Foreign relations of Pakistan

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    The

    Islamic Republic of Pakistan emerged as an independent country through the partition of India in August 1947 and was admitted as a United Nations member state in September 1947. It is currently the second-largest country within the Muslim world in terms of population, and is also the only Muslim-majority country in possession of nuclear weapons.[1][2][3] De facto, the country shares direct land borders with India, Iran, Afghanistan, and China
    .

    The country has extensive trade relations with the European Union[4] and with several countries globally.[5] As of 2023, Pakistan does not recognize two other United Nations member states (Armenia and Israel) and its ties with India remain frozen since 2019.[6][7]

    From a geopolitical perspective, Pakistan's location is strategically important as it is situated at the crossroads of major maritime and land transit routes between the Middle East and South Asia, while also serving as a bridge between the Arabian Sea and the energy-rich regions of Central Asia.[8][9] Since the partition of India, the Kashmir conflict has defined the India–Pakistan relationship: the two countries claim each other's zones of control in Kashmir, but are separated by a ceasefire boundary known as the Line of Control.[10] Pakistan has close bilateral ties with China and the Muslim world, including Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf Arab countries.[11] As a part of the First World during the Cold War, Pakistan closely cooperated with the United States to combat the global influence of the Soviet Union,[12] though this relationship later became strained over the course of the War on Terror.[13] Pakistan is an active member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

    Foreign policy of Pakistan

    Pakistan's foreign policy seeks to 'promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate relations, i.e. respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States, non-interference in the internal affairs of other State; non-aggression and peaceful settlement of disputes. Pakistan has therefore always sought to develop friendly and cordial relations with all countries of the world'.[14]

    Pakistan's foreign policy is meant to formalize and define its interactions with foreign nations and standardize interactions with organizations, corporations and individual citizens.

    Shah Mehmood Qureshi was named the Minister of Foreign Affairs.[22] Subsequently, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari became foreign minister after the political crisis-a position previously held by his grandfather, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and an alleged affair partner of his, Hina Rabbani Khar.[23]

    M A Jinnah
    's Vision

    In 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the state of Pakistan, clearly described the principles and objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy in a broadcast message, which is featured prominently in a quotation on the homepage of Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website: "The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe."[24]

    On 15 August 1947, outlining the foreign policy of Pakistan,

    Quaid-e-Azam
    observed:

    "Our objective should be peace within and peace without. We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial and friendly relations with our immediate neighbours and with (the) world at large. We have no aggressive designs against any one. We stand by the United Nations Charter and will gladly make our contribution to the peace and prosperity of the world."[25]

    Historical overview

    Further information: Arab–Pakistan relations, Pakistan–United Kingdom relations, Pakistan–Soviet Union relations, Pakistan–European Union relations, and Uniting for Consensus

    Since its

    China in Asia and Poland, United Kingdom and Germany in Europe during most of the Cold War. Pakistan has had a fluctuating relationship with the United States,[32] Pakistan played a crucial role in the establishment of US-China relations in the 1970s, mediating between the Henry Kissenger and Mao Zedong.[33][34][35] At the same time, it also assisted in establishing relationships with other East Asian countries.[35]

    In recent years, Pakistan's ties with Russia have moved away from Cold War-era hostilities,

    Russia was launching the invasion of Ukraine.[39][40] He has previously criticised America's “War on Terror“.[41] After the fall of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) -led coalition government in 2022,[42] the emergence of multiple crises has exacerbated the instability of its foreign policy.[43]

    Pakistan-China relations

    Main article: China–Pakistan relations

    China has played a significant role in the development, economy and security of Pakistan, with relationship beginning in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to enter into official diplomatic relations with the

    People's Republic of China (PRC) on Mainland China as the sole representative. Since then, both countries have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive special relationship[44][45] and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to Pakistan, and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.[46][47] Since the advent of the 21st century, Pakistan and China have strengthened their relations through bilateral trade, military agreements and supporting each other on key issues. The intensifying US-China Strategic Rivalry has put Pakistan in an extremely difficult situation to maintain ties with both of these states.[43] Bilawal Bhutto Zardari accused UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang were “taken out of context”,[48] and Pakistan supports China's activities for socio-economic development, harmony and peace, and stability.[49]

    A cornerstone of the success of China's

    China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC contains initiatives worth a total of $62 billion, such as infrastructure, energy, economic zones, and the development of the Gwadar port. A Chinese spokesperson said in 2022 that “the bond of friendship and mutual assistance between the Chinese and Pakistani people is stronger than gold, and the two countries’ iron-clad friendship is deeply rooted in the people and boasts strong vitality.[50]

    Muslim world

    Main articles:
    Pakistan–Iran relations, and Afghanistan–Pakistan relations

    After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries

    Muslim League leader, Khaliquzzaman, declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity.[54] Such developments (alongside Pakistan's creation) did not get American approval and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite.[55] Since most of the Arab world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.[56] Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.[57]

    Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self-determination for Muslims around the world. Pakistan's efforts for the independence movements of

    Afghan Civil War to establish an Islamic government there. Pakistan had wished to foment an 'Islamic Revolution' which would transcend national borders covering Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia.[59]

    On the other hand, Pakistan's relations with

    border clashes between Pakistan and Afghanistan have increased sharply.[64]

    Major alliances

    Main articles:
    national security.[66] In 1954–56, the United States and Pakistan signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement which saw the dispatching of the Military Assistance Advisory Group to provide military training to the Pakistan Armed Forces in 1955–56.[66]

    In 1955, Pakistan joined the

    OIC and has historically maintained friendly relations with all the Arab and Muslim countries under the banner of OIC. Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth in 1989. In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally
    of the United States.

    Pakistan was a member of the

    republic in the Commonwealth of Nations, when it withdrew in protest at the Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession and Bangladesh's independence. In 1989, Pakistan rejoined, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008.[67][68]

    At the Astana Summit on 9 June 2017, Pakistan became full members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Pakistan, Iran and China have also established a 'Trilateral Consultation' to discuss counter-terrorism and security.[69]

    Major dissensions

    Tensions with India

    Main articles: India–Pakistan relations and Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts

    Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour

    Coffee Club to oppose Indian membership in the United Nations Security Council.[74]

    Trust Deficit with U.S.

    Main articles: Pakistan–United States relations and Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan

    The United States has played an important role in the young history of Pakistan, being one of the first countries to recognize their independence on 14 August 1947.[75] The relationship between the two countries went through varying levels of friendliness, but Pakistan consistently found themselves on the United States side of issues faced during the Cold War.[76] Pakistan served as a geostrategic position for United States military bases during the Cold War since it bordered the Soviet Union and China.[77] These positive relations would fall apart following successful cooperation in fighting the Soviet Union's influence in Central Asia and the subsequent fall of the Soviet Union.

    In reaction to Pakistan's new nuclear capacity, the United States in 1992 passed the

    kill Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad.[80] While America's troubled relationship with Pakistan continues to be eroded by crisis after crisis,[81] bilateral relationship persists of promoting trade and regional economic cooperation, this type of relationship is beneficial for both countries and gives incentive for continuing friendly relations in the early 2010s.[82] However, with the U.S. troops withdrawal, its role in serving as a conduit for the U.S. in Afghanistan has ended.[83]

    Recently U.S. stopped military aid to Pakistan, which was about US$2 billion per year.[84] America's deference to India reflects its importance to counter China's influence in Asia. This imposes a ceiling on cooperation with Pakistan, limiting it to the non-strategic domain.[43] Former Prime Minister Imran Khan had named senior U.S. diplomat Donald Lu as the person who was allegedly involved in the "foreign conspiracy" to topple his government through a no-confidence vote tabled by the Opposition. The U.S. has repeatedly dismissed Khan's allegations.[37]

    Diplomatic relations

    List of countries which Pakistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

    # Country Date
    1  Myanmar 1 August 1947[85]
    2  Australia 15 August 1947[86]
    3  India 15 August 1947[87]
    4  United States 15 August 1947[88]
    5  Iran 23 August 1947[89]
    6  United Kingdom August 1947[90]
    7  Saudi Arabia September 1947[91]
    8  Egypt 20 October 1947[92]
    9  Turkey 30 November 1947[93]
    10  France 2 December 1947[94]
    11  Jordan 29 December 1947[95]
    12  Belgium 20 February 1948[96]
    13  Afghanistan 29 February 1948[97]
    14  Italy 7 April 1948[98]
    15  Russia 1 May 1948[99]
    16  Serbia 15 May 1948[100]
    17  Netherlands July 1948[101]
    18  Lebanon 15 September 1948[102]
    19  Norway 18 December 1948[103]
    20  Sri Lanka 1948[104]
    21  Chile 5 February 1949[105]
    22  Indonesia 17 August 1949[106]
    23  Philippines 8 September 1949[107]
    24  Denmark 13 October 1949[108]
    25  Portugal 4 November 1949[109]
    26  Sweden 24 November 1949[110]
    27  Canada 8 December 1949[111]
    28   Switzerland 1949[112]
    29  Czech Republic 27 September 1950[113]
    30  Finland 12 January 1951[114]
    31  Brazil January 1951[115]
    32  New Zealand 18 April 1951[116]
    33  China 21 May 1951[117]
    34  Spain 17 September 1951[118]
    —  Holy See 6 October 1951[119]
    35  Thailand 10 October 1951[120]
    36  Argentina 15 October 1951[121]
    37  Germany 15 October 1951[122]
    38  Yemen 4 February 1952[123]
    39  Japan 28 April 1952[124]
    40  Cambodia 28 May 1952[125]
    41  Libya 16 July 1952[126]
    42  Austria 13 June 1953[127]
    43  Cuba 5 February 1954[128]
    44  Mexico 19 January 1955[129]
    45  Sudan 24 October 1956[130]
    46  Morocco 19 August 1957[131]
    47  Tunisia 19 August 1957[132]
    48  Ethiopia 28 December 1957[133]
    49  Malaysia 1957[134]
    50  Luxembourg 5 May 1959[135]
    51    Nepal 20 March 1960[136]
    52  Somalia 18 December 1960[137]
    53  Senegal 1960[138]
    54  Nigeria 22 March 1961[138]
    55  Cyprus 1961[139]
    56  Mongolia 6 July 1962[140]
    57  Rwanda July 1962[141]
    58  Madagascar 16 August 1962[142]
    59  Poland 17 December 1962[143]
    60  Ireland 1962[144]
    61  Jamaica 19 January 1963[145]
    62  Kuwait 21 July 1963[146]
    63  Algeria 16 August 1963[147]
    64  Benin 10 December 1963[148]
    65  Guinea 1963[149]
    66  Mali 1963[150]
    67  Trinidad and Tobago 1963[151]
    68  Kenya 31 January 1964[152]
    69  Venezuela 15 April 1964[153]
    70  Togo 8 May 1964[154]
    71  Romania 15 October 1964[155]
    72  Uruguay 1964[156]
    73  Hungary 26 February 1965[157]
    74  Bulgaria 15 June 1965[158]
    75  Laos 15 July 1965[159]
    76  Iceland 1 August 1965[160]
    77  Uganda 1 August 1965[161]
    78  Niger 15 October 1965[162]
    79  Albania 1965[163]
    80  Malawi 1965[164]
    81  Malta January 1966[165]
    82  Maldives 26 July 1966[166]
    83  Singapore 17 August 1966[167]
    84  Tanzania 20 February 1967[168]
    85  Paraguay 23 October 1967[169]
    86  Panama 7 November 1967[170]
    87  Guyana 10 November 1967[171]
    88  Gambia 1967[172]
    89  Mauritius 12 March 1968[173]
    90  Ivory Coast 20 December 1968[174]
    91  Colombia 19 June 1970[175]
    92  Fiji 10 October 1970[176]
    93  Mauritania November 1970[177]
    94  Bahrain 14 October 1971[178]
    95  Oman 15 October 1971[179]
    96  United Arab Emirates 13 January 1972[180]
    97  Vietnam 8 November 1972[181]
    98  North Korea 9 November 1972[182]
    99  Qatar 16 December 1972[183]
    100  Zambia 1972[184]
    101  Costa Rica 9 November 1973[185]
    102  Gabon February 1974[186]
    103  Central African Republic 2 April 1974[187]
    104  Peru 1 September 1974[188]
    105  Mozambique 9 August 1975[189]
    106  Bangladesh 3 October 1975[190]
    107  Republic of the Congo 1975[191]
    108  Seychelles June 1976[192]
    109  Nicaragua 27 September 1976[193]
    110  Papua New Guinea 4 October 1976[194]
    111  Suriname 7 April 1977[195]
    112  Djibouti 27 June 1977[196]
    113  Angola 20 October 1977[197]
    114  El Salvador 5 February 1979[198]
    115  Ecuador 23 July 1979[199]
    116  Zimbabwe November 1980[138]
    117  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1982[200]
    118  Samoa 7 March 1983[201]
    119  Comoros 19 October 1983[202]
    120  South Korea 7 November 1983[203]
    121  Brunei 9 February 1984[204]
    122  Lesotho 4 July 1984[205]
    123  Botswana 20 August 1986[206]
    124  Cape Verde 30 October 1987[207]
    125  Bhutan 15 December 1988[208]
    —  State of Palestine 18 January 1989[209]
    126  Namibia 22 March 1990[210]
    127  Equatorial Guinea 9 October 1990[211]
    128  Moldova 16 February 1992[212]
    129  Kazakhstan 24 February 1992[213]
    130  Ukraine 16 March 1992[214]
    131  Turkmenistan 9 May 1992[215]
    132  Kyrgyzstan 10 May 1992[216]
    133  Uzbekistan 10 May 1992[217]
    134  Slovenia 11 May 1992[218]
    135  Tajikistan 6 June 1992[219]
    136  Azerbaijan 9 June 1992[220]
    137  Slovakia 1 January 1993[221]
    138  North Macedonia 12 May 1993[222]
    139  Estonia 20 September 1993[223]
    140  Eritrea 1 December 1993[224]
    141  Belarus 3 February 1994[225]
    142  South Africa 23 April 1994[226]
    143  Georgia 12 May 1994[227]
    144  Lithuania 31 May 1994[228]
    145  Croatia 20 July 1994[229]
    146  Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 November 1994[230]
    147  Latvia 29 April 1996[231]
    148  Andorra 22 July 2003[232]
    149  Liechtenstein 14 August 2003[233]
    150  Bahamas 10 February 2005[234]
    151  Burundi 9 March 2005[235]
    152  San Marino 12 April 2006[236]
    153  Montenegro 23 October 2006[237]
    154  Monaco 24 February 2009[238]
    155  Guatemala 14 October 2011[239]
    156  South Sudan 4 June 2012[240]
    —  Kosovo 27 January 2013[241]
    157  Haiti 10 January 2014[242]
    158  Honduras 14 January 2014[243]
    159  Belize 23 October 2015[244]
    160  Solomon Islands 19 February 2016[245]
    161  Antigua and Barbuda 23 September 2016[239]
    162  Kiribati 3 June 2021[239]
    163  Palau 22 November 2021[239]
    164  Dominican Republic 18 November 2022[239]
    165  Vanuatu 26 April 2023[246]
    166  Saint Kitts and Nevis 25 January 2024[239]
    167  Marshall Islands 26 January 2024[239]
    168  Dominica 6 February 2024[239]
    169  Bolivia Unknown
    170  Burkina Faso Unknown
    171  Cameroon Unknown
    172  Chad Unknown
    173  Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown
    174  East Timor Unknown
    175  Eswatini Unknown
    176  Ghana Unknown
    177  Greece Unknown
    178  Grenada Unknown
    179  Guinea-Bissau Unknown
    180  Iraq Unknown
    181  Liberia Unknown
    182  São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown[247]
    183  Sierra Leone Unknown
    184  Syria Unknown
    185  Tonga Unknown[248]
    186  Tuvalu Unknown[249]

    Bilateral relations

    Africa

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Algeria
    Main article: Algeria–Pakistan relations

    There are friendly foreign relations between Algeria and Pakistan. Pakistan supported the cause of Algeria's independence from France.

     Botswana 20 August 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1986 when Mr. Tayyab Siddiqui, the then Pakistani Ambassador to Zimbabwe, presented his credentials to President of Botswana Dr. Quett Masire.[206]

    Botswana has diplomatic relations with Pakistan which is covered by the Botswanan Embassy in

    Sana'a, Yemen[251]
    Trade between the 2 nations in 2001/02 accounted for $20 million[251] Mehru Khan of Pakistan and Botswana was crowned Miss NRI Global 2005 winner at an international pageant.[252][253]

     Central African Republic 2 April 1974

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1974 when Pakistan's first ambassador to the Central African Republic, Mr. Sha Ansani presented credentials to President Jean Bedel Bokassa.[254]

    Pakistani troops were deployed by the UN's Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) to CAR in 2014, as a peacekeeping force.[255][256]

     Democratic Republic of the Congo

    Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited to Congo. Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in

    United Nations Operation in Congo[258]

     Egypt 20 October 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr.
    J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.[259]
    Main article: Egypt–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan and

    D8
    ". After the foundation of Pakistan, it has established diplomatic and trade relations with Egypt.

     Ethiopia 28 December 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1957[133]
    • Ethiopia has an embassy in Islamabad.
    • Pakistan has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
     Kenya 31 January 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1964 when Mr. K.K.Panni, High Commissioner of Pakistan to Kenya presented his credentials.[152]
    Main article: Kenya–Pakistan relations

    Relations between Pakistan and Kenya were first historically established in the 1960s, when Pakistan expressed its support for Kenya in getting independence from British rule. Ever since from that time, relations between the two nations have been warm, with both countries having had discussed previously in the Pakistan-Kenya Joint Ministerial Commission session which was hosted in Nairobi in 2004, about boosting bilateral trade and economic relations.[260]

     Lesotho 4 July 1984

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1984[205]

    Pakistan and Lesotho maintain honorary consulates in each other's country.

     Libya 16 July 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1952.[126]
    Main article: Libya–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan and Libya have maintained a diplomatic relationship since 1977.[261] The relationship has been mostly cordial and Libya has provided aid to Pakistan, which in turn renamed the Karachi Football Stadium “the Muammar al Qaddafi Stadium”.[261]

     Madagascar

    Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Madagascar.[262]

     Malawi Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Malawi. The Pakistani embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited as High Commission to Malawi.[263]
     Mauritius
    Main article: Mauritius–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan has a High Commission in

    Free Trade Agreement.[264][265]

     Morocco 19 August 1957 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 August 1957[131]
    Main article: Morocco–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan had a pivotal role in the plea for independence for Morocco; in 1952, Moroccan delegate Ahmed Bulferg attempted to address the UN security council and was shut down by the French. Pakistani Foreign Minister Sir Zafaullah Khan arranged for Bulferg to receive a Pakistani nationality, and the latter was then able to address the UN in favor of Morocco's independence.[266] Currently the two countries maintain a robust economic and diplomatic relationship, with collaborations in agriculture, import/export, mining, tourism, and more.[267][268]

     Mozambique 9 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[189]

    Pakistan maintain cordial relations with Mozambique.

    1961 Indian annexation of Goa.[271]

     Niger 15 October 1965

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1965[162]

    Pakistan has an embassy in Niamey,[272] although Niger does not maintain a permanent embassy in Islamabad.[273]

     Nigeria 22 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1961[138]
    Main article: Nigeria–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan has a High Commission in Abuja and Nigeria has a High Commission in Islamabad, as well as a consulate-general in Karachi. The two states have maintained a close relationship, a relationship which is described by the Nigerian Defence Minister as "friendly" and like a "family tie"[274]

     Sao Tome and Principe 12 December 2006[275] Pakistan maintains an export cooperation with São Tomé and Príncipe.[276]
     Somalia 27 June 1962
    Main article: Pakistan–Somalia relations

    Pakistan recognizes the Federal Government of Somalia as the official national government of Somalia.[277] It maintains strong relations with the Somalian federal authorities, who also have an embassy in Islamabad.[278]

     South Africa 23 April 1994

    Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Cape Town, and South Africa maintains a High Commission in Islamabad.[279][280] South Africa is also home to more than 2,500 Pakistanis.

     South Sudan Pakistan and South Sudan maintain an economic, import-export relationship.[281] The countries share a cordial relationship as Muslim-majority countries.[281] Pakistan recognised South Sudan after South Sudan was added as a candidate in the United Nations General Assembly.[251]
     Sudan 24 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.[130]
    Main article: Pakistan–Sudan relations

    Sudan maintains a positive relationship with Pakistan on the basis of religion, as they are both Muslim-majority states. The relationship relies on shared values of anti-colonialism and common allies.[281][282] Pakistani troops were also deployed to Sudan as part of the UN peacekeeping force during the second Sudanese civil war.[281]

     Tanzania Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[283]
     Tunisia 19 August 1957 Diplomatic relations between the two states were established19 August 1957.[132]
    Main article: Pakistan–Tunisia relations

    The two countries are members of the OIC, and the Commonwealth of Nations and share similar regional and international concerns. There is also a preferential trade agreement between the two states.[132]

     Uganda 1 August 1965

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1965[161]

    Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala. Pakistan also provide scholarships to Ugandan students under its technical assistance programme.[284]

     Zambia 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1972[184]

    Zambia maintains a General Honorary Consulate in Islamabad, whereas Pakistan's embassy in Zimbabwe is also accredited as High Commission to Zambia.[263] In February 2008, an 11-member Pakistan Trade Delegation visited Lusaka for exploring bilateral trade cooperation.

     Zimbabwe November 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1980[138]
    Main article: Pakistan–Zimbabwe relations

    Pakistan is represented in Zimbabwe by an

    embassy in Harare. The Pakistani government has pledged to always "stand by Zimbabwe in its challenging times and continue to render assistance in every way possible in an effort to cement the already cordial relations between the two countries.[285] Pakistan has also helped in structuring Zimbabwe's Armed Forces, The first Head of the Air Force of Zimbabwe
    was also a Pakistan Air Force Officer Air Marshal Azim Daudpoto who served as a Commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe from July 1983 to January 1986."[285][286]

    Americas

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Argentina 15 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[287] In 2002, the countries signed an agreement to boost their trade relations.[288]
    Main article: Argentina–Pakistan relations

    A memorandum of Understanding with the National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Argentina and the Pakistan Academy of Sciences was signed in 2008[289] he two states signed another memorandum of understanding on cooperation in sanitary and phyto-sanitary issues in relation to trade ties between the Ministry of National Food Security and Research of Pakistan and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries of Argentina.[290]

     Belize 21 October 2015
     Brazil 1948 Diplomatic relationship between Brazil and Pakistan commenced in 1948.[292] Trade Relations between Brazil and Pakistan were established in 1982. Pakistan’s current Commercial Counsellor to Brazil is Dr Muhammad Babar Chohan.[citation needed]
    Main article: Brazil–Pakistan relations

    Brazil was the first nation in South America to recognize Pakistan, in 1948, and to establish an Embassy in Pakistan's former capital Karachi [293][292] The two states cooperate in fields like defense, education, and import/export, despite some objection from India.[294][295]

     Canada May 1949
    Main article: Canada–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan is represented through its High Commission in Ottawa and consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada is represented through its High Commission in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi. The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million (approximately US$701 million) in 2007.[296] There are also extensive people to people links between Canada and Pakistan with an estimated 22,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.[297]

     Cuba 28 October 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1955[298]
    Main article: Cuba–Pakistan relations

    Relations between the two countries strengthened after Cuba provided humanitarian assistance to the victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.[299][300] In 2008, the Pakistani cabinet authorized negotiations for the establishment of a Joint Economic Commission, that was finalized in 2009.[301][302] Both nations continue to strengthen the bilateral relations especially in the fields of higher education, agriculture, industry and science and technology and have also held talks for military cooperation.[299]

     Guyana 10 November 1967

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967.[303]

    Guyana along with Suriname is one of the only 2 member states of the OIC in the Americas. Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Guyana.[304] The Muslims of Guyana provided moral support for the Independence of Pakistan. Many of the Muslims from British Guiana even took Pakistani citizenship after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947 and migrated to Pakistan.[305]

     Jamaica 19 January 1963

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1963.[306]

    Pakistan's ambassador to the USA is accredited as Pakistan's non-resident High Commissioner to Jamaica.[307]

     Mexico 19 January 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1955[308]
    Main article: Mexico–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan maintains an embassy in Mexico City,[309] and Mexico is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Tehran.[310] Both countries are also working on Mechanism of Bilateral Consultations on Issues of Mutual Interest for Mexico and Pakistan.[311]

     Paraguay 23 October 1967

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 1967.[169]

    Pakistan maintains an embassy in

    Asuncion.[312] Paraguay maintains an embassy in Egypt accredited to Pakistan and an honorary consulate in Islamabad.[313] Government ministers met in 2005 to explore potential trade opportunities.[314] Bilateral trade in 2010 totaled US$2.4 million per year and growing yearly.[315] Pakistan exports carpets, and has one of the most feared militaries in the world also g side with surgical instruments to Paraguay, whereas Paraguay exports pharmaceuticals[316]

     Suriname 25 April 1977

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1977.[317]

    Pakistan and Suriname both maintain friendly and cooperative relations.

    Hindustani Muslim speak Urdu, and maintain cultural link in Pakistan. Surinamese Islamic Association maintains its umberalla headquarters in Islamabad, Pakistan[319]

     Trinidad and Tobago 1963

    Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when Mr. S. M. Khan, Pakistan High Commissioner in Canada, had been cross-appointed concurrently as High Commissioner to Trinidad and Tobago.[151]

    Pakistan maintains a consulate general in North Trinidad.[320] Trinidad is also home to a sizeable number of South Asian Muslims who draw links with Pakistan. During the 2010 Pakistan floods, Trinidad Congress of the People party donated US$33,000 worth of aid to Pakistan flood victims.[321]

     United States 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947[322]
    Main article: Pakistan–United States relations
     Uruguay 1964

    Pakistan has an honorary consulate in Montevideo.[323] As of 2014 the Pakistani ambassador to Argentina, Imtiaz Ahmad was accredited to Uruguay.[324][325] In 2006 a commercial agreement was celebrated between Pakistan and Mercosur (a trade bloc of which Uruguay is part).[326] There is a Pakistan-Uruguay Chamber of Commerce.[327]

    Asia

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Afghanistan 29 February 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 February 1948.[328]
    Main article: Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
     Bahrain 14 October 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1971.[329]
    Main article: Bahrain–Pakistan relations

    Islamabad and Manama enjoy close co-operations between the two in many fields of brotherhood.[citation needed] Joint initiatives between Bahraini and Pakistani governments have started to further bilateral trades that reached $250 million in 2007.[citation needed] Pakistan Army also maintains an Infantry Battalion and a Squadron of Tanks in Bahrain[citation needed]

     Bangladesh 3 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1975.[190]
    Main article: Bangladesh–Pakistan relations

    Relations between the

    Shimla Agreement
    , India sought to make sure that Pakistan would take steps to recognize Bangladesh. Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on 18 January 1976, and relations improved in the following decades. Both Bangladesh and Pakistan are members of the Commonwealth.

     Bhutan 15 December 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1988.
    Bhutan-Pakistan relations

    Both countries are member of

    SAARC
    . Trade and bilateral relationship between the two countries can be largely regarded as being insignificant, and the diplomatic relationship as being largely symbolic.

     Brunei 9 February 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 1984.[331]
    Main article: Brunei–Pakistan relations

    Diplomatic relationship between Pakistan and Brunei are very warm and friendly, this is primarily because both are Muslim countries and member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[citation needed] Pakistan maintains a High Commission in Brunei,[332] and Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad, Pakistan. To further foster ties between the 2 countries, Brunei-Pakistan Friendship Association (BPFA) was created in 2008.[333]

     Cambodia 18 January 1957
    Main article: Cambodia–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan has an embassy in Phnom Penh although Cambodia does not have an embassy in Pakistan.

     China 21 May 1951[334]
    Main article: China–Pakistan relations

    PRC Authorities
    to be friendly towards Pakistan.

     India 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947 when has been appointed first Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Mr. Zahid Hussain.[336]
    Main article: India–Pakistan relations

    Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number of historical and political issues, and are defined by the violent

    military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian
    nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

    India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War and some border skirmishes.

    Both India and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.

     Indonesia 1949[337]
    Main article: Indonesia–Pakistan relations

    Developing 8 and Next Eleven
    countries.

     Iran 23 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 1947 when Pakistan and Iran have agreed to exchange diplomatic representatives.[342]
    Main article: Iran–Pakistan relations
     Iraq 1947
    Main article: Iraq–Pakistan relations
     Israel No formal diplomatic relations
    Main article: Israel–Pakistan relations
     Japan 28 April 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1952[124]
    Main article: Japan–Pakistan relations

    Tokyo and Islamabad have had healthy relations with each other since the foundation of their diplomacy in 1952. Japan has been part of funding the country with machines to access ground water, as well as aid for improving its sewer and drainage systems.[343][344] Other major projects funded by the Japanese government include the Indus Highway Project, a number of power projects in various provinces of Pakistan, Rural Roads Construction Project and the Children Hospital PIMS Islamabad Project.[345] Presently the Kohat Tunnel Project and the Ghazi Brotha Dam Project are being completed with the help of the Japanese private and government contractors.[346][347]

     Jordan 29 December 1947
    Main article: Jordan–Pakistan relations

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 December 1947 when Mr. Mohammad Pasha El Shuraiki, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Transjordan to Pakistan, presented his credentials.[95]

    There are close relations between Jordan and Pakistan.[citation needed] Princess Sarvath wife of Prince Hassan is originally a Pakistani. At the international level Pakistan and Jordan have similar views such as the Israel/Palestine issue.[citation needed]

     Kazakhstan 24 February 1992
    Main article: Kazakhstan–Pakistan relations

    Relations between the two countries began when Pakistan recognized Kazakhstan on 20 December 1991. On 24 February 1992, diplomatic and consular relations were established during an official visit by Kazakhstani president Nursultan Nazarbayev to Pakistan.[348] Kazakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani goods.[349]

     North Korea 9 November 1972
    Main article: North Korea–Pakistan relations
     South Korea 7 November 1983[203]
    Main article: Pakistan–South Korea relations
     Kuwait 21 July 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1963 when Kuwait opens Embassy in Islamabad.[350]
    Main article: Kuwait–Pakistan relations

    After the end of the first Gulf War in 1991, Pakistani army engineers were involved in a programme of mine clearance in the country.[351] Kuwait was also the first country to send aid to isolated mountain villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005,[352] also offering the largest amount of aid in the aftermath of the quake, US$100 million.[353]

     Kyrgyzstan 10 May 1992
    Main article: Kyrgyzstan–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan extended diplomatic recognition to the Kyrgyz Republic on 20 December 1991. A Protocol for the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan was signed on 10 May 1992.[citation needed]

     Laos 15 July 1955
    Main article: Laos–Pakistan relations
     Lebanon 15 September 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1948.[102]
    Main article: Lebanon–Pakistan relations

    Lebanon and Pakistan have good relations.[citation needed] Pakistan has also been a steadfast supporter of Lebanon particularly when it was invaded by Israel.[citation needed] Additionally, Pakistan has extended moral, diplomatic and material support to Lebanon and refuses to recognize Israel officially, as a legitimate country in solidarity with the Palestinian, Lebanese and other Middle Eastern countries.[citation needed]

     Malaysia 1957
    Main article: Malaysia–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan has its High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has its High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan has brotherly relations with Malaysia. Both are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations. There is a trade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale.[citation needed] Both countries enjoy close relations and links of mutual friendship and the cooperation has further strengthened.[citation needed]

     Maldives 26 July 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1966.[354]
    Main article: Maldives–Pakistan relations

    Minicoy Island in the Lakshadweep, whose population is Muslim by faith.[citation needed
    ] Both the Maldives and Pakistan are member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.

     Mongolia 6 July 1962

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1962.[355]

    Pakistan and Mongolia maintain cordinal diplomatic relationship.[356]

     Myanmar 1 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1947.[357]
    Main articles:
    Burmese people in Pakistan

    Pakistan has an embassy in Yangon,[358] and Burma has an embassy in Islamabad.[359] In January 2012, President Asif Ali Zardari paid a state visit to Yangon, Burma where he met Aung San Suu Kyi and conferred her the "Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Award for Democracy" for her long struggle for democracy. Zardari's children were also present in the ceremony.[360]

       Nepal 20 March 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1960[361]
    Main article: Nepal–Pakistan relations

    Despite an extensive 1982 trade agreement, the volume of bilateral trade remains comparatively small at

    South Asian Economic Union
    .

     Oman 15 October 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1971, when Pakistani Consulate-General in Muscat upgraded to Embassy[366]
    Main article: Oman–Pakistan relations

    The relationship between

    Balochistan province having settled in Oman over a hundred years ago.[citation needed] Until 1958, Gwadar was part of Oman but was transferred to Pakistan in that year after being sold.[citation needed
    ]

     Palestine 18 January 1989 Diplomatic relations established on 18 January 1989[209]
    Main article: Pakistan–Palestine relations

    Pakistan fully supports the proposal of the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Due to Pakistan's pro-Palestinian stance,

    bilateral relations between Pakistan and Israel have continuously wavered over the last few years. Pakistan has also declined to recognise the state of Israel until the "liberation of Palestine" will take place.[367]

     Philippines 8 September 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 September 1949.[368]
    Main article: Pakistan–Philippines relations
     Qatar 16 December 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1972.[369]
     Saudi Arabia September 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations in September 1947[91]
    Main article: Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations

    Saudi Arabia has also provided extensive religious and educational aid to Pakistan.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for immigration amongst Pakistanis, the number of whom living in Saudi Arabia stands between 900,000 and 1 million.[citation needed]

    Saudi Arabia is the largest source of petroleum for Pakistan.[370] It also supplies extensive financial aid to Pakistan and remittance from Pakistani migrants to Saudi Arabia is also a major source of foreign currency.[371]

     Singapore 17 August 1966[372]
    Main article: Pakistan–Singapore relations
     Sri Lanka May 1948
    Main article: Pakistan–Sri Lanka relations

    Sri Lanka's ties with Pakistan have always been good, ever since Pakistan established its small mission in then-Ceylon (later Sri Lanka) in circa 1948–1949.[373] Since then, these relations have gradually developed into very close and cordial ties. Pakistan has been supplying military equipment to the Sri Lanka Armed Forces since 1999.[373] Pakistan has pledged since 2009 to assist in military training and intelligence to form a joint terror fighting force for their two countries.[204] There is a Pakistani High Commission located in Sri Lanka and a Sri Lankan High Commission sit"Sri Lanka"uated in Pakistan.[374][375]

     Syria 1948
    Main article: Pakistan–Syria relations

    Both countries were on the

    silk route through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria.[citation needed] During the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[376] In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the fields of science and technology.[377]

     Taiwan 14 August 1947 – 4 January 1950
    Main article:
    Pakistan-Taiwan relations
     Tajikistan 6 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1992.[378]
    Main article: Pakistan–Tajikistan relations

    The

    Ishkoman where they have integrated into the local population.[citation needed
    ]

     Thailand 10 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 1951.[120]
    Main article: Pakistan–Thailand relations
    Establishing cordial relationships started in 1951, and since has grown into a close diplomacy as trade value between the two nations has grown over US$1 billion. Pakistani universities account for 600 students from Thailand. Thailand enjoyed in 2013 over seventy five thousand tourists from Pakistan. Overall, relations are warm and social and economic exchanges are well developed and continuing to grow.[379]
     Turkey November 1947[380]
    Main article: Pakistan–Turkey relations
     Turkmenistan 9 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1992.[385]
    Main article: Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations

    Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize Turkmenistan as an independent country in December 1991.[citation needed] Exchange of high-level visits during the last 10 years give credence to the fact that Pakistan and Turkmenistan have laid foundation of mutually beneficial relations, friendship and understanding.[citation needed] The two countries have signed 21 Agreements and Memoranda of understanding in the fields of oil and gas, transport, energy, trade, science and culture.[citation needed]

     United Arab Emirates 13 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1972[180]
    Main article: Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations

    Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to the

    UAE on its achieving independence.[citation needed] Bilateral relations and mutually beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since.[citation needed] These relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan.[citation needed
    ]

     Uzbekistan 10 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1992.[386]
    Main article: Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations

    Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different factions Afghan factions.[387]

    However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.[citation needed]

     Vietnam 8 November 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1972.[181]
    Main article: Pakistan–Vietnam relations
     Yemen 4 February 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1952[123]

    Europe

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Albania 27 July 1965

    Pakistan's diplomatic relations with Albania are very cordial given that Albania is the[

    OIC membership.[284] In Dec 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Mr. Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[388]

     Armenia
    Main article: Armenia–Pakistan relations
    • Diplomatic relations have not been established as Pakistan is the only country in the world which does not recognize Armenia as a country.
     Azerbaijan 9 June 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1992[389]
    Main article: Azerbaijan–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan recognized independence of Azerbaijan 1991 (the second country after Turkey) and the two countries established full diplomatic relations in 1992. Pakistan was one of the first countries to open its embassy in Baku.

     Austria 13 June 1953 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1953[390]
    Main article: Austria–Pakistan relations
     Belgium 20 February 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1948.[96]
    Main article: Belgium–Pakistan relations
     Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 November 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1994.[391]
    Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina–Pakistan relations

    Both nations share close relations on the grounds of religion and politics.[

    Yugoslav wars.[citation needed] Pakistan and Bosnia have a free trade agreement.[citation needed
    ]

     Belarus 3 February 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1994.
    Pakistan–Belarus relations

    Belarus' Minsk Tractor Works has played a key role in supplying tractor to Pakistan[393] and establishing the tractor assembly plant in Pakistan.[394] Belarus and Pakistan have also signed agreements on trade-economic cooperation and investments protection.[395] Pakistan ambassador to Russia is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Belarus; however, Belarus maintains an embassy in Islamabad since 2014. In May 2007, Pakistan Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Makhdum Khusro Bakhtyar made an official visit to Belarus and meet with high-ranking government officials of Belarus.[396]

     Bulgaria 15 June 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1965
    Bulgaria–Pakistan relations
     Croatia 20 July 1994

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1994[397]

    Pakistan maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb.[398]

     Czech Republic 27 September 1950 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1950[113]
    Main article: Czech Republic–Pakistan relations
     Denmark 13 October 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1949.[108]
    Main article: Denmark–Pakistan relations
     Finland 12 January 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1951.[114]
    Main article: Finland–Pakistan relations
     France 2 December 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1947[94]: 87 
    Main article: France–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan and France have high levels of diplomatic meetings and are in good terms with one another.[citation needed] However, these good relations haven't been around very long.[citation needed] Trade between Pakistan and France is increasing and France has donated large funds to help Pakistan with its economic problems.[citation needed]

     Georgia 12 May 1994 Pakistan ambassador to Azerbaijan is accredited to be the non-residential ambassador to Georgia.[399]
     Germany 15 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1951.[122]
    Main article: Germany–Pakistan relations

    Germany and Pakistan enjoy closely cordial relations.[citation needed] Germany has taken large measures to aid the South Asian country in its economic and governmental hardship.[citation needed] Commercial trade between Berlin and Islamabad has also been very essential in recent years seeing as Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest trade partner.[citation needed] Also, Germany is home to 35,081 Pakistani immigrants.[citation needed] Overall, the two nations have almost always had a friendly bond.[citation needed]

     Greece
    Main article: Greece–Pakistan relations

    In modern times, Pakistan's first embassy in Athens was opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad in 1987. There are around 32,500 Pakistani people living and working in Greece.[citation needed]

     Holy See 6 October 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1951[400]
    Main article: Holy See–Pakistan relations
     Hungary 26 November 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 November 1965
    Hungary-Pakistan relations

    Since 1970, Hungary has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Karachi.[402] Pakistan has an embassy in Budapest[403]

     Iceland 1976

    Pakistan maintains cordinal diplomatic relations with Iceland.[404]

     Ireland
    Main article: Ireland–Pakistan relations

    Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and an honorary consulate in Karachi. Pakistan has an embassy in Dublin. Pakistanis continue to support the idea of unification of Northern Ireland to the Republic of Ireland which remains part of the United Kingdom after the Republic of Ireland left the Commonwealth of Nations.[citation needed]

     Italy 7 April 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1948.[405][406]
    Main article: Italy–Pakistan relations
    Both nations have established respective embassies in Pakistan and Italy.[407][408] Italy has offered assistance in Pakistan's private sector in extending credit lines to finance technologies in machinery for manufacturing.[409] Additionally, Italy has given Pakistan the opportunity to be financed the equivalent of US$100 million to advance over fifty development projects in the nation, such as assisting acid attack victims in Punjab.[410] Italy has shown interest in expanding energy and pharmaceutical businesses to the expansive market in Pakistan. There is even an Italian government desire for the implementation of an Italian Chamber of Commerce in the Pakistani economic sphere.[411]
     Latvia 29 April 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1996[412]

    Latvia maintains an honorary consul in Karachi.[410] Whereas the Pakistani ambassador to Sweden is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Latvia.[413] There is also a growing number of Pakistanis (mostly university students) living in Riga.[414]

     Liechtenstein The Pakistani ambassador to Switzerland is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Liechtenstein. Pakistan diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein is important, despite the small size of Liechtenstein, as Liechtenstein is member of the European Free Trade Association, with which Pakistan is seeking a free trade agreement.[415]
     Lithuania 31 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1994[416]

    Pakistan maintains friendly diplomatic relations with Lithuania.[417]

     Luxembourg 22 November 1956 Pakistan maintains cordial diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.[418] Pakistan also maintains an honorary consulate in Luxembourg.[419]
     Malta January 1966
    Main article: Malta–Pakistan relations
     Moldova 16 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1992.[212]

    The Pakistani ambassador to Romania is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to Moldova.[420]

     Netherlands 1948
    Main article: Netherlands–Pakistan relations
     Norway 18 December 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1948.[421]
    Main article: Norway–Pakistan relations

    Norway and Pakistan have strengthened ties.[citation needed] Norway has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore, whereas Pakistan has an embassy in Oslo.

     Portugal 26 September 1949 Relationships between Portugal and Pakistan have turned cordial since 2015. The two nations recognize a potential growth in trade and social exchanges. In order to start economic relations in the right direction, investment policy and opportunities for Portuguese companies are now present.[422]
     Romania 15 October 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1964
    Pakistan–Romania relations

    Pakistan has an embassy in

    Iaşi.[424] Romania has an embassy in Islamabad and an honorary consulate in Lahore.[425]

     Russia 1 May 1948[99]
    Main article: Pakistan–Russia relations

    Relations between these two countries have been strained in the past, because of Pakistan's close ties to America and its support for the Afghan rebels during the invasion by the USSR. However, the relations became cordinal in recent years and the Russian Army has been training in Pakistan.[426]

     San Marino 12 April 2006

    Pakistan established diplomatic relations with San Marino on 12 April 2006. The Pakistani ambassador to Italy is accredited as a non-residential ambassador to San Marino.[236]

     Serbia 15 May 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1948.[100]
    Main article: Pakistan–Serbia relations

    Since July 2001, Pakistan has an embassy in

    China).[428] However, there is a bone of contention between the two, because of the latter's close relations with, India.[429]

     Slovakia 1 January 1993

    Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[221]

    The Pakistani ambassador to Austria is cross-accredited be the non-residential ambassador to Slovakia. Relations between Pakistan and the Slovak Republic are cordial and friendly.[citation needed] The two countries have agreements on cultural cooperation and visa abolition (for diplomatic/official passport holders).[citation needed] Some well known Slovak companies like Matador and Mediprogress are active in Pakistan through their agents.[430]

     Spain 2 September 1951
    Main article: Pakistan–Spain relations
      Switzerland 1 February 1949[431][432]
    Main article: Pakistan–Switzerland relations
     Sweden 1949
     Ukraine 16 March 1992
    Main article: Pakistan–Ukraine relations

    Pakistan recognized Ukraine's independence in 1991. Pakistan has an embassy in Kyiv.[433] Ukraine has an embassy in Islamabad.[434] Ukraine and Pakistan have been cooperating with each other in educational sector as well as cultural exchanges.[citation needed] Pakistan and Ukraine are also heavily cooperating with each other in aerospace engineering, aerospace technologies, bio-medical sciences and science and technology.[citation needed]

     United Kingdom 14 August 1947
    Main article: Pakistan–United Kingdom relations

    Pakistan has been a member of the

    High Commission in each capital. The U.K. also has the biggest Pakistani community outside of Pakistan.[citation needed
    ]

    Oceania

    Country Formal relations began Notes
     Australia 15 August 1947 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1947[86]
    Main article: Australia–Pakistan relations

    Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf visited Australia in 2005[435] and the former Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well, following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan. He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia.[436]

     Fiji 8 March 1971
    Main article: Fiji–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan and Fiji maintain formal diplomatic relationship, they have diplomatic missions in each other's countries. Pakistan used to designate their High Commissioner to Australia as a non-residential High Commissioner to Fiji.[437] Many of Fiji's large Muslim population maintain family links with Pakistan.[438]

     New Zealand 18 April 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1951.[116]
    Main article: New Zealand–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan has a High Commission located in

    Councils of the Commonwealth
    after the restoration of civilian rule in May 2008.

     Palau 22 November 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 2021.[439]
     Samoa 7 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1983.[440]
     Solomon Islands 19 February 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 2016.[441]
     Tonga before 1992

    Both countries established diplomatic relations before 1992 when the High Commissioner to Australia was cross-accredited as High Commissioner of Pakistan to Tonga (resident in Canberra).[248]

    While Pakistan and Tonga maintain diplomatic relationships, they do not have diplomatic missions in each other's country. Pakistan exports to Tonga in 2007 was T$11,655 (approximately US$7,000).[442] Pakistan also has bilateral visa-abolition scheme with Tonga, for all passport types of both the countries.[443]

    International organizations

    Organization Membership Notes
     Arab League Non-member
    Main article: Arab–Pakistan relations

    Pakistan is not a member nor observer of the Arab League but the two entities share a strong relationship. Many of the Arab League nations send soldiers to train in Pakistan's prestigious military academies, and Pakistan frequently is in contact and collaboration with many of the Arab League nations with Pakistani pilots having flown in the two Arab-Israeli Wars.[444] Pakistan has also lobbied for greater representation of the Arab League within the United Nation Security Council.[445]

    ASEAN Member Pakistan is not a member of ASEAN, but frequently serves as a bridge for the organization to communicate with Asian countries further in the west, with bilateral agreements between ASEAN and Pakistan.[446] While links could still be stronger between Pakistan and the nations that compose ASEAN, both sides have expressed interest in furthering that relationship.[447]

    Commonwealth of Nations - Member - See Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations

     European Union Non-member
    Main article: Pakistan–European Union relations
    Pakistan and the EU share a strong economic bond that has been emphasized by both parties while sharing similar foreign policies. The two are engaged in serious trade, and frequently work together to enhance each other's economic capability. There have been multiple summits Archived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine and strategic dialogues between Pakistan and the EU to continue to push the relationship.
    IMF 1950 Pakistan is a full member of the IMF, and has received monetary assistance from IMF multiple times, each time resulting in a successful bailout for Pakistan.[448][449] IMF also maintains a Resident Representative Office in Pakistan[450]
    Economic Cooperation Organization 1985 Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran founded the ECO in 1985 with plans at economic and political cooperation in the region. Through the work of this organization, Iran has
    free trade agreements with Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan forthcoming shortly.[451][452]
     NATO Non-member Pakistan is a
    war on terrorism by George W. Bush.[453] This designation comes with certain benefits highlighted by special access to particular military technology or collaboration. The two have cooperated and continue to cooperate on projects like eradicating terrorism in Bosnia and Afghanistan, and offer each other logistic and military support.[454]
     OIC 1969
    Main article:
    Organization for Islamic Cooperation in the past to strengthen alliances and settle disputes or disagreements. The 2nd summit of the OIC was in Pakistan, during a time in which Pakistan still did not recognize Bangladesh. Under pressure from other nations, Pakistan would invite a delegation from Bangladesh and here at this summit Pakistan would come to recognize the nation.[455] Pakistan also uses the OIC to push their position on the controversial region of Kashmir.[456]
    SAARC
    		 1985 Pakistan is one of the founding members of SAARC, an organization focused on the economic activities of South Asia.[457] In 2016, a SAARC summit in Pakistan was canceled following boycotts by India, Afghanistan, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, causing some to worry about the future of the organization.[458]
    SCO 2015 Pakistan and India signed on to be full members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2015, with the process for instatement ending in 2017. The organization shares many interests with Pakistan, and the new membership has been supportedwithin Pakistan and the members of the organization.[459]
     United Nations 1947
    Main article: Pakistan and the United Nations

    See also

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    51. ISBN 9788188869152
      . Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey.
    52. ISBN 9788188869152
      . Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity.
    53. ISBN 9788188869152
      . Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.
    54. ISBN 9781107052123
      . As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'.
    55. ISBN 9781610393171
      . Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that this severance may not endure. He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
    56. ISBN 9781610393171
      . During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction.
    57. ISBN 9780275978785
      . The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm...Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.
    58. ISBN 9781136818936
      . The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom...If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars. Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.
    59. ^ Nasir, Abbas (18 August 2015). "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 4 January 2017. His commitment to jihad – to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, as the director-general of the Pakistan's intelligence organisation, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate, an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so-called Mujahideen on Afghan soil.
    60. ISBN 9780313381942
      . Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations.
    61. ISBN 9781136818943
      . Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare.
    62. ^ Schmetzer, Uli (14 September 1998). "Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 January 2017. KARACHI, Pakistan — Iran, which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan, accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan's last Shiite stronghold, which fell hours earlier to the Taliban, the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country.
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    Further reading

    • Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.
    • Fair, C. Christine. Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War. (Oxford UP, 2014).
    • Hussain, Nazir. "Pak-Russia Relations: Lost Opportunities and Future Options." Journal of Political Studies (2012). 19#1 pp 79–89 online
    • Jabeen, Mussarat, and Muhammad Saleem Mazhar. "Security Game: SEATO and CENTO SEATO and CENTO As Instrument of Economic and Military Assistance to Encircle Pakistan" Pakistan Economic and Social Review 49#1 (2011), pp. 109–132 online
    • Khan, Muhammad Taimur Fahad. "Pakistan's Foreign Policy towards Russia." Strategic Studies 39.3 (2019): 89–104. online[dead link]
    • Pande, Aparna. Explaining Pakistan's foreign policy: escaping India (Routledge, 2011).
    • Sattar, Abdul. Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947-2012: A Concise History (3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2013). online 2nd 2009 edition
    • Siddiqi, Shibil. "Afghanistan-Pakistan relations: History and geopolitics in a regional and international context." Final Report (Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation) 45 (2008). online
    • Singh, Besakh. "Pakistan and Russia Relationship: Changing Dynamics in the Post-Cold War Era." (MA thesis, Central University of Punjab. 2016); bibliography pp 89=98. online [permanent dead link]

    External links

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