct operations in deeper Indian Ocean at wider range.[2][23][65]: 143 

In 1982, the

Mirage 5V aircraft for the naval role and were equipped with the Exocet A39 missile that gives the capability of sea denial to the Pakistan Navy.[23]: 144  With the induction of the missile systems, long-range and depth endurance submarines, missiles destroyers, fighter aircraft, and establishment of the Pakistan Maritime Security Agency, the Pakistan Navy eventually ended the Indian Navy's control over the Indian Ocean, and the Indian Navy's confidence that it could contain the Pakistan Navy at shorelines.[23]
: 145 

Eventually, the Pakistan Navy began its wartime deployment in

Reagan administration against the Soviet Union's invasion in Afghanistan.[57]

Self reliance, engagement and covert operations (1990–1999)

Main articles:
Revolt of the Admiral
guided missile destroyer (FFG) being transferred to Pakistan Navy in 1986. All were returned to United States in 1993–95 when the renewing of lease with an option of purchase was denied by the United States.[66]
: 476 

After the Russian

atomic bomb program to the United States Congress, which ultimately refrained the transfer of the maritime patrol aircraft, missile systems, and defence software on 1 October 1990.[57] With the expiration of the lease of the Garcia and Brooke-class guided missile frigates, the Navy had to return the frigates to the United States that were sold to India for scrapped metals, and Navy to faced the problems for adequate funding towards the modern Navy.[23]: 185  The embargo seriously impaired the Navy's operational scope and paralysed its ability to operate in the Indian Ocean, since the Navy's fleet was composed of entirely the former U.S.-built warships.[23]
: 185 

Since 1987, the Pakistan Navy had been interested in acquiring the

lengthy, complicated, and controversial negotiation with France to acquire the long-range submarine technology by dismissing the idea of procuring nuclear-powered submarine from China due to noise issue that the Indian Navy was quiet able to track.[23]: 183–185 [67] Despite embargo, the United States Navy maintained its relations with Pakistan Navy, inviting the Pakistanis to participate in the Inspired Siren in 1994, and gave the Pakistan Navy instructions and run down on the nuclear submarine and aircraft carrier operations.[23]: 185  In an attempt to warm the political relations with the United States, the Pakistani military joined the U.S. actions in the Somali Civil War, conducting wartime patrol in the Somali coast.[68][58]

deployed in support of the U.S. Navy and extended its support in 1995 to participate in Operation United Shield to conclude its side of operation after evacuating personnel and equipment of the army, marines, and air force.[69] By 1996, the Brown amendment was introduced that allowed the uplifting of the embargo on Pakistan, allowing the transfer of the maritime patrol aircraft to the Navy.[23]
: 185 

By 1997, the

Pakistan Army's engagement with Indian Army in Kashmir and over the rightful appointment of the Admiral Fasih Bokhari as Chairman joint chiefs.[70] Pakistan Navy was forced to deploy its existing war assets when the Indian Navy deployed its warships near Korangi Creek Cantonment and Port of Karachi with their codename: Operation Talwar.[71]

On 10 August 1999, a serious incident took place in

P3C Orion, was lost due to an accident with the loss of twenty one lives.[73]: 537 [74][75]

Over the issue of the Indian Air Force's shot down of the aircraft, the Navy filed a lawsuit against the Indian Air Force at the International Court of Justice, but the claim was later dismissed due to over-reaching of the court's mandate.[72]: 62–63 [76]

Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.

— Pervez Musharraf, 1999[71]

After his incident in 1999, another proposal was raised to switched the air-independent propulsion of Agosta submarine to substitute with nuclear propulsion, however the proposal was dismissed.[71]

War on Terror in Afghanistan and operations in North-West (2001–present)

Main articles:
PNS Mehran Operation, Operation Black Thunderstorm, Operation Umeed-e-Nuh, and Blockade of Yemen
guided missile destroyers, participating in Exercise Inspired Siren in the Indian Ocean
in 2002

After the

standoff with India in 2001–02.[71] In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the nuclear weapons on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.[67]

In 2003–04, there were several proposals made for acquiring the vintage

F-22P guided missile frigates were eventually built it in 2006–15.[58]

Navy Special Service Group
(SSGN) is silhouetted by the setting sun abroad PNS Babur while under way in the Indian Ocean in 2007.

Since 2004, the Navy's deployment took place in Indian Ocean, playing a crucial role in the multinational NAVCENT in Bahrain, and took the leadership of the CTF-150 and CTF-151 as well as taking active participation in the Operation Enduring Freedom in 2006–10.[78][79][80] In 2008, the task force group consisting of PNS Badr, PNS Shah Jahan, PNS Nasr, and the Pakistan Air Force's Explosive Ordnance Disposal participated in the Exercise Inspired Union with the U.S. Navy in the Indian Ocean to develop skills in a prevention of seaborne terrorism.[81]

Its deployment in the

Mehran, and the Help.[58]

Despite its

intelligence gathering as well as conducting ground operations with the army in Western areas to track down the al-Qaeda operatives.[82] From 2010 to 2011, the Navy was in a brief direct conflict with the violent TTP group and al-Qaeda, and its Naval Intelligence was able to track down the infiltrated militants within the ranks of the Navy.[83][84]

In 2015, the Navy was deployed in support of the

Saudi-led blockade of Yemen after accepting the request from the Saudi Arabia.[85] As of current, the Navy continues increase its operational scope in the Indian Ocean and reportedly successfully entering in defence talks with Turkey to jointly built the MILGEM project in Pakistan in 2018–2019 while it had earlier announced to start the building the program of the nuclear submarine for its current operational capabilities in 2013.[86]

Organization, Naval Headquarters

Principal Staff Commands and Principal Staff Officers

Main articles:
Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)
Navy NHQ
in Islamabad in 2009

Leadership in the Navy is provided by the

civilian control of the military.[88]

The

Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), an appointed four-star rank admiral, is a principal military adviser on the naval/maritime security affairs to the Federal government and is a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC)— a military body that advises and briefs the elected civilian Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on national security affairs and operational military matters under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[89]

The war functions of the Navy is controlled from the single combat headquarters, the

Principal Staff Officers (PSOs) (Staff Commanders) who are commissioned at the three-star rank and two-star rank admirals. The Staff Appointments marked in the light goldish yellow color are the most important seats at NHQ which play a very important administrative role for the proper functioning of the Pakistan Navy and its assets.[89]

Navy NHQ
in Islamabad.

Due to the influence from the Royal Navy and later by the United States Navy since its earliest inception, the Pakistan Navy has a unique command structure and the navy's functionality is divided in various branches.[2]

There are seven military staff commands in the navy that are in fact administrative, directed by the several appointed

Navy NHQ
in Islamabad of their respected command.

The military administration of the Navy under the

Navy NHQ
includes its Principal Staff Commands and Principal Staff Officers:

Principal Staff Commands at NHQ Call sign Principal Staff Officers Notes
Vice Chief of the Naval Staff VCNS
Vice Admiral
Ovais Ahmed Bilgrami HI(M), Ops		 The Second in Command of The Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Projects DCNS-P
Rear Admiral
Shafquat Hussain Akhtar SI(M),Ops		 Head of Projects Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Trainning and Personnel DCNS-T&P
Rear Admiral
Mian Zakirullah Jan HI(M),Ops		 Head of Training and Personnel Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Materials DCNS-M
Vice Admiral
Abid Hameed, HI(M), Engg		 Head of Materials Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Operations DCNS-O
Rear Admiral
Abdul Munib, HI(M), Ops		 Head of Operations Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Supply DCNS-S
Rear Admiral
Syed Ahmed Salman, HI(M), Supp		 Head of Supplies Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Administration DCNS-A
Rear Admiral
Javaid Iqbal, HI(M), Ops		 Head of Administrations Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.
Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff, Welfare and Housing DCNS-W&H
Rear Admiral
Amir Mahmood, HI(M), Ops		 Head of Welfares and Housings Branch and Organization in the Pakistan Navy.

Organizations and Heads of Services, Pakistan Navy

The Organizations and the Heads of Services operating in the Pakistan Navy and reporting directly to the

Naval Chief
are as follows:

Organizations Call sign Heads of Services
Director General, Naval Research and Development Institute DG NRDI
Rear Admiral
Hussain Sial, HI(M), Engg
Director General, Command, Control, Communication, Computers and Intelligence DG C4I
Naval Secretariat, Naval Secretary NS
Rear Admiral
Faisal Amin,HI(M),Ops
Director General, Naval Intelligence DG NI
Rear Admiral
Shahzad Hamid, SI(M) TBT, Ops
Director General, Public Relations DG PR Commodore Syed Rizwan Khalid, SI(M) TBT, Ops

Naval components and branches

Each branch in the navy offers specialisation and officers interested in joining the particular service have to pass aptitude tests before attending the specialised school that usually last for two to three years, in which the officer is able to attain a college degree.[6][90]

Military administration in the Navy[91]
administrative branches in the Navy call sign specialization and qualification badges administrative branches in the Navy call sign specialization and qualification badges
Naval Operations Ops
NBCD
 Naval Supplies S Supply Badge
Logistics Log Logistics Badge Mechanical Mech Ship Mechanical Engineering Badge
Judge Advocate General Corps JAG JAG Badge Education Ed Education Badge
Weapons Engineering Branch WEB WEB Badge Marine Engineering Branch MEB
Aviation AVN Naval aviator badge Music MUS Music Badge
Medical MED Medical Badge Naval Police NP Naval Police Badge
Naval Intelligence NI Navy Intelligence Badge Marines Corps MC Marines Badge
Navy SEALs SSGN SSGN Badge Maritime Security Agency MSA MSA Badge
Special Branch SB
IT
Badge		 Chaplain (Khatib) Service CS

Naval Commands in Field and Commanders

Since its restructuring and reorganisation over the several years, the Pakistan Navy now operates eight operational and tactical field commands and also two major type commands, two of the important commands of aviation and submarines are reporting directly to the senior Pakistan Fleet Command.

Rear-Admiral.[89] The appointment to the senior fleet commander known as s Commander, Pakistan Fleet leads the navy's entire fleet with a responsibility of deploying the entire combat formations of the navy.[2]
: 73 

Geographically, there are three administrative commanders, such as Commander Karachi (COMKAR), Commander Central Punjab (COMCEP), and Commander Northern (COMNOR), who administer the bulk of naval installations, offshore establishments, and training facilities besides the seven oceanic based commands.[2]: 73 

In 2012, the Pakistan Navy established the

second strike capability."[92]

The peacetime commands and the Commands in the Navy allocated are given below.

Operational Commands in the Pakistan Navy[93][2]
Headquarters
Navy NHQ, Islamabad in Pakistan
Operational, Tactical and Type Commands Call sign Commander Subordinate combat squadrons and arms Notes
Commander, Pakistan Fleet COMPAK
Vice Admiral Muhammad Faisal Abbasi
, HI(M), Ops
Subordinate squadrons
  • 25th Destroyer Squadron
  • 18th Destroyer Squadron
  • 9th Auxiliary Squadron
  • 21st Auxiliary Squadron
  • 10th Patrol Squadron
  • Fast Patrol Squadron
  • Commander Naval Aviation- COMNAV
  • Commander Submarines- COMSUBS
 The war-fighting command responsible for operational deployments of the Surface, Submarine, and Aviation Commands to ensure the operational readiness and assurances of the Navy.
Commander, Karachi COMKAR
Rear Admiral
Muhammad Saleem,HI(M), Ops
Subordinate offshore establishments
  • PNS Nigraan – Naval Police HQ
    		•  Directs the offshore establishments, training schools, military protocol, and ensuring coastal defence of Karachi coast.
    Commander, Coast COMCOAST
    Vice Admiral Raja Rab Nawaz
    , HI(M), Ops
    Subordinate branches
  • Pakistan Naval Air Defense
    		•  Directs the coastal command by ensuring the coastal defences of Pakistan from Iranian border in West to Indian borders in East.
    Commander, Naval Strategic Forces Command CDR NSFC
    Vice Admiral
    Abdul Samad, HI(M), Ops
    Subordinate commands
    		 This command was identified by the military as Custodian of nuclear second strike capability
    Commander, Logistics COMLOG
    Rear Admiral
    Sohail Arshad, HI(M), Engg
    Subordinate commands
    • Naval Dockyard
    • Weapons Depot
    • PNS Dilawar– Logistics Base
    • Commander Depot– COMDEP
    		 Directs the logistics command to oversee the maintenance, military logistics and material readiness for construction warships at the shipyard.
    Flag Officer, Sea Training FOST
    Rear Admiral Shifaat Ali Khan
    , HI(M), Ops    		 This Command oversees the training deployment of the Pakistan Navy Fleet
    Commander, Central Punjab COMCEP
    Rear Admiral Azhar Mahmood
    , SI(M), Ops    		 Oversees the deployments of Marine detachment and operations of the War College in Punjab
    Commander, West COMWEST
    Rear Admiral
    Adnan Majeed, SI(M), Ops    		 Directs the Navy's combat units in the Western Pakistan.
    Subordinate commands
    • Pakistan Naval War College
      – Lahore
    • PNS Punjab
    Commander, North COMNOR Commodore Khan Mehmood Asif SI(M), Ops - Directs the Navy's combat units in Northern Pakistan and reports to Principal Staff Commands at NHQ.
    Commander, Depot COMDEP Commodore Nayyer Mohsin SI(M), Supp Directs the Naval Depots Command to oversee all the naval supplies and materials being stored and distributed in the Pakistan Navy and reporting directly to COMLOG
    Commander, Naval Aviation COMNAV Commodore Syed Talat Hussain, SI(M), Ops Directs the Naval Aviation Command but reporting directly to COMPAK
    Commander, Submarines COMSUBS Commodore Mazhar Bashir, SI(M), Ops Directs the Submarine Command but reporting directly to COMPAK
    Director of Procurement, Navy DP NAVY Commodore Fareed Amin, Supp - This Command deals in the purchasing of certain military equipments and supplies for the navy and reports to DCNS-S

    Special operations forces

    Main articles:
    Special Service Group Navy, 1st Marines Battalion (Pakistan), and Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)
    The Navy SSG conducting the force-protection and underwater special forces training with their United States Navy counterparts, the U.S. Navy SEALs in 2011

    The

    Special Service Group (Navy) (SSG(N)), colloquially known as the SSGN[94] is an elite unit that conducts unconventional warfare, combat diving, naval interdiction, and asymmetric warfare operations, established under the guidance of the United States Navy's SEALs in 1966.[95]

    The Pakistan Marines dressed in operational camouflage uniforms, during training with United States counterparts in Alexandria in 2009.

    The Navy Special Service Group is headquartered at PNS Iqbal in Karachi where the physical conditioning and weapon tactics training take place.[96] The Navy Special Service Group's specialisation further includes training and mastery in the visit, board, search, and seizure methods, naval interdiction, and security operations to prevent seaborne-based terrorism.[97]

    The Navy Special Service Group is a tighter unit composed of highly qualified and selected personnel who are modelled on and inspired by the U.S. Navy SEALs training and tradition.[96] The actual number of personnel of Navy Special Service Group is classified and their deployment are also subjected to classified information.[96]

    In 1970–71, the Navy established the

    United States Marines Corps but the Marines component was decommissioned by the federal government in 1974.[98] On 14 April 1990, the Pakistan Marines were again recommissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 personnel.[99] The advanced training of the Marines are often takes place with the Pakistan Army at their School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta in Balochistan.[100]

    The 1st Marines Battalion, the special operation unit, of the Pakistan Marines is specifically trained by the Pakistan Army to conduct infiltration and anti-aircraft warfare operations. The 1st Battalion is currently deployed in Sir Creek.[101]

    Military philosophy

    Combat doctrine

    capable of launching the nuclear-based cruise missiles from an underwater platform.[102][103]

    The military doctrine and philosophy of the Pakistan Navy is primarily directed towards preventing the Indian Navy repeating the 1971 blockade of the Pakistani coasts.[89] From 1947 until 1971, the Pakistan Navy was effectively little more than a coast guard because the Government of Pakistan did not give importance to the strategy of protecting the sea lines of communication.[2]: 68  In 1971, the Indian Navy ultimately played a decisive role by enforcing a blockade of Chittagong and Karachi, the only maritime outlets of East Pakistan and West Pakistan respectively. The Navy was unable to break the blockade leading to Pakistan's economic and military resources being severely drained and communication was limited between the two wings of the country. Subsequently, the federal government increased the funding of the Navy.[25]: 97–98 [104]: 94 

    Since 1971 the Navy tactical doctrine has included the acquisition, development, employment, and aggressive deployment of the long-range and depth reaching submarines in an effort to target and destroy its adversaries by attacking surface warships before reaching the country's ports.[89] The mining of the Karachi's harbour is also taken as a serious consideration of preventing the enemy from launching the missile attacks in the port city of Karachi.[89]

    In 1983–85, the Navy commissioned the

    Exocet missiles and are aimed towards engaging the Indian Navy's aircraft out to 500 kilometres (310 mi) in the Indian Ocean.[89][105]

    The routine deployment of the surface fleet as part of the

    HALO/HAHO airdrop or by using the midget submarines.[89]

    Responding to the development of the INS Arihant, the Pakistan Navy reportedly announced the launch of the nuclear powered submarine program to counter the submarine threat in 2012.[106]

    The Navy eventually pushed for attaining the naval-based nuclear

    second-strike capability in 2017 when the ISPR announced the Pakistan Navy's to have attained the sea-based second strike capability when it launched the nuclear SLCM based on the Babur cruise missile, though the range of the SLCM remains to be at the short range.[107]

    Equipment

    Ships: Surface combatants

    Main article: List of active Pakistan Navy ships
    guided missile frigates, designed and constructed with a joint venture with China and Pakistan in 2008
    McInerney
    USS McInerney
    in 2004. She is now known as PNS Alamgir after a major refit and overhaul in 2010.
    Karachi coast
    in 2009. She is the lead ship of the Larkana–class missile boats.

    The names of the commissioned warship and noncombat vessels of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS"— the Pakistan Navy Ship.[89] The naming convention of the ship are selected by the Ministry of Defense, often honouring the important people or places in the history of Pakistan, and then commissioned by the President of Pakistan.[108][109][110]

    The Surface Fleet, established in 1947, is a pivotal component of the Navy with crucial role in maintaining the military balance with the Indian Navy in the Indian Ocean, taking part in multinational task forces to prevent seaborne terrorism and piracy.[111]

    The Navy currently operates approximately 100 vessels including ones used by the Maritime Security Agency (MSA) and Pakistan Marines.[89] In the current inventory, the Navy has a combination of Turkish, American, Chinese and locally produced ships including the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate, Turkish-designed Babur class, and locally-built Zulfiquar-class frigate (built with Chinese assistance). Decommissioning of the ageing Tariq class destroyer has been completed after the construction of additional missile guided Zulfiquar-class frigates in Pakistan by 2021 and the acquisition of the Type 054A frigates from China that started in 2017.[112][113][114][115]

    The Tariq class were a class of

    guided missile frigates are attached with the 18th Destroyer Squadron with a complement of the American-transferred USS McInerney (now PNS Alamgir) in 2011.[116]

    PNS Alamgir (former USS McInerney), being handed over to Pakistan Navy on 31 August 2010 at the Naval Station Mayport in Florida

    In 1992, the

    Munsif-class minehunters
    in Pakistan as a local production that increased the Pakistan Navy's operational scope and its overall capabilities.

    In 2011, the Navy commissioned the

    KSEW Ltd. in Karachi that is in the current service with the Pakistan Navy, forming the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.[120]

    In addition to the Navy's operations of warships, the Navy operates coast guard ships intended for the Maritime Security Agency – most are imported from China while others are locally build to guard the Pakistan's seaborne borders from illegal activities, followed by the ten of the locally designed and built

    patrol boats for the Coast Guards for the safety and policing of the beaches in the country.[121]

    TCG Heybeliada in the Mediterranean Sea

    In 2017, the Pakistan Navy entered in discussion with the

    Turkish Navy to acquire four of the MILGEM-class warship, and eventually signing a major defence deal based on a technology transfer with Turkey on 5 July 2018, which was described as "the largest defense export of Turkey in one agreement."[122]

    The Pakistan Navy Fleet Tanker Project (PNFT), of which STM, one of Turkey's leading companies in the defence industry, is the prime contractor, joined the Pakistan Navy in 2018.

    Type 054A
    frigates

    On 1 June 2018, Pakistan Navy ordered four Type 054As. The ships are expected to enter service by 2021.

    The steel-cutting ceremony for the second Type 054A frigate for the Pakistan Navy (PN) was held in China on 19 December 2018, marking the beginning of construction of the vessel at the Hudong-Zhonghua shipyard in Shanghai, China.[citation needed]

    On 1 November 2019, China's Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding held a steel cutting ceremony for the Pakistan Navy's third and fourth Type 054A frigates.[citation needed]

    Pakistan Navy outgoing Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi said Navy will add more than 50 vessels, including 20 major ships, to its fleet as part of an ambitious modernisation plan to improve its capabilities. [citation needed]

    Navy would operate four modified

    Ada class corvette's from Turkey, two multi-purpose Yarmook class corvettes built by Dutch shipbuilder Damen Shipyards and twenty fast attack missile boats.[123][124][125][126]

    Submarines

    Main article:
    List of submarines of the Pakistan Navy
    PNS Hashmat in the Persian Gulf in 2014

    Established in 1964, the Submarine Command is a major component of the Navy whose primary mission is to conduct clandestine military

    precision strikes on enemy positions from underwater during war.[127][1][128]

    Agosta 90B-class submarine, being prepared to go through the depth tests in 2007[102]

    There are eight submarines in active service including the

    diesel-electric and air-independent propulsion.[129]

    The Agosta-class submarines are equipped with an air-independent propulsion system giving a capability of deeper dives and the ability to submerge for a longer period of time without detection.[130] They are armed with Exocet and Babur-III missiles, which can be launched from underwater.[131] Two of the three Agosta-90B class have undergone refitting and modernisation by the Turkish firm, STM. [131]

    Yuan class diesel electric submarine

    In 2014, Pakistan Navy entered in defence discussions with the

    national submarine program is known as Hangor-class submarine features air-independent propulsion is being constructed as a joint-venture with China with the expectation of being commissioned between 2023 and 2028.[132] In a direct response to INS Arihant, the Pakistan Navy eventually succeeded getting the proposal approved for building the nuclear-powered submarine whose delivery is expected to between 2028, according to the Pakistan Navy officials.[106]

    In April 2014, the Navy announced that submarine operations would move from Naval Base Karachi to the new Jinnah Naval Base in Ormara.[133]

    Submarine training takes place at PNS Abdoze in Karachi. In May 2008, the Navy established the Fleet Acoustic Research and Classification Centre to validate submarine safety standards and to act as an underwater listening post to track unauthorised submarines.[134]

    Auxiliaries, mine countermeasures, and amphibious warfare

    Colombo Harbour, Sri Lanka
    in 2017

    The Navy has six

    KSEW Ltd. in 2016.[136]

    In 1987, the Pakistan Navy commissioned

    Karachi Shipyard— PNS Gwadar and PNS Kalmat— commissioned in 1984 and in 1992.[138] In 2011, the Navy commissioned two more small tankers/utility ships (STUS) —PNS Madadgar and PNS Rasadgar —to support the logistics and marine operations in the open sea.[139][140]

    Auxiliaries, mine countermeasures, and amphibious warfare

    In 1992, the Navy increased its operational capabilities in

    Munsif-class minehunter in 1996 and 1998.[141] Together with the Munsif-class minehunters and the replenishment oil tankers, these classes of ships are commissioned and complemented in the 9th Auxiliary Squadron.[135] In 2018, the Pakistan Navy commissioned another PNS Moawin (A39) which was locally engineered and constructed from the crucial design guidance from Turkey – the fleet tanker is noted for being the largest warship ever built in Pakistan.[142][143]

    In 2011, the Pakistan Navy established the 21st Auxiliary Squadron to further support its fleet's logistics operations to fulfill the requirements of hydrological survey in the ocean, and the dredging operations in the area of responsibility that includes the training requirements for the Pakistan Navy's personnel at the deeper ocean which is conducted by a dedicated Sail Training Vessel.[144] The 21st Auxiliary Squadron consists of PNS Rah Naward, a tall ship acquired from the United Kingdom in 2010, PNS Behr Khusha, a dredging vessel commissioned from China in 2008, and PNS Behr Paima, that was commissioned from Japan in 1983.[144][145][146][147]

    Aircraft

    Main article: Pakistan Naval Air Arm

    The Aircraft in the Pakistan Navy provides the logistical support to the navy's readiness at all level of commands and serves as the supply platform, through helicopters, to conduct the

    landing platform built at the Mehran Naval Air Station in Karachi.[149]
    : 66  After realising the failure to protect the harbour from the attacks of the Indian Navy in 1971, the Navy took the research on using the aircraft on sea in an attempt to lessen the dependence on the Pakistan Air Force, which already covers the airspace of Pakistan, and established the naval aviation branch, the Naval Air Arm, in 1974.[148][150] whose initial pilot training takes place at the Air Force Academy in Risalpur.[151]

    The Navy operates the Lockheed P-3 Orion, ATR 72 and Hawker 800 as their fixed-wing aircraft inventory.[148] The rotary-wing aircraft in the naval air arm includes the Harbin Z-9 and the Westland Sea King. In addition, there are numbers of aircraft active in the Pakistan Maritime Security Agency (MSA).[152]

    Aircraft in the Pakistan Navy
    • Naval Air Arm Maritime patrol P-3C Orion take off
      Naval Air Arm Maritime patrol P-3C Orion take off

    Weapon systems and Air defence

    See also:
    Ministry of Defense as seen by the Navy's enlisted personnel in 2009.[153]

    Current weapon systems in the Pakistan Navy is entirely composed and focused towards missiles, serving as both weapons or a defence from a threat.[154][155]

    In 1971 with the Indian Navy's introduction of

    ammunition focusing towards the vintage tactics witnessed in the previous naval wars fought in the World War II.[156]

    The Navy's primary air defence included the usage of the CAMM-ER, LY-80, FM-90, FN-16, Anza and the Mistral system.[154]

    The primary and standard rifle issued for the Navy is the

    Ministry of Defense, and is based on the German design of the Heckler and Koch G3 rifle.[153]

    The Navy's ground based air defence is entrusted with the Pakistan Marines who received their weapons training at the School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta with the Pakistan Army. [100][157]

    In 2016, the Navy inducted the

    Zarb cruise missile that was first test fired on 10 April 2016.[159][160]

    The cruise missiles system in the Navy, the Harbah and Babur–III are the variants and derivatives of the improved version of the first cruise missile that entered in the service of the Pakistan Army— the Babur cruise missile system. [161]

    • man-portable air-defense systems
      , tested on 25 December 2010 by Pakistan Marines with a range of 6 km and altitude ~ 3.5 km.
    • Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile, test fired on 25 December 2010 by Pakistan Marines.

    The military uniform in the Pakistan Navy includes the full white-worn

    service uniform as seen in the footage, and is worn on regular basis by the senior ranking star officers in the Navy.[162]: 295  In the past times of 1947–2012, the Navy's uniform had closely followed the uniforms issued in the British Royal Navy with star officers often wearing the full white dress while the junior officers to enlisted members only wearing dressed-up blue working uniforms as their authorised working uniform in the vessels.[162]
    : 295 

    In 2014, the Navy working uniform pattern for all officials have been changed in favour of adopting the authorised digital camouflage pattern uniform which incorporates sparse black and medium grey shapes on a light grey background.[163]

    The Navy Special Service Group follows the Army Special Service Group's authorised uniform and wears the U.S. Woodland (M81) uniform while the Pakistan Marines have their own woodland pattern featuring light brown, olive green and blue shapes on a tan or light olive background.[163]

    Air defence systems

    Name Photo Type Origin Variant Range Notes
    Air defence - missile systems
    CAMM Medium-range surface-to-air missile  Italy Albatross NG 45 km Babur-class corvettes equipped with Albatross NG
    LY-80 Medium-range surface-to-air missile  People's Republic of China LY-80N 40+ km
    Type 054
    frigates equipped with LY-80 missile
    FM-90 Short-range surface-to-air missile  People's Republic of China FM-90N 15 km Zulfiquar-class frigate equipped with FM-90N
    FN-16 Man-portable air-defense system  People's Republic of China 6000m
    KRL Anza Man-portable air-defense system  Pakistan Mk II 6000m
    Mistral Man-portable air-defense system  France 6000m
    Air defence - gun systems
    Oerlikon GDF Anti-aircraft gun (2 x 35mm)  Switzerland GDF-002
    GDF-005     		4000m
    Type 85 Anti-aircraft gun (12.7mm)  People's Republic of China Type 77 4000m

    Missiles systems

    Name Photo Type Origin Range Variant Notes
    Air defence - missile systems
    YJ-12 ASCM  People's Republic of China 280 km CM-302 Tughril-class equipped with supersonic ASCM
    C-602 ASCM  People's Republic of China Pakistan 280 km Zarb Ground based anti-ship cruise missile
    Babur III SLCM
    ASCM     		 Pakistan 450 km Babur III Modernized Agosta-class submarine and futuristic
    Harbah ASCM
    LACM     		 Pakistan 700 km Babur 1B Azmat class test fire multiple times dual anti-ship & Land attack cruise missile
    Harpoon ASCM  United States 125+ km Block II
    P-3C Orion
    equipped with Harpoon anti-ship missile
    YJ-83 ASCM  People's Republic of China 180+ km C-802 Zulfiquar-class frigate and

    Azmat-class missile crafts based anti-ship cruise missile

    Exocet ASCM  France 120+ km SM39
    AM39     		Agosta-class submarine and Mirage 5 equipped with Exocet SM39 & AM39 anti-ship missile

    Bases and facilities

    Main articles:
    List of Pakistan Navy bases and Pakistan Armed Forces deployments
    Pakistan Navy personnel conducting a naval interdiction exercise with the U.S. Navy personnel in the Indian Ocean in 2004

    From 1947 to 1991, the entire naval infrastructure and bases of the Pakistan Navy were primarily based in Karachi with the exception of the Navy NHQ in Islamabad.[6] In the 1950s, it was the crucial help from the United States Navy that the Karachi Naval Dockyard was built and constructed for wartime operations.[164]: 27  Besides the Naval Base Karachi, the PNS Dhaka in East Pakistan was the only naval base for the Pakistan Navy, dedicated for coastal operations only[165]: 24 

    After the Indian Navy's missile attacks in Karachi in 1971, the Navy concentrated on building and moving its operational assets in Balochistan, Punjab, and the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[6]

    These naval bases are operationalised for various purposes including the logistics and maintenance support, armoury and ammunition support, air stations, military hospitals,

    Naval War College in Lahore.[166]

    The primary naval air station is the

    CPEC.[167]

    The PNS Hameed, commissioned in 2017, is a VLF facility near the Karachi coast, while the Karachi-based PNS Iqbal and the PNS Qasim serves for the operational activities dedicated for the Navy Special Service Group and the Marines.[168] The Jinnah Naval Base and proposed Kalmat Naval Base are dedicated towards maintaining and harbouring the country's strategic assets such as the nuclear-capable submarines.[169][170]

    Besides deployment within Pakistan, the Pakistan Navy, along with the inter-services branches, are permanently based in different parts in the Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[171]

    Medical care

    The Navy operates five hospitals:

    Personnel

    Commissioned officers

    Main article:
    Naval ranks and insignia of Pakistan
    one-star general (Brig.) in the Pakistan Army.[175]

    From its commencement in August 1947, the Pakistan Navy had traditionally followed the ranks and insignia of the Royal Navy but disbanded in favour of adopting the officer ranks system of the United States Navy as early as the 1950s.[2][175]: 73 

    Unlike the army or air force where there are several paths to become the officers, there is only one way of becoming the naval officer by must attending the

    Manora Island— for one-and-half year for them to be able to passed out from the academy.[176]

    The

    commission in the Navy as midshipman, taking their first assignment in an open-sea ship that gives them the experience of life at sea while being trained in different careers on board.[176] The training of the passed out midshipman usually lasts till six months before rotating back to the naval academy to be promoted as the Sub-Lieutenants.[176] Their college education is provided by the Navy at the Naval Engineering College in Karachi for three years that led them to earn the bachelor's degree in their choice of career.[176]

    US Navy and Pakistan Navy Sailors during a joint exercise

    The Pakistan Navy has the same officer rank hierarchy as the Royal Navy; insignia are similar to the Royal Navy except that commodore's and admiral's shoulder boards have a star and crescent instead of a crown.[177][failed verification]

    Besides the military officers, the Department of Navy also offers employments to civilians in financial management, accountancy, medical services, computing, and administration, and has currently employed ~2,000 civilians that met the Navy's quota in 2018.[178]

    Rank group General ranks / Senior flag officers Star rank senior officers / Junior flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
     Pakistan Navy[179]
    Admiral
    ایڈمرل     		Vice admiral
    وائس ایڈمرل     		Rear admiral
    بحریہ کا امیر     		Commodore
    کموڈور     		Captain
    کپتان
    Commander

    کمانڈر     		Lieutenant commander
    لیفٹیننٹ کمانڈر     		Lieutenant
    لیفٹیننٹ     		Sub-lieutenant
    سب لیفٹیننٹ     		Midshipman
    مڈ شپ مین

    Enlisted personnel

    The Pakistan Navy's enlisted personnel at the Jinnah's Tomb in Karachi in 2007

    The recruitment and the enlistment in the navy is nationwide and the recruitment in the Navy is carried out by the release of the employment tender in the

    Navy NHQ in Islamabad controls the recruiting offices and centers in all over the country— the recruiting offices are located in Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan.[181] Before 1966, almost all the enlisted personnel and officers had to be sent to attend the military academies in the United Kingdom to be educated and to be trained in technical branches for the Pakistan Navy.[25]
    : 90 

    After passing out from the nine-month long boot camp, the enlisted personnel are directed for subsequent job training at the PNS Karsaz in Karachi on the matters of technical subjects and assigned for different branches in the Navy.[180]

    Promotion in the Navy from the enlistment to officers ranks are much quicker than the army or the air force, as the Department of Navy offers financial aid to those enlisted personnel successful in their profession to attend the

    colleges and universities.[180] Most of the enlisted personnel rarely stays in their enlisted ranks at the time of their retirement as most retires at junior officer ranks once reaching their retirement age of 62[25]
    : 90 

    Their technical experiences in their fields is consolidated into the professional training that forms their basis to attend the respective university for them to earn the four-year college degree.[180]

    The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective anchors color patches or badges chevrons on their shoulders.[180] Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their services.[180]

    Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
     Pakistan Navy
    		 No insignia
    Master chief petty officer
    ماسٹر چیف پیٹی آفیسر     		Fleet chief petty officer
    فلیٹ چیف پیٹی آفیسر     		Chief petty officer
    چیف پیٹی آفیسر     		Petty officer
    چھوٹا افسر     		Leading seaman
    معروف سی مین     		Able seaman
    قابل ملاح     		Ordinary seaman
    عام سی مین

    Recruitment and training

    Main article: Quota system in Pakistan
    The passing out (graduation) of cadets from the Pakistan Naval Academy in Karachi in 2008. The education and boot camp training last for two years before cadets becomes sailors.[180]

    After the Navy was established in August 1947, the Navy had to send its officers and enlisted personnel to be trained at the

    Indian immigrants as naturalised citizens of Pakistan).[23]
    : 47 

    After 1971, the

    better source needed] In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Balochistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.[184] The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.[184]

    Recruitment in the Navy remains to be challenge for the naval recruiters to enlists citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the

    matriculation examinations are concluded.[180]

    The Navy has only one

    physical conditioning is strongly emphasised.[185] Once completing the boot camp, the enlisted personnel are sent to attend the Pakistan Naval Academy where their training lasts for year and half before they are able to passed out from the Naval Academy.[25]: 93 [176] Once passing out, the commissioned junior officers must spend six-month deployment in Indian Ocean before being selected to attend the professional schools, such as the Naval Engineering College in Karachi, to move towards attaining the bachelor's degree in a period of four-years.[176]

    As the estimates made in 2003 and 2009, the Navy had approximately ~30,200 active duty personnel.[186] In 2014, the estimates established the Navy's manpower strength at 30,700 active duty personnel.[187] but its combined manpower strength is increased and approximated at ~40,500 personnel based on recent estimates in 2018.[2]: 73 

    Education and training

    Main article: Military academies in Pakistan

    Schooling, teaching, and institutions

    The Pakistan Navy offers the wide range of lucrative careers to the high school graduates in the technical fields by issuing specialised diplomas and certifications at the PNS Karsaz and the PNS Bahadur, which consists of the schools of operations, underwater, surface weapons, communications, and the naval police.[180][188] Instructions and technical education on technical fields and the engineering are primarily taught at the Pakistan Navy Engineering College that is open for both military and public admission, and offers college degree programs at undergraduate and post-graduate level.[189]

    When the Navy was established in 1947, there was no technical schools for the Navy to look after the ship maintenance and

    Security Assistance Program (SAP) as the U.S. Navy's officers served in the faculty of the engineering and technical schools of the Navy.[192]: 190 [self-published source?
    ]

    In 1966, the Pakistan Naval Academy was established under the guidance of the United States Navy, and is a premier institution of higher learning whose alumni included the Commanders of the Royal Qatari Navy, Royal Saudi Navy, and the Sri Lanka Navy while other nations naval cadets have also attended the naval academy.[191]

    In 1968, the

    naval warfare techniques to the military officers serving in the army, air force, and marines departments of the Pakistani military.[194]

    After the

    1971 war
    with India, the Navy established several schools on strategy, naval warfare, and weapons tactics by commissioning the PNS Bahadur in 1981 as the navy established schools are listed below:

    Navy schools and colleges Year of establishment School and college principal locations Website
    Naval Polytechnic Institute
    1951
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Naval Polytechnic Institute".
    PNS Karsaz
    1954
    		 Karachi in Sindh "PNS Karsaz".
    Navy Engineering College
    1962
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Pakistan Navy Engineering College".
    Submarine School
    1964
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Submarine School".
    PNS Iqbal
    1967
    		 Karachi in Sindh "PNS Iqbal—Naval Special Warfare School". Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    Naval War College
    1968
    		 Lahore in Punjab "Naval War College".
    School of Logistics and Management
    1970
    		 Karachi in Sindh "School of Logistics and Management".
    School of Aviation
    1975
    		 Karachi in Sindh "School of Aviation".
    PNS Bahadur
    1980
    		 Karachi in Sindh "PNS Bahadur".
    PNS Rahnuma
    1982
    		 Karachi in Sindh -
    Navigation and Operations School
    1981
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Navigation and Operations School".
    Surface Weapons School
    1981
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Surface Weapons School".
    Underwater Warfare School
    1981
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Underwater Warfare School".
    Communications School
    1981
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Communications School".
    Navy Hydrography School
    1984
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Hydrography School".
    Navy School of Music
    1993
    		 Karachi in Sindh "School of Music".
    Naval Police School
    1997
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Regulating and Provost School".
    Information Warfare School
    2002
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Information Warfare School".
    Naval Special Operation Training Center
    2015
    		 Nathia Gali in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa "Naval STOC". Facebook. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
    Public schooling and universities Year of establishment School and college principal locations Website
    Pakistan Navy School
    1999
    		 Karachi in Sindh
    Bahria University
    2000
    		 Islamabad in Pakistan "Bahria University". Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    Bahria College, Nore 1 Karachi
    1986
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Bahria College Karachi".
    Bahria College, Naval Complex Islamabad
    1986
    		 Islamabad in Pakistan
    Bahria College, Karsaz Karachi
    1986
    		 Karachi in Sindh "Bahria College, Karsaz". Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    Cadet College Petaro
    1957
    		 Jamshoro in Sindh "Petaro".
    Cadet College Ormara
    1987
    		 Ormara in Balochistan "Cadet College Ormara".
    Higher education institutions Year of establishment locations Website
    National Defense University
    1971
    		 Islamabad "National Defense University". Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    National University of Sciences and Technology
    1991
    		 Multiple campuses "National University of Sciences and Technology". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

    Source: Pakistan Navy (Official Website)

    The PNS Karsaz—the training facility on heavy machinery was established in 1954.

    Established in 1971, the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad is the most senior and premier institute of higher learning that provides the advance critical thinking level and research-based strategy level education to the senior military officers in the Pakistani military.[195]: 9–10  The NDU is a significant institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest learning platform where the military leadership comes together for common instruction", according to thesis written by Pakistani author Aqil Shah.[196]: 8  Without securing their graduation from their master's program at the NDU, no officer in the Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air force, or admiral in the navy or marines as it is a prerequisite for their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[196]: 8–9 

    Additionally, the platform provided at the NDU represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as qualification to attend the

    air commodores, and commodores, are invited to given admission in broad range of strategic, political, social, and economic factors as these factors affect the country's national security.[196]: 8–9  In this sense, the NDU becomes the critical thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises.[195]: 9–10  Admission to the NDU is not restricted to military officials, but civilians can also attend and graduate, allowing them to explore the broader aspects of national security.[196]
    : 8–9 

    Established in 1991, the

    National Institute of Oceanography (NIO).[198]

    Naval jack

    Main article: Jack (flag)
    Naval jack of the Pakistan Navy
    Naval Flag of Pakistan Navy

    From 1947 to 1956, the Pakistan Navy had stuck with the

    Eisenhower administration in 1956.[2]
    : 73 

    Since then, the Navy's tradition and culture is commonly and uniquenly influenced from the United States Navy.[2]: 73 

    After the promulgation of the Constitution in 1956, the Navy gained its independence from the British Royal patronage and became the federal institution of the armed forces commissioned by the elected President of Pakistan. The prefix Royal was permanently removed from the Navy as well as disbanding the British monarch culture and tradition in the Navy.

    The

    naval jack and the ensign flag of the Navy immediately replaced the Queen's colours and the white ensign entirely, instead the dark blue color with the anchor crest of the Navy was adopted while the blue anchor was added in the side of the corner white colored section on the national flag of Pakistan. Since then, the naval jack has always flown in the warships of the Pakistan Navy while the naval ensign of the Navy is commonly used by the Pakistan Marines
    as their primary war flag.

    Civil society and business activities

    Main article: Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)
    PNS Badr participating in the relief operations after the earthquake hit the northern parts of the country in 2005
    Adm. Bashir meeting with the U.S. Army General David Petraeus, top commander of ISAF in Afghanistan, to initiate peace initiatives and counter-terrorism operations against Taliban forces in Afghanistan in 2010.

    The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[200] In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:

    In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.

    — General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations[200]

    In times of national calamities and emergencies, the Pakistan Navy has been deployed in relief operations and nation building programs in the country.[201] In 2004, a tactical task force under then-Commodore Asif Sandila coordinated the peacetime relief operations in Maldives, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Bangladesh when the underwater earthquake caused a tsunami and struck the South Asian nations.[202][203][204][205][206][207] In 2005, the Navy deployed the PNS Badr (D-184) to help assists the relief efforts for the earthquake that struck the northern part of the country in October 2005.[58]

    In 2010, the Navy coordinated one of its largest relief operations during the nationwide flash floods, with Navy divers rescuing and evacuating more than 352,291 people in August 2010.[208] In addition, the Navy and Marines personnel provided 43,850 kg of food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to Sukkur.[209]As of January 2011, under the program PN Model Village, the Navy's civil engineering corps built the model houses in the affected areas for the internally displaced person (IDPs).[210]

    On 10 June 2018, Pakistan Navy and Maritime Security Agency rescued eleven Iranian crew members on a sunken Iranian boat in the Northern Arabian Sea, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) away from Karachi.[211][212]

    Corporate and business activities

    Main articles:
    Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC)

    The Pakistan Navy has the wider commercial and financial interests in the country, and is a forerunner of the Bahria Foundation (lit. Naval Foundation).[213] From 1996 to 2000, the Navy was a major sponsor of the Bahria Town– the real estate enterprise – and reportedly received market shares for the use of its name in commercial building projects.[214] In 2002, the Navy filed a civil lawsuit to refrain the Bahria Town using its name for profiteering – the lawsuit was eventually settled in civil court in favour of Navy in 2018.[214]

    For external billets appointment, the federal government takes the senior leadership of the Navy as secondment to manage the federal institutions such as the Karachi Port Trust, Port of Karachi and the Port of Gwadar.[215][216]

    Awards and honours

    Main article: Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces

    Wartime Gallantry Awards

    Nishan-e-Haider (Order of the Lion)
    Hilal-e-Jurat (Crescent of Courage)
    Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage)
    Tamgha-e-Jurat (Medal of Courage)
    Imtiazi Sanad (Mentioned in Despatches)[217]
    Order of Wear

    Nishan-e-Haider

    (Order of the Lion)

    Nishan-e-Imtiaz

    (Civilian)

    Nishan-e-Imtiaz

    (Military)

    Hilal-e-Jurat

    (Crescent of Courage)

    Hilal-e-Shujaat

    (Crescent of Bravery)

    Hilal-e-Imtiaz

    (Civilian)

    Hilal-e-Imtiaz

    (Military)

    Sitara-e-Jurat

    (Star of Courage)

    Sitara-e-Shujaat

    (Star of Bravery)

    Sitara-e-Imtiaz

    (Military)

    President's Award for

    Pride of Performance

    Sitara-e-Basalat

    (Star of Good Conduct)

    Sitara-e-Eisaar

    (Star of Sacrifice)

    Tamgha-e-Jurat

    (Medal of Courage)

    Tamgha-e-Shujaat

    (Medal of Bravery)

    Tamgha-e-Imtiaz

    (Military)

    Tamgha-e-Basalat

    (Medal of Good Conduct)

    Tamgha-e-Eisaar

    (Medal of Sacrifice)

    Imtiazi Sanad

    (Mentioned in Despatches)

    Tamgha-e-Diffa

    (General Service Medal)

    Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

    (War Star 1965)

    Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

    (War Star 1971)

    Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

    (War Medal 1965)

    Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

    (War Medal 1971)

    Tamgha-e-Baqa

    (Nuclear Test Medal)

    Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan

    (Escalation with India Medal)

    Tamgha-e-Azm

    (Medal of Conviction)

    Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-I)

    (Medal of Service Class I)

    Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-II)

    (Medal of Service Class I)

    Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-III)

    (Medal of Service Class I)

    10 Years Service Medal

    20 Years Service Medal

    30 Years Service Medal

    35 Years Service Medal

    40 Years Service Medal

    Pakistan Tamgha

    (Pakistan Medal)

    Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-

    Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

    Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

    (Republic Commemoration Medal)

    Hijri Tamgha

    (Hijri Medal)

    Jamhuriat Tamgha

    (Democracy Medal)

    Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha

    (Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal)

    Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan

    (Independence Day

    Golden Jubilee Medal)

    Command & Staff College Quetta

    Instructor's Medal

    Command & Staff College Quetta

    Student Medal

    Nishan-e-Haider

    Main article: Nishan-e-Haider

    In

    military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-e-Haidar (lit. Order of Lion; Urdu: نشان حیدر; its abbreviation is noted as NH) is the highest and the most prestigious honour awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event of war.[218]: 220  Established in March 1956 by the Constitution, this award is an equivalent to the American Medal of Honor, British Victoria Cross (VC), Russian Order of St. Andrew, or the French Legion of Honour.[219]
    : 87 

    In a sharp contrast to the American

    Hilal-e-Jurat or Sitara-e-Jurat.[220]: 5 [221]
    }

    Since the commencement of the Navy on

    Western Pakistan but the recommendation was rejected by the President of Pakistan in 2011.[222]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ As the Royal Pakistan Navy of the Dominion of Pakistan following the Partition of India.

    References

    1. ^ a b NIT. "Pakistan Submarine Capabilities". Nuclear Threat Initiatives. NIT Pakistan Directorate. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
    2. ^
      ISBN 9781783466320. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
    3. ISBN 9783662131725. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    4. ISBN 9789386057624. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    5. ISBN 9781857439007
      .
    6. ^ a b c d e Khan, Hassan (1 June 2003). "Command and Structure of the Navy". www.pakdef.org. Command & Structure « PakDef Military Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
    7. ^ "Pakistan Navy – Commandments". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
    8. ^ "Vice Admiral Niazi takes over as Karachi commander". DAWN. 11 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
    9. ^ "Official History of Pakistan Navy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    10. ^ Pakistan Navy (18 March 2008). "Pakistan Navy: Roles and Function". Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR). Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
    11. ^ "IDEAS -Pakistan Navy". ideaspakistan.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    12. ^ "Daily Times". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
    13. ^ Khan, Pakistan Navy (retired), current research officer at Pakistan Naval War College, Commander Muhammad Azam (2011). "Options for Pakistan Navy: § Pakistan Navy: A sentinel for energy and economic security". United States Naval Academy: Commander Muhammad Azam Khan, retired. Current, research officer at the Pakistan Naval War College: 7. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    14. ISBN 9788186019290. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    15. ISBN 9781857439007. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
    16. ^ Mills, J.M. (2003). Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia. 1 (A–M). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
    17. ^ PN, Pakistan Navy. "Pakistan Navy: Hydrography". Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR). Pakistan Navy Department of National Research and Hydrography. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
    18. ^ Zahra-Malik, Mehreen; Macfie, Nick (10 January 2017). "Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'". Reuters. Islamabad. Reuters Pakistan Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    19. ^ Tribune, EMEA (7 October 2020). "Admiral Amjad Khan Niazi is new chief of Pakistan Navy". EMEA Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
    20. ^ "Admiral Amjad Khan Niazi takes charge as new chief of Pakistan Navy.h". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
    21. ^ a b c d e f g GoPAK, Government of Pakistan. "History". Electronic Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Navy, Historical reference. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
    22. ISBN 9781948473224. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    23. ^
      ISBN 9781897829-028. Archived
      (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    24. ISBN 9780814716335. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    25. ^
      ISBN 9780814716335. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
    26. ^ Kazi, AGN (15 August 1947). "List of Naval officers transferred to Pakistan Navy on 15 August 1947". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    27. ISBN 9780230513525. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    28. ^ Raymond V B Blackman (ed.). Jane's Fighting Ships 1963-4,. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. p. 19.
    29. ^
      ISBN 9780393318982. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    30. ^ a b c d PakDef Military Consortium. "The First Destroyer". pakdef.org. PakDef Military Consortium. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
    31. ^ "Admiral Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski" (PDF). federacjapolek.ca. Polish Spirit. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
    32. ^ Hamid Hussain. "Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations". Hamid Hussain, Defence Journal of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
    33. ISBN 978-1477226476. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    34. ISBN 9781897829721. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
    35. ^ a b c d e Usman, Tariq. "1965 War". pakdef.org. Usman Tariq Pakdef. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
    36. ^ a b Story of the Pakistan Navy Op . Cit. pp. 283–288.
    37. ^ "Navy Special Forces". Global Security.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
    38. ^ a b c Tasnim, Vice-Admiral Ahmed (May 2001). "Remembering Our Warriors – Vice Admiral Tasneem". www.defencejournal.com. Vice Admiral A. Tasnim, Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
    39. ^
      ISBN 978-984-05-1374-1
      .
    40. ISBN 978-1-897829-11-0
      .
    41. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tiwana, M.A. Hussain (November 1998). "The Angry Sea". www.defencejournal.com. M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
    42. ^ a b John Pike. "Hangor Class (Fr Daphn". Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    43. ^ a b c d e f IN, Indian Navt. "Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi". Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
    44. ^ Haidar, Sajjad S.; Chopra, Pran. "War on the Western Front". www.archive.org. archives. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
    45. ISBN 9780714655420
      . Retrieved 18 February 2019 – via Google Books.
    46. ^ Joseph, Josy (12 May 2010). "Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010. Pakistani authorities say the submarine sank because of either an internal explosion or accidental blast of mines that the submarine itself was laying around Vizag harbour.
    47. ^ No way but surrender: an account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay of Bengal, 1971 Archived 5 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine By Vice Admiral N. Krishnan (Retd.)
    48. ^ Jacob, Lt Gen JFR. "The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi". sify news website. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
    49. ^ Jacob, Lt Gen JFR (25 May 2010). "The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi". sify news website. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010. On December 9, the Navy announced that they had sunk the Ghazi on December 4, after the start of the war. Later, officers were decorated for their role and the offensive action of their ships in the sinking of the Ghazi. After the war, however, teams of divers confirmed that it was an internal explosion that sank the Ghazi. The log of the Ghazi was recovered and the last entry as far as I can recall was on November 29, 1971. Sadly, that too has been destroyed.
    50. ^ Sengupta, Ramananda (22 January 2007). "The Rediff Interview/Admiral S M Nanda (retd) 'Does the US want war with India?'". Interview. India: Rediff. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
    51. ^ "Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy". Defence Notes by Commander (Retd) Muhammad Azam Khan. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2005.
    52. ^ "Chapter-39". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    53. ^ "Damage Assessment – 1971 INDO-PAK Naval War" (PDF). B. Harry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2005.
    54. ^ "Military Losses in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War". Venik. Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 30 May 2005.
    55. ^ "Express India". Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2005.
    56. ISBN 978-0-14-02-2401-6
      . In a two-seek war, Pakistan lost half its navy.
    57. ^ a b c d e f g Shariff, PN, Admiral Mohammad (2010). Admiral's Diary: Battling through stormy sea life for decades. The Army Press, Islamabad. p. 415. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
    58. ^ a b c d e f g h "Pakistan Navy Chronology of Important Event from 1947 to June 2012". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Navy ISPR. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
    59. ISBN 9788170620136. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    60. ISBN 9780981537894. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
    61. ISBN 9781935501602. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    62. ^ "Destroyer Photo Index DD-719 / DDE-719 USS EPPERSON". www.navsource.org. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
    63. ^ South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77
    64. ^ Ilmi Encyclopaedia of General Knowledge. Ilmi Kitab Khana. 1979. p. 548. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    65. ^ Rikhye, Ravi (1985). The Fourth Round: Indo-Pak War 1984. ABC Publishing House. p. 253. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
    66. ISBN 9789698318031
      .
    67. ^ a b c d NTI. "Nuclear Submarine for Navy" (PDF). 6 October 1990. NTI 1990. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
    68. ^ Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92
    69. JSTOR 24711004
      .
    70. ISBN 978-81-317-1025-8. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    71. ^ a b c d Lodhi, F.S. "An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan". Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi. Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
    72. ^
      ISBN 9781477250303. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    73. ISBN 9781557502421. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    74. ^ "P-3 Orion". Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    75. ^ "Pakistan naval aircraft crashes". BBC News. 29 October 1999. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
    76. ^ "16 dead as India shoots down Pakistani naval plane". The Independent. 10 August 1999. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    77. ISBN 9781317459569. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    78. ^ PN. "Pakistan Navy and Operation OEF". PN Second. Archived from the original on 26 July 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
    79. ^ Pakistan Navy Hands Command of CTF 150 to France Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
    80. ^ Pakistan Navy Participation In Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan Archived 26 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    81. ^ Lt. (j.g.) Bryan Boggs, USN (6 June 2008). "USS Curts, Pakistani Navy Participate in Officer Exchange Program". NNS080602-12. Abraham Lincoln Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
    82. ^ Mackey, Robert (23 May 2011). "Before Attack, Pakistan's Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban". NYTimes – The Lede (blog). The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
    83. Jang Group of Newspapers. Archived
      from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
    84. Jang Group of Newspapers. Archived
      from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
    85. ^ "Pakistan agrees to send ships to block arms shipments to Yemen rebels". mcclatchydc. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
    86. ^ Star Desk (10 February 2012). "Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine". ARY News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
    87. ^ "Leadership and Command of Pakistan Navy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
    88. ^ The Article 243(2) Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine in Chapter 2: The Armed Forces in Part XII: Miscellaneous of the Constitution of Pakistan
    89. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Khan, Hameed (1 June 2003). "Command and Structure of Pakistan Navy". www.pakdef.org. PakDef Military Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
    90. ^ "Branches and Professions in the Navy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
    91. ^ Professional Branch Archived 19 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine of Pakistan Navy. For other Enlisted Branch Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
    92. ^ "Pak's navy inaugurates new Strategic Force headquarters". The Times of India. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
    93. ^ "Administrative Commands". Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
    94. ^ "SEALs Team". Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    95. ^ "Navy Special Service Group". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    96. ^ a b c Khan, Wajahat Saeed (12 April 2011). "Special Service Group (Navy) – Pakistan – Documentary" (watch.tv). www.youtube.com. Dawn Newspaper. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    97. ^ "Pakistan Navy Seals". YouTube. 7 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    98. ^ PN. "Pakistan Marines and the Navy". Pakistan Navy. Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR). Archived from the original on 4 July 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
    99. ^ Pakistani Marines tour East Coast bases – Marine Corps News, news from Iraq – Marine Corps Times Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    100. ^ a b Khiyal, Commander Roshan. "Pakistan Marines". ISPR Marines. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    101. ^ "G For Gharida: Pakistan Marines – Express News". YouTube (in Urdu). 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    102. ^ a b Panda, Ankit (1 April 2018). "Pakistan Conducts Second Test of Babur-3 Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    103. ^ Joshua Berlinger, “South Asia's nuclear one-upmanship ramps up with Pakistan missile test,” CNN, 10 January 2017, https://www.cnn.com Archived 20 June 2000 at the Wayback Machine
    104. ISBN 9781317565345. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    105. ^ Daily Report: South Asia. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1982. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    106. ^ a b "Pak Navy to build nuclear submarine,4/18/2013 11:25:37 PM". archive.is. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    107. ^ "Pakistan attains 'second strike capability' with test-fire of submarine-launched cruise missile". DAWN.COM. 9 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    108. ^ Official Website – Frigates Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    109. ^ Official Website – Missile Boats Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    110. ^ Globalsecurity.org Archived 28 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
    111. ^ "Surface Fleet". Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    112. ^ Ansari, Usman (27 December 2017). "Pakistan shops for warships to replace British frigates, modernize Navy". Defense News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
    113. ^ "Pakistan Navy signs contract to acquire two modern warships from China". Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
    114. ^ "Navy to acquire two Chinese warships". June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
    115. ^ [1] informationxone
    116. ^ See: Transfer of USS McInerney to the Pakistan Navy
    117. ^ "Pakistan commissions third Azmat-class patrol vessel | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
    118. ^ MRTP-33 missile boats THE 33 METRE Fast Patrol / Attack Craft Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
    119. ^ a b "10th Patrol Squadron". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
    120. ^ "Fast Patrol Craft Squadron". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
    121. ^ List of ships of the Maritime Security Agency
    122. ^ "Turkish Firm Wins Tender to Build Four Corvettes for Pakistan Navy". www.defenseworld.net. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
    123. ^ "Turkey signs deal to produce 4 corvettes with Pakistan". Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
    124. ^ "Damen begins work on first of two OPVs for Pakistan Navy | Jane's 360". Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
    125. ^ "Pakistan orders two corvettes from US-based Swiftships". 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
    126. ^ Correspondent, The Newspaper's (2 November 2017). "Pakistan Navy buying vessels for special operations from US company". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    127. ^ "Submarine Force". Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    128. ^ Khaliej Times (19 May 2009). "German Submarine Deal With Pakistan Goes Quiet". Defence Industry Daily. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
    129. ^ Anon. (14 April 2007) Pakistan Navy. Pakistan Navy website. Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
    130. ^ Osman, Ali (19 October 2015). "Pakistan's tool of war: Agosta 90B, our subs in the deep". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    131. ^ a b Gady, Franz-Stefan (6 March 2018). "Turkey to Upgrade Pakistan Navy Attack Sub". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    132. ^ "Beijing eyes bigger arms exports after Pakistan deal, experts say". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
    133. ^ "Pakistan Navy to shift submarines from Karachi to Ormara". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    134. ^ "Fleet Acoustic Research and Classification Centre". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    135. ^ a b c "9th Auxiliary squadron". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    136. ^ "Handing Over Ceremony of LCM – Karachi Shipyard & Engg Works Ltd". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
    137. ^ "Verslag Moawin". www.hrms-poolster.nl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
    138. ^ "COASTAL TANKERS". Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    139. ^ "STUS". Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    140. ^ "STUS". www.karachishipyard.com.pk. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    141. ^ "Munsif class hunters". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
    142. ^ "PN Fleet Tanker (PNFT) is the biggest warship ever built in Pakistan to date. Image courtesy of Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works Limited". 1 – Naval Technology. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
    143. ^ "PM to attend launching ceremony of PN Fleet Tanker in Karachi on Friday". Associate Press of Pakistan. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
    144. ^ a b "21st Auxiliary Squadron". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
    145. ^ "Pakistan Navy Official Website". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
    146. ^ "Pakistan Navy commissions dredging vessel | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
    147. ^ "Pakistan Navy Gets 2 Landing Craft". Naval Today. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
    148. ^ a b c PN. "Naval Airwar". Naval Air Arm, Navy. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
    149. ISBN 9788131710258. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    150. ISBN 9780981537894. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    151. ^ Khan, Wajahat Saeed (9 September 2018). "Mahaaz: The Air Force Academy" (Dunya News). YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
    152. ^ "93 PMSA SQUADRON". Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    153. ^ a b "G3A3 & G3P4". www.pof.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    154. ^ a b Newspaper, the (27 December 2010). "Surface-to-air missiles tested by Pak navy". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    155. ^ Shah, Syed Imran (1 June 2003). "Anti-Ship Missiles: India and Pakistan". pakdef.org. Islamabad: Pakistan Defense Consortium. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    156. ^ Correspondents, news agencies (10 September 2012). "Pakistan Navy's shelling of Dwarka in 1965 War". www.thenews.com.pk. News International. News International. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    157. ^ "Pakistan Navy Air Defence System". Press Release, PN. 27 December 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
    158. ^ "Navy conducts successful test of Harbah cruise missile". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    159. ^ "Pak Navy successfully test-fires anti-ship missile Zarb". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    160. ^ Our Correspondents (13 March 2010). "Pakistan Navy tests weapon system". The News International, 13 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
    161. ^ Ansari, Usman (8 August 2017). "Pakistan conducts anti-ship missile test". Defense News. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    162. ^
      ISBN 9780788136313. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    163. ^ a b "Navy Working Uniforms". Navy Working Uniforms. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    164. ISBN 9780198291312. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    165. ^ Pakistan Economist. S. Akhtar Ali. 1971. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    166. ^ "Naval War College". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    167. ^ a b "Naval Air Station in Turbat becomes operational, will provide support to CPEC". DAWN.COM. 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    168. ^ See: PNS Iqbal and Marines Base Qasim pages on Wikipedia English
    169. ^ Babar, Mian (14 January 2016). "Jinnah Naval Base – Navy expands strategic outreach to West Coast, Persian Gulf". Pakistan Today. Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    170. ^ "Abbasi becomes first Pakistan PM to board submarine in open sea". The Express Tribune. 24 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    171. ^ Pakistan Armed Forces deployments
    172. ^ a b "PNS Shifa Hospital". Pakistan Navy. 2 July 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
    173. ^ "PNS Hafeez". Pakistan Navy. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
    174. ^ "NA committee members visit PN installations". Dawn. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
    175. ^ a b "Officer rank system in Pakistan Navy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    176. ^ a b c d e f "Career as Professional Officer". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    177. ^ "Ranks system in Pakistan Navy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    178. ^ "Advertisement of Join Pakistan Navy civilians". filectory.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
    179. ^ "LIFE IN PN:RANKS". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Pakistan Navy Official Website. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
    180. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Career as a Enlisted Sailor". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    181. ^ "Recruitment centers". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    182. ^ "Pakistan Naval Academy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    183. ^ Dr. Mustaghis-ur-Rahman (19 March 2012). "Gender inequality in coporates [sic]". Dawn News, 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
    184. ^ a b Our Reporter (10 March 2012). "Pakistan Navy offers jobs to Balochistan youths". Dawn News, 10 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
    185. ^ "PNS Himalaya- the boot camp of Navy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
    186. ^ The Military Balance 2010, p. 367, International Institute for Strategic Studies (London, 2010).
    187. ISBN 9789386057624. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    188. ^ "Pakistan Navy Official Website". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    189. ^ "Naval Engineering College". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    190. ^ "Naval Polytechnic Institute". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    191. ^ a b "Pakistan Naval Academy". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    192. ISBN 9781475950724. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    193. ^ "Naval War College". www.paknavy.gov.pk. 3 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    194. ^ "School of Logistics and Management". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    195. ^
      ISBN 9780674728936. Archived
      from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
    196. ^
      ISBN 9780674728936. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    197. ^ "National Defence University Visit to NUST". www.nust.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
    198. ^ "Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    199. ISBN 9788170621485. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    200. ^
      ISBN 978-0-415-43743-1. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
    201. ^ "Operation Madad". www.paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
    202. ^ Staff writer (29 December 2004). "Navy assisting in tsunami relief". IRIN. IRIN. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
    203. ^ "2 Pakistan Navy ships, C-130s to join rescue work". 2 January 2005. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    204. ^ "Jang Group Online Defence Day Supplement". Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    205. ^ "PN ships to arrive in Indonesia for relief operation in tsunami-hit areas". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
    206. ^ Quake-Tsunami Devastation: Pakistan Joins Global Task Force for Aid Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    207. ^ "The role of Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh". Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
    208. ^ "PAKISTAN NEWS – Information and News Portal". archive.is. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
    209. ^ "Pakistan Navy continues relief operations". The News International, Pakistan. 16 August 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    210. ^ "Karachi News". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
    211. ^ "Pak Navy Sea King Helicopters rescued eleven members on an Iranian Boat". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
    212. ^ "News on radio.gov.pk". www.radio.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
    213. ^ "Bahria Foundation". www.bahriafoundation.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    214. ^ a b Asad, Malik (19 August 2018). "Property tycoon loses plea for using Bahria Town as brand name". DAWN.COM. Dawn Newspaper. Dawn Newspaper. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    215. ^ "Chairman Profile – Karachi Port Trust | Karachi Port Trust". kpt.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    216. ^ "Pak Navy committed to protecting Gwadar port, CPEC: PM". www.geo.tv. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
    217. ^ "Honours and Awards". Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
    218. ISBN 9789402409758. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
    219. ISBN 9789388240420. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
    220. ISBN 9789351940036. Archived
      from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
    221. ^ Shah, Hussain (1 June 2003). "List of Gallantry Awardees – Navy Officers/CPOs/Sailors". www.pakdef.org. Karachi, Sindh, Pak.: PakDef Military Consortium. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
    222. ^ "PM recommends Nishan-e-Haider for Shaheed Lt Yasir Abbas". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.

    External links

    • "Orbat". Naval and Maritime Security Agency Warship Names 1947–2005. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2005.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Navy&oldid=1220684337"