Pakistan Armed Forces

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Pakistan Armed Forces
پاکستان مسلح افواج
Minister of Defence
 Lt Gen(R) Anwar Ali Hyder
Hamood Uz Zaman
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff General Sahir Shamshad Mirza
Personnel
Military age16–23[1]
ConscriptionNone
Reaching military
age annually		4,525,440
Active personnel654,000[2] (ranked 6th)
Reserve personnel550,000
Deployed personnel Saudi Arabia — 2,600[3]
 Qatar — 650[4]
Expenditures
BudgetUS$10.3 billion (2022)[5]
Percent of GDP2.6% (2022)[5]
Industry
Domestic suppliers
List

Defence industry of Pakistan

Foreign suppliers
List
 China
 Brazil
 Germany
 Egypt
 France
 Italy
 Romania
 Russia
 Sweden
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Iran
Annual exportsUS$416 million (2023)[6]
Related articles
History
Ranks
Air Force ranks and insignia
A military parade led contingent of army, followed by the navy and air force, in Shakarparian Hills in Islamabad in 2018.

The Pakistan Armed Forces (

Air Force.[8] All branches are systemically coordinated during joint operations and missions under the Joint Staff Headquarters (JSHQ).[8]

Since the

close relations with China, working jointly to develop the JF-17, the K-8, and various weapons systems. As of 2021, China was the largest foreign supplier of military equipment to Pakistan in major arms.[9] The military cooperation between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Pakistan have accelerated the pace of joint military exercises, and their increasingly compatible weapons supply chains and network communication systems have accelerated the integration of defense capabilities between the two sides.[10] Both nations also cooperate on the development of their nuclear and space technology programs.[11][12][13] Alongside this, the Pakistani military also maintains relations with the United States in history, which gave Pakistan major non-NATO ally status in 2004. As such, Pakistan procures the bulk of its military equipment from China, the United States and its own domestic suppliers.[14]

The Pakistan Armed Forces were formed in 1947, when Pakistan gained

National Guard and the Civil Armed Forces to deal with civil unrest in the North-West, as well as the security of border areas in Punjab and Sindh by paramilitary troops. In 2017, the Pakistan Armed Forces had approximately 654,000 active personnel, excluding 25,000–35,000+ personnel in the Strategic Plans Division Forces and 482,000 active personnel in the various paramilitary forces.[16] The military has traditionally had a large pool of volunteers, and therefore conscription has never been brought into effect, although both the Constitution of Pakistan and supplementary legislation allow for conscription in a state of war.[17]

Accounting for 18.3% of national government expenditure in 2021, after interest payments, Pakistan's military absorbs a large part of the country's annual budget.

Somali and Bosnian conflicts
.

History

Main article: Military history of Pakistan
Punjabi Muslims of the British Indian Army. The roots of the Pakistani military trace back to the British Indian Army, which included many personnel from present-day Pakistan.
Pictured are troops of the Khyber Rifles, now part of the Frontier Corps, striking a pose, c. 1895.

The Pakistani military traces its roots directly back to the

Ayub Khan (British Indian Army), Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri (Royal Indian Navy) and Asghar Khan (Royal Indian Air Force).[22] Many of the senior officers who would form the Pakistan Armed Forces had fought with British forces in World War II, thus providing the newly created country with the professionalism, experience and leadership it would need in its future wars against neighbouring India.[23] In a formula arranged by the British, military resources were to be divided between India and Pakistan in a ratio of 64% going to India and 36% going to Pakistan.[24]

The Pakistani military largely retained British military traditions and doctrine until 1956, when the United States dispatched a specialized Military Assistance Advisory Group to Pakistan to build its military; from this point onward, American military tradition and doctrine became more dominant within Pakistan's armed forces.[25] In March 1956, the order of precedence of the Pakistani military's three formal services changed from "Navy-Army-Air Force" to "Army-Navy-Air Force".[26][non-primary source needed]

Between 1947 and 1971, Pakistan fought three direct conventional

counter-insurgency operations along the border areas of Afghanistan, while continuing to participate in several United Nations peacekeeping operations.[33][34]

Since 1957, the armed forces have taken control from the civilian government in various military coups—ostensibly to restore order in the country, citing corruption and gross inefficiency on the part of the civilian leadership. While many Pakistanis have supported these seizures of power,[35] others have claimed that the rampant political instability, lawlessness and corruption in Pakistan are the direct consequence of consistent military rule.[36][37][38] The budget allocation for the Pakistan Armed Forces at over 20% of the annual budget of Pakistan. Elected officials and the lawmakers have been forced to come under military rule for over 30 years of Pakistan's existence.[39]

Organization and Command Structure

Leadership of the Pakistan Armed Forces is provided by the

Chief of Naval Staff.[15]

At the JS HQ, it forms with the office of the

Inter-Services Selection Board (ISSB), Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and the Strategic Plans Division Force (SPD Force).[40][clarification needed
]

Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC)

Following military failures in the

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, federal studies on civil–military relations were held by a commission led by Hamoodur Rahman, Chief Justice of Pakistan.[8][40] Recommendations of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission helped establish the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee to co-ordinate all military work and oversee joint missions and their execution during operations.[40][41]

The chairmanship of the JCSC rotates among the three main service branches, with appointment by the prime minister confirmed by the president.[40] The chairman outranks all other four-star officers; however, he does not have operational command authority over the armed forces.[42] In his capacity as chief military adviser, he assists the prime minister and the minister of defence in exercising their command functions.[42]

Technically, the JCSC is the highest military body; and its chairman serves as the principal staff officer (PSO) to the civilian prime minister, Cabinet, National Security Council (its adviser), and president.[40] The JCSC deals with joint military planning, joint training, integrated joint logistics, and provides strategic directions for the armed forces; it periodically reviews the role, size, and condition of the three main service branches; and it advises the civilian government on strategic communications, industrial mobilisations plans, and formulating defence plans.[40] In many ways, the JCSC provides an important link to understand, maintain balance, and resolve conflicts between military and political circles.[40] In times of peace, the JCSC's principle functions are to conduct planning of civil–military input; in times of war, the chairman acts as principal military adviser to the prime minister in the supervision and conduct of joint warfare.[42]

Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee

Flag Position Photo Incumbent Service branch
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC)
General
Sahir Shamshad Mirza

Pakistan Army
Chief of the Army Staff
(COAS)
Asim Munir

Pakistan Army
Chief of the Naval Staff
(CNS)
Admiral
Naveed Ashraf
Pakistan Navy
Chief of the Air Staff
(CAS)
Air Chief Marshal
Zaheer Ahmad Babar
Pakistan Air Force

Service branches

Army

Main article: Pakistan Army
Pakistani soldiers being decorated after a tour of duty with the UN in the DR Congo

After the

Asim Munir was the chief of army staff.[47] Army General Sahir Shamshad Mirza is the current Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[48] The army has a wide range of corporate (e.g.: Fauji Foundation), commercial (e.g.: Askari Bank), and political interests, and on many occasions has seized control of the civilian government to restore order in the country.[49]

The

Al-Khalid main battle tanks (MBTs).[51]

Since 1947, the army has waged

Arab–Israeli Wars, aided the Coalition Forces in the first Gulf War, and played a major role in combat in the Bosnian War as well as rescuing trapped American soldiers in Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993. Recently, major joint-operations undertaken by the army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat, against armed insurgents within Pakistan. The army has also been an active participant in UN peacekeeping missions.[54]

Air Force

Main article: Pakistan Air Force

Brought into existence in 1947 with the establishment of the

Chief of Air Staff (CAS), by statute a four-star air chief marshal, appointed by the president, with the consultation and confirmation of the prime minister.[46] As of March 2021, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar is the CAS.[56]

In many important events in Pakistan's history, the air force has played a pivotal, influential, and crucial role in the nation's defence and national security, and promoted a sense of security in civil society.[57][58][59][60] Its military significance and importance in public perception contribute to the PAF's dominance over the other major service branches.[61] The PAF officially uses the slogan: "Second to None; fully abreast with the requisite will and mechanism to live by its standards in the coming millennium and beyond."[62]

PAF F16s in tight formation in Nevada, U.S., c. 2010.

Historically, the air force has been heavily dependent on U.S., Chinese, and French aircraft technology to support its growth, despite impositions of the Pressler amendment.

JF-17 have provided an alternative route to meet its aerial combat requirements.[64] According to PAF accounts, the air force plans to retire several of its ageing French-licensed Mirage III and Mirage 5 fighter jets.[65]

CAC

Joint production with the

F-16C/D Block 52s under the Peace Gate-II[clarification needed] by the United States.[74]

In 2009, the PAF enlisted two types of

K-8 Karakorum intermediate jet training aircraft.[citation needed] Other major developments continue to be under development by the local aerospace industries;[79] some of its electronic systems were exhibited in IDEAS 2014 held in Karachi.[80][relevant?] Since the 1960s, the PAF has held regular combat exercises, such as Exercise Saffron Bandit and Exercise High Mark, modelled on the USAF Weapons School; many authors believe the PAF is capable of mastering the methods of "toss bombing" since the 1990s.[81][82]

Navy

Main article: Pakistan Navy
KSEW
.

The Pakistan Navy was formed in 1947 by the Indian Muslim officers serving in the

71 commissioned warships and 36,000 active duty personnel, its operational scope has expanded to greater national and international responsibility in countering the threat of sea-based global terrorism, drug smuggling, and trafficking issues.[85]

PNS Larkana in Karachi

A single command structure known as

chief of naval staff.[86]

The Navy operates the domestically built Agosta 90B submarines.

patrol ships, mine-countermeasures, and miscellaneous vessels.[89] Established in 1972, the Naval Air Arm provides fleet air defence, maritime reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare capability. Mirage 5 aircraft donated by the PAF are flown by the Navy, equipped with Exocet anti-ship missiles.[89] The Navy's fleet of P-3C Orion turboprop aircraft, equipped with electronic intelligence (ELINT) systems, play a pivotal role in the Navy's gathering of intelligence.[90] Since 2001, the navy has emphasised its role and expanded its operational scope across the country with the establishment of Naval Strategic Forces Command, based in Islamabad
.

A Pakistan Navy's Westland Sea King.

In the 1990s, the navy lost its opportunity to equip itself with latest technology and negotiated with the

Ra'ad, has been successfully tested.[95]

Since the 1990s, the navy has been conducting joint naval exercises and has participated in multinational task forces such as CTF-150 and CTF-151.[96]

Aircraft in the Navy
  • JF-17 background Mirage 5 ROSE foreground
    A Navy
    JF-17, which are flown by navy pilots but remain under air force.[97]
  • Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg
    A Navy P3C-Orion in flight
  • A Pakistan navy SA-319B Alouette III helicopter lands aboard the aircraft
    A Pakistan navy SA-319B
    Alouette III helicopter lands aboard the aircraft carrier USS George H.W. Bush
  • Pakistan Navy Breguet 1150 Atlantic Asuspine-1.jpg
    A Pakistan Navy
    Breguet Atlantic Asuspine-1
    taxied.
Commons

Marines

Main article: Pakistan Marines
Badge logo of Pakistan Marines.

Recommended by the Navy, based on

riverine operations in East Pakistan.[98] The Marines saw their first combat actions in amphibious operations during the Bangladesh Liberation War, fighting against the Indian Army.[99] Due to poor combat performance in the war, high losses and casualties, and inability to effectively counter the Indian Army, the Marines were decommissioned by 1974. However, Marines continued to exist in its rudimentary form until 1988 to meet fundamental security requirements of Pakistan Navy units.[citation needed] In 1990, the Marines were recommissioned under Commander M. Obaidullah.[98]

US Marines
Corps, 2009.

The Marines are the uniform service branch within the Navy whose leadership comes directly from the Navy.

Navy's rank code, but conducts its combined combat training with army at Pakistan Military Academy Kakul and School of Infantry in Quetta.[98][101]

Its single command structure is based at the Manora Fort in Qasim Marine Base in Karachi and the Marines are under the command of the Commander Coast (COMCOAST), by statute a two-star rear-admiral.[102] According to the ISPR, the Marines are deployed at the southeastern regions of Pakistan to avoid infiltration and undercover activities from the Indian Army.[100]

As of current appointment,[

Southern Punjab to lead the flood-relief operations in 2014.[105][106]

For intelligence purposes, the army immediately raised the combat battalion of the Marines, from the officers of the Navy, in 1999.[107] Major intelligence activities are gathered from the Sir Creek region by the Marines, where an entire battalion is deployed to conduct reconnaissance.[98][107]

Paramilitary forces

Main articles:
Pakistan National Guard

Civil Armed Forces

The Civil Armed Forces (CAF) of Pakistan comprise several paramilitary organizations, separate and functionally distinct from the regular Pakistan Armed Forces. Operating under the purview of the Ministry of Interior in peacetime, the CAF shoulders the crucial responsibility of maintaining internal security. This encompasses assisting civilian law enforcement agencies in tasks like crime prevention, border control and public order maintenance. The CAF additionally plays a vital role in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations, along with tackling anti-smuggling activities. During natural disasters, the CAF collaborates closely with the military to provide relief and support. In times of war, the CAF falls under the direct command of the Ministry of Defence and the Pakistan Armed Forces. Estimates from 2010 place the strength of the CAF at approximately 420,000 personnel. [108] With the exception of the Frontier Constabulary, command positions within the CAF are typically filled by officers on secondment from the Pakistan Army.

Pakistan National Guard

Pakistan National Guard is a military reserve force and a component of the Pakistan Army. Functioning as a "second line of defense" alongside the Pakistan Army Reserve and the Civil Armed Forces, the National Guard's primary roles include internal security, disaster relief and wartime support for the regular army. Established on January 1st, 1948, it comprises approximately 185,000 personnel with its headquarters at the General Headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi.[109]

Personnel

PNS Shah Jahan (middle) and PNS Tippu Sultan (front) of the Pakistan Navy

Troop strength

As of 2021, estimations by national and international bodies were that approximately 651,800 people

parliament of Pakistan.[111] The military is the sixth largest in the world and has troops deployed around the globe in military assistance and peacekeeping operations.[54]

Pakistan is the only predominantly Muslim country in which women serve as high-ranking officers and in combat roles, and a sizeable unit of female army and air force personnel has been actively involved in military operations against Taliban forces.[112][113][114]

Members of the Pakistani military hold a rank, either that of officer or enlisted, and can be promoted.[115]

The following table summarizes current Pakistani military staffing:

Pakistani military troop levels
Service Total active-duty personnel[116] Total reserve[116][failed verification]
Army 560,000 550,000
Navy 54,100 5,000
Air Force 70,000 8,000
National Guard
 185,000 None
Civil Armed Forces ~200,000 None
SPD Force 21,000+ [117][118] Unknown

Uniforms

A Pakistan Army soldier in combat gear during training.

From 1947 to the early 2000s, Pakistan's military uniforms closely resembled those of their counterparts in the

Royal Navy uniform, with predominant colours of navy blue and white.[citation needed
]

In 2003, the service uniforms for each major service branch were revised and orders were made to issue new uniforms roughly based on the

American military.[citation needed] With Marines reestablished in 2004, the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) uniforms are now worn by each service in respect to their colours; the flag of Pakistan patch worn on the shoulder became compulsory.[120]

In the military, the

Turkish Army.[121]

The Army's standard UCP is based on a pixelated version of the region's arid desert patterns.[121] The army's UCP varies depending on the type of missions and deployment it is being used for.[121] The Navy's UCP is based on a design that incorporates sparse black and medium grey shapes on a light grey background.[121] The Marines have a woodland pattern featuring light brown, olive green and dark blue shapes on a tan or light olive background.[121] Slight colour variations have been noted. Other than a greenish flight suit and a standard service dress, the Air Forces's Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) camouflage features a variation of the six-colour desert pattern.[121] In each service's UCP, the name of the service branch, rank, and gallantry badges are worn on the chest; insignia are worn on the shoulders with the compulsory flag-of-Pakistan patch.[120]

Uniforms and Camouflage codes of the Pakistan Armed Forces, 1947–present
  • Standard yellowish khakis as both ACU and the ASU, 1994.
    Standard yellowish
    ACU and the ASU
    , 1994.
  • A Pakistan Air Force service uniform, 1974.
    A Pakistan Air Force service uniform, 1974
  • A traditional white navy service dress
    A traditional white navy
    service dress
    , 2008
  • Earliest army ACU in the 1980s.
    Earliest ACU in the 1980s
  • Pakistan Marines' Universal Camouflage Pattern
    Marines (as laying down) standard UCP.
  • Comparison of US Army and Pakistan Army's UCP
    Comparison of US Army and Pakistan Army's UCP, 2013.
  • One of Pakistan Navy's previous bluish UCP in 2010.
    One of Pakistan Navy's previous UCP in 2010. The Navy changed its camouflage in 2013.
  • Pakistan Navy's sailors wearing anti-flash gear while operating a Guided missile frigate, PNS Alamgir
    Pakistan Navy's sailors wearing anti-flash gear while operating a
    PNS Alamgir
    .
  • Pakistan Air Forces's Special Service Wing in its current Camouflage.
    Special Service Wing
    (SSW) in its current camouflage.
  • The PAF's fighter pilots with the greenish g-suit in comparison to USAF.
    The
    USAF; the same pattern is used by the Pakistan Navy
    .

Source: ISPR works, Commons

Rank and insignia structure

See also:
British heritage of Pakistan

As Pakistan became independent, the

British colonialism.[122] Within a few months of its founding in 1947, the military had inherited all professional qualifications of the British military in India.[115][123]

In respect to the

British colonial period.[125] Promotion to the JCO, however, remains a lucrative and powerful incentive for the enlisted military personnel; thus, if JCO ranks are ever phased out, it will probably be a slow process.[125]

Current deployments

Within Pakistan

Main articles:
Pakistan's role in the War on Terror
Approximately 70% of military forces are deployed near the eastern border with India, c. 1997.

It is estimated that approximately 60–70% of Pakistan's military personnel are deployed along the

military efforts against al-Qaeda
extremists.

In comparison with multinational and US forces, Pakistan's military has suffered the highest number of casualties in the war on terror, both in confrontations with al-Qaeda and during border skirmishes with the United States. After the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the subsequent standoff with India, several combat divisions were redeployed to Eastern and Southern Pakistan.

In addition to its military deployments, the armed forces also assist the government in responding to natural disasters such as the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the nationwide floods of 2010.

Overseas

Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces deployments

A large number of Pakistan Armed Forces personnel are deployed overseas as part of the United Nations' peacekeeping missions. As of May 2019, 5,083 personnel were serving abroad, making Pakistan the sixth-largest contributor of personnel to UN peacekeeping missions.[21]

Foreign military relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Pakistan

China

Main article: China–Pakistan relations

China's relationship with Pakistan holds great importance for both countries in terms of common interest and geopolitical strategy. The alliance was initially formed to counter the regional influence and military threat posed by India and the Soviet Union. In recent years, with the strategic cooperation between the United States and India has deepened further, China and Pakistan have signed several military cooperation agreements.[128]

China has been a steady source of

Al-Khalid tank, airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) systems, and many other projects. The two countries have held several joint military exercises to enhance co-operation between their armed forces.[129] A 2023 report by the United States Institute of Peace argues that China and Pakistan's military relationship has "advanced from an episodic partnership to a threshold alliance", Pakistan "increasingly sourced from China, especially the higher-end combat strike and power projection capabilities; and Pakistan continues to retire older U.S. and European origin platforms". But both sides need to do more to make this threshold relationship a full-fledged ally.[130]

South Asian countries

The Pakistan Army personnel saluting in British-style, palms facing outward, to American Defense Secretary Robert Gates in 2010.

Prior to 1971, Pakistan's military had a strong presence in East Pakistan and an active theatre-level military command. After Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan, full diplomatic relations were not restored until 1976.[131] Relations improved considerably under the Bangladesh military governments of President Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman and Lieutenant General Hussain Muhammad Ershad, as Bangladesh had grown distant from its former war ally, India.[131][132] Common concerns over India's regional power have influenced strategic co-operation, leading to a gift of several squadrons of F-6 fighter aircraft to the Bangladesh Air Force in the late 1980s.[133]

After being condemned by India, Great Britain, and the United States between 2004 and 2006 for repressing democracy, the

Maoist insurgency.[134]

When India proved reluctant to supply

Al-Khalid main battle tanks to the Sri Lanka Army was finalised during these talks, in a deal worth over US$100 million.[136] In April 2009, Sri Lanka requested $25 million worth of 81 mm, 120 mm and 130 mm mortar ammunition, to be delivered within a month, which proved decisive in the defeat of the Tamil Tigers.[137]

United States and NATO

Main articles:
NATO–Pakistan relations, Pakistan–United States relations, and Pakistan–United States military relations
Mike Mullen
reviews Pakistani troops during a ceremony honouring Mullen's arrival in Islamabad in 2008.

Throughout its history, Pakistan has had a fluctuating military relationship with the United States.[14] During times of co-operation, U.S. military funding and training have enhanced the Pakistan Armed Forces; in contrast, severing of U.S. support at critical junctures has led to bitter disillusionment. The Pakistani military, which generally prefers a balance with China or America, is not ready to sever ties with the United States,[138] despite leaked Pentagon intelligence suggesting that Pakistani diplomats are negative about ties with it.[139]

In support of the United States'

11 September attacks, Pakistan received approximately $9 million in American military aid; in the three years after, the amount increased to $4.2 billion.[140]

Pakistan has maintained military-to-military relations with the

the United States troops withdraws Afghanistan in 2021, U.S. "clearly distanced" itself from Pakistan,[146] and all U.S. military aid has been canceled.[147]

Since the 2000s, military relations have improved between the Russian armed forces and the Pakistan armed forces.[148][149]

Middle Eastern countries

Main articles: Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations, Iran–Pakistan relations, Pakistan–Turkey relations, and Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Pakistan Navy ships deployed in the Arabian Sea, near Oman.

Pakistan's close ties to the nations of the Middle East, based on geography and shared religion, have led to periodic military deployments since the 1960s. The Arab world countries – many of them wealthy but with small populations and limited militaries – have historically depended on regional armies to provide a protective umbrella and military muscle in times of instability and crisis.[150] The Pakistani military has retained a particularly close relationship with Saudi Arabia which has been a sporadically generous patron: much of the military equipment bought from the United States by Pakistan in the 1980s was paid for by Saudi Arabia. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Kuwait also have been important sources of financial support.[151]

Pakistani military personnel have been posted as military advisers and instructors to the militaries of

Black September revolt against King Hussein in Jordan
in the early 1970s.

Navy guards marching in 2009.

Pakistan has enjoyed strong military co-operation with the

Sunni and Shiites in Pakistan, much to the discomfort of Iran. During the Iran–Iraq War, the Arab countries and the United States, who were supporting
Iraq, pressured Pakistan to discontinue its covert support and military funding for Iran.

The 1980s were a difficult time in military relations for both countries, as Iran was blamed for the rising ethnic tensions between Sunnis and Shiites in Pakistan. The relationship further deteriorated in the 1990s when the

assassination of Iranian diplomats. Iran's relations with India improved during this time, with both supporting the Northern Alliance
against the Taliban.

The situation began to normalise in 2000, with Pakistan and Iran reinstating

11 September attacks in the United States and the fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan, the two countries began rebuilding their military ties. Over the years, diplomatic delegations have been exchanged, and Pakistan has agreed to sell military equipment to Iran. In addition, Pakistan has maintained strong military-to-military ties with Turkey
, and would like to use these, as well as its Iranian connections, as a bridge to the new Muslim states of Central Asia.

Bilateral relations deteriorated after Pakistan refused to participate in the

Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, but it subsequently participated in the "Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition" (IMCTC) alliance in 2015.[152]

Special operations forces

Main articles:
Special Service Wing
A member of Pakistan Navy Special Service Group aboard Pakistan Navy Ship PNS Babur.

After the

Special Services Group (SSG) is an elite special operations division; its training and nature of operations are roughly equivalent to British Special Air Service (SAS) and US Army Special Forces and Delta Force.[citation needed] Tentative estimates of the division's size are put at four battalions but the actual strength is kept highly classified.[citation needed
]

With the successful commissioning of Special Services Group, the Pakistan Navy accepted recommendations for commissioning its own special operational unit shortly after the

SEAL) teams.[153] Operatives' identities and actual static strength are kept secret and classified.[153] Very few details of their missions are publicly known.[153]

A small unit of Pakistan Marines have, since 1990, operated reconnaissance units to deter the Indian Army's actions in the Sir Creek region.[154][155] Other battalions of Marines are trained to carry out operations with airborne, heliborne, submarine, and waterborne insertions and extractions.[156]

The

1971. [158] The SSW is designed to execute difficult aerial and land operations, serving as equivalent to the US Air Force's Special Tactics Squadron units.[157]
Following the secretive tradition of its counterparts in other services, the actual number of its serving personnel is kept classified.

UN peacekeeping forces

Main article: United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan

In 2009, Pakistan was the single largest contributor of UN peacekeeping forces, with more than 11,000 Pakistani military personnel serving in UN peacekeeping operations worldwide.[159]

The table below shows the current deployment of Pakistani Forces in UN Peacekeeping missions.

Start of operation Name of operation Location Conflict Contribution
1999 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (
MONUC
) 		Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of Congo
 Second Congo War 3,556 Troops.[160]
2003 United Nations Mission in Liberia (
UNMIL
) 		Liberia Liberia Second Liberian Civil War 2,741 Troops.[161]
2004 United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUB Burundi Burundi
Burundi Civil War
 1,185 Troops.[162]
2004 United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (
UNOCI
) 		Ivory Coast Ivory Coast First Ivorian Civil War 1,145 Troops.[163]
2005 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (
UNMIS
) 		Sudan Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War 1,542 Troops.[164]
Staff/observers 191 observers.[165]
  • The total number of troops serving in peacekeeping missions was 10,173 as of March 2007.

Involvement in Pakistani civil society

Main articles:
2009 refugee crisis in Pakistan, Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy), and International response to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake

According to the views of Russian scholar Anatol Lieven, the Pakistan Armed Forces play a vital role in keeping the Pakistani state together, promoting a spirit of unity and nationhood, and providing a bastion of selfless service to the nation.[27] As an institution, the armed forces have been integrated into Pakistani civil society since the establishment of the country in 1947.[166] The military has been involved in building much of the country's infrastructure (such as dams, bridges, canals, power stations, and energy projects) and civil–military input from all sections of the armed forces has helped to build a stable society and professionalism in the armed forces.[166]

Pakistan military troops in relief efforts missions in 2005.

In times of natural disasters such as

floods and earthquakes, army engineers, medical and logistics personnel, and the armed forces generally have played a major role in rescue, relief, and supply efforts.[167] In 2010, armed forces personnel donated one day of salary for their flood-effected brethren.[168]

In 1996, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jehangir Karamat, described the Pakistan Armed Forces' relations with civilian society:

In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn.[169]

Pakistan Air Force airmen participating in relief operations.

According to 2012 reports of the

Federally Administered Tribal Area was built by the armed forces in a policy based on sustainable development plans, to improve the livelihood of ordinary people of the region.[170] According to Air Force statistics, the air force conducted approximately 693 relief operations in Pakistan and abroad during the fiscal period 1998–2008.[171] The Air Force carried and distributed thousands of tons of wheat, medicines, emergency shelters, and provided assistance to rehabilitate the disaster-effected areas of the country.[171]

Pakistan Navy medical specialists conducting medical training while abroad on sea mission.

During the wave of floods from 2010 to 2014, the Navy launched relief operations nationwide and provided healthcare, medicines, relief efforts, and coordinated the distribution of food in the flood-effected areas.[172] In the Navy's own admission, it had provided 43,850 kilograms (96,670 lb) of food and relief goods to flood victims; this included 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food dispatched to Sukkur. The Pakistan Naval Air Arm had air dropped more than 500 kg of food and relief goods in Thal, Ghospur, and Mirpur areas.[173]

Engineering units of the Navy built more than 87 houses distributed to the local internally displaced persons (IDPs). About 69,000 affected IDPs were treated in Navy medical camps.[174]

Commemoration and parades

The Youm-e-Difa (English: Defence Day) – Pakistan's day in remembrance of fallen soldiers of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 – is observed on 6 September.[175] Memorial services are held in the presence of Pakistan's top military and civil officials.[176] Wreaths of flowers are laid on the graves of the fallen soldiers and ceremonies are held across the country.[177] The change of guard ceremony takes place at Mazar-e-Quaid, where the cadets of inter-services academies present Guard of Honour and take the charge.[175] Additionally, the Youm-e-Fizaya (Air Force Day) is celebrated on 7 September, and the Youm-e-Bahriya (Navy Day) on 8 September.[178]

The Pakistan Armed Forces parades take place on 23 March, which is celebrated as

Constitution Avenue in Islamabad, where the weapon exhibitions are televised.[179]

Weapons of mass destruction and policy

Main articles:
N-deterrence, Youm-e-Takbir, and Strategic Plans Division Force

Pakistan's development of

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, with the government adopting a policy of deliberate ambiguity which was practised and observed from 1972 to 1998.[180] Amid pressure built after India's nuclear test in 1998, Pakistan successfully conducted its first publicly announced nuclear tests in 1998: Chagai-I and Chagai-II.[40] With these tests, Pakistan became the seventh nation to achieve the status of a nuclear power.[181]

The Babur missile system
deployed in IDEAS 2008 convention in 2008.

Under a public policy guidance, strategic weapons and projects are researched and developed entirely by civilian scientists and engineers, who also develop a wide range of delivery systems. On military policy issues, Pakistan issues directives towards "

second strike capability.[184] Since the early 1990s, Pakistan's nuclear strategists have emphasised attaining "second strike" capability in spite of their "first use" policy.[185] Statements and physical actions by Pakistan have cited the survivability through a second strike, forming a naval-based command and control system to serve as "the custodian of the nation's second-strike capability."[186]

In January 2000, the head of United States Central Command, General Anthony Zinni, told NBC that longtime assumptions that India had an edge in the South Asian strategic balance of power were questionable at best. Said Zinni: "Don't assume that the Pakistanis' nuclear capability is inferior to the Indians".[187]

Despite international pressure, Pakistan has refused to sign either the

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Initiatives taken towards consolidating strategic infrastructure led to the establishment, in 2000, of the National Command Authority (NCA), which oversees the policy, military control, development, and deployment of the country's tactical and strategic nuclear arsenals. The command and control of the strategic arsenal are kept under an inter-service strategic command[clarification needed] which reports directly at the Joint staff HQ.[55]

Since its establishment in 2000, the chairperson of the NCA has been the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).[188] Pakistan has an extremely strict command and control system over its strategic assets, which is based on C4ISTAR (Command, Control, Communications, and Computing of Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance). [188] Pakistan's strategic command structure has a three-tier system which forms by combining the National Command Authority, Strategic Plans Division and each of three Inter-Services strategic force commands. The SPD's own force called SPD Force is responsible for security of nuclear weapons while the strategic forces commands of the air force, army, and navy exercise the deployments and eventual usage of the WMDs.[188] However, the executive decisions, operational planning's, and controls over the WMDs remains vested with the NCA under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[188]

Defence Intelligence

See also: Pakistani Intelligence community

Traditionally, the bulk of intelligence work in Pakistan has been carried out by the

Pakistani intelligence community. To provide better co-ordination and eliminate competition, the National Intelligence Coordination Committee was established in 2020.[189]

Military academies

Main article: Military academies in Pakistan

The military academies are:

There are also a number of engineering, professional, and

higher education
military institutes:

Military justice system

Main article:
Judge Advocate General Branch

Pakistan's military justice system rests on the inter-services administrated

Judge Advocate General Branch (JAG); all military criminal cases are overseen by the high-ranking officials of joint tribunals of the military.[190] Each major service branch has its own service law: Army Justice Act, promulgated in 1952; the PAF Justice Act, established in 1953; and the Navy Ordinance, enacted in 1961.[191] The identities of active-duty uniformed JAG officials are kept classified and no details of such individuals are made available to media.[190]

All three sets of service laws are administered by the individual major service branches under the central reporting supervision of the Ministry of Defence (MoD).[191] The army has a four-tier system while the air force and navy have three-tier systems.[191] The two top levels of all three-tier systems are the general court-martial and district court-martial; the third level comprises the field general court-martial in the army, air force, and navy. The fourth-level tier of the army comprises the summary court-martial.[191] The differences in tier levels reflect whether their competence extends to officers or enlisted personnel, and the severity of the punishment that may be imposed.[191]

Pakistan's

Ministry of Justice (MoJ) determine the prosecution of the case to be tried, whether military or civilian courts have jurisdiction.[191] Former servicemen in civilian life who are accused of felonies committed while on active duty are liable for prosecution under the jurisdiction of military courts.[191] These courts are empowered to dispense a wide range of punishments including death.[191] All sentences of imprisonment are served in military prisons or detention barracks.[191]

Military budget

GDP Rate of Growth 1951–2009

Faced with defence and security issues involving much larger opponents on both its eastern and western borders, the

minimally effective defensive stance.[191] Since 1971, the military budget of the armed forces grew by 200% in support of armed forces contingency operations.[191] During the administrations of Prime Ministers Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, approximately 50–60% of scientific research and funding went to military efforts.[191]

In 1993, Benazir Bhutto's defence budget for the year was set at PKR 94 billion (US$3.3 billion), which represented 27% of the government's circular spending and 8.9% of GDP, in calculations shown by the United States military.[191] Despite criticism from the country's influential political-science sphere,[192] the government increased the military budget by an additional 11% for the fiscal year 2015–16.[193]

Defence Industry

Main articles: Defence industry of Pakistan and List of military equipment manufactured in Pakistan

At the time of the creation of Pakistan, the country had virtually no military industry or production capability. In 1949–50, the contribution of the industrial sector to the

Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW), which was focused on civil maritime construction. All military industrial materials and weapons systems were either inherited or purchased from the United Kingdom.[194]

Industrial manufacturing in Pakistan from 1973 to 2000.

By 1951, Prime Minister

POF
used by the Pakistani military.

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the

Mushshak trainer (based on the Swedish SAAB Safari), and maintained radar and avionics equipment. After the success of the Mushshak, the Super Mushshak and the state-of-art Karakoram-8 advanced training jet were produced. The MoDP includes several other specialised organizations devoted to research and development, production and administration.[194]

Rifles and firearms produced by POF displayed at an arms exhibition.

In 1987, the KSEW began developing submarine technology and rebuilding the

Pressler amendment" (introduced by US Senator Larry Pressler
) and an economic and military embargo. This caused a great panic in the Pakistan Armed Forces and each major service branch launched its own military-industrial programs.

By 1999, the KSEW had built its first long-range attack submarine, the

Al-Khalid main battle tank, built and assembled at HIT. Since 2001, Pakistan has taken major steps toward becoming self-sufficient in aircraft overhaul and modernisation and tank and helicopter sales.[194]

After the success of its major projects in the defence industry, the

Defence Export Promotion Organization (DEPO) was created to promote Pakistani defence equipment to the world by hosting the International Defence Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS), which is held biennially at the Karachi expo center. Pakistan's defence exports were reportedly worth over US $200million in 2006, and have continued to grow since.[196]

Awards and honours

Main article: Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces

Wartime Gallantry Awards

Nishan-e-Haider (Order of the Lion)
Hilal-e-Jurat (Crescent of Courage)
Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage)
Tamgha-e-Jurat (Medal of Courage)
Imtiazi Sanad (Mentioned in Despatches)[197]
Order of Wear

Nishan-e-Haider

(Order of the Lion)

Nishan-e-Imtiaz

(Civilian)

Nishan-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

Hilal-e-Jurat

(Crescent of Courage)

Hilal-e-Shujaat

(Crescent of Bravery)

Hilal-e-Imtiaz

(Civilian)

Hilal-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

Sitara-e-Jurat

(Star of Courage)

Sitara-e-Shujaat

(Star of Bravery)

Sitara-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

President's Award for

Pride of Performance

Sitara-e-Basalat

(Star of Good Conduct)

Sitara-e-Eisaar

(Star of Sacrifice)

Tamgha-e-Jurat

(Medal of Courage)

Tamgha-e-Shujaat

(Medal of Bravery)

Tamgha-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

Tamgha-e-Basalat

(Medal of Good Conduct)

Tamgha-e-Eisaar

(Medal of Sacrifice)

Imtiazi Sanad

(Mentioned in Despatches)

Tamgha-e-Diffa

(General Service Medal)

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

(War Star 1971)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

Tamgha-e-Baqa

(Nuclear Test Medal)

Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan

(Escalation with India Medal)

Tamgha-e-Azm

(Medal of Conviction)

Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-I)

(Medal of Service Class I)

Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-II)

(Medal of Service Class I)

Tamgha-e-Khidmat (Class-III)

(Medal of Service Class I)

10 Years Service Medal

20 Years Service Medal

30 Years Service Medal

35 Years Service Medal

40 Years Service Medal

Pakistan Tamgha

(Pakistan Medal)

Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-

Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

Hijri Tamgha

(Hijri Medal)

Jamhuriat Tamgha

(Democracy Medal)

Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha

(Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal)

Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan

(Independence Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

Command & Staff College Quetta

Instructor's Medal

Command & Staff College Quetta

Student Medal

See also

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Further reading

External links

Official websites