Palaestina Prima
Provincia Palaestina Prima ἐπαρχία Πρώτη Παλαιστίνης | |||||||||
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Province of the Muslim conquest of Syria | 636 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Israel Jordan Palestine |
History of Israel | |
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538–333 BCE | |
Hellenistic period | 333–164 BCE |
Hasmonean dynasty | 164–37 BCE |
Herodian dynasty | 37 BCE–6 CE |
Roman Judaea
Jewish-Roman Wars ) | 6 CE–136 CE |
History of Palestine |
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Palaestina Prima or Palaestina I was a
History
The province of Palaestina Prima came into existence in the late 4th century through a series of reforms of the Roman provincial administration which subdivided many provinces into smaller administrative units. The intent of these reforms were to circumscribe the ability of provincial governors with strong garrisons to stage revolts and to improve efficiency by reducing the area controlled by each governor.
Despite Christian domination, until the 4th and 5th centuries
In 602, the
Byzantine control of the province was again and irreversibly lost in 636, during the
Demographics
The population of Palestine reached an all-time peak during the Byzantine era.[13]
Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians and Samaritans dominated the central regions of Palaestina Prima, while Christian Ghassanid Arabs and Nabataean Arabs dominated Palaestina Secunda and Tertia respectively. The Samaritan revolts in the 5th and 6th centuries, and the subsequent suppression of their communities, took its toll on their numbers.[14] Many also converted to Christianity.
According to the 6th century
Depending on the time, either a notable
Religion
During the Byzantine period, Palestina Prima gradually became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars from the Near East and Southern Europe, and abandoning previous Roman and Hellenistic cults. Arianism and other forms of Christianity found themselves in a hostile environment as well.
Variants of the
Economy
Written sources from the Byzantine period describe Ascalon and Gaza as important commercial hubs that exported wine to many places throughout the empire. Jerome points out that the region was home to numerous monastic settlements at the time and had a landscape dotted with vineyards. The church may have been a significant wine producer, as evidenced by archeological sites like Horvat Hesheq and Horvat Bet Loya.[16]
See also
- Coele-Syria
- History of Palestine
- Palaestina Secunda
- Palestina Salutaris
- Iudaea Province
References
- ^ Britannica, Palestine - Roman Palestine.
- ^ Lewis 2011, p. 155; Britannica, Palestine - Roman Palestine: At the end of the 4th century, an enlarged Palestine was divided into three provinces: Prima, with its capital at Caesarea; Secunda, with its capital at Scythopolis (Bet Sheʾan); and Salutaris, with its capital at Petra or possibly for a time at Elusa.; Shahin 2005, p. 8
- ^ Hughes 2020, p. 15; Harries 2012, p. 50: Diocletian sought to head off potential threats to his personal security but he also saw the potential for improving efficiency by operating through smaller provincial units. Larger provinces were therefore divided, on an ad hoc basis, into smaller entities, each with its own provincial governor, usually called a praeses – but in Italy a corrector, later a consularis – and administrative capital.
- ^ Harries 2012, p. 51.
- ^ Lewis 2011, p. 155.
- ^ Lewis 2011, p. 155; Britannica, Palestine - Roman Palestine: At the end of the 4th century, an enlarged Palestine was divided into three provinces: Prima, with its capital at Caesarea; Secunda, with its capital at Scythopolis (Bet Sheʾan); and Salutaris, with its capital at Petra or possibly for a time at Elusa.; Shahin 2005, p. 8
- ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 195: the Jews appear to have risked an open revolt ... and to have allied themselves with the Persians. Jewish requests for (above all) the return of Jerusalem met with a positive response from the Persians; Magness 2012, p. 322: The Sasanids were aided by the local Jewish population, who had suffered under Byzantine Christian rule and hoped for permission to rebuild the Jerusalem temple.
- ^ Mitchell 2014, p. 452: Caesarea Maritima, ..., and, ..., Jerusalem, fell to the Persians in 614. ... huge numbers of Jerusalem’s Christian population were slaughtered ..., and the relic of the Cross itself was removed as a trophy; Haldon 2002, p. 2: in 614 Jerusalem fell - the church of the Holy Sepulchre was destroyed and the relic of the Cross taken; Reinik 2002, pp. 81–2: the bloody sack and destruction of Jerusalem in 614, including the loss of the relic of the True Cross; Schäfer 2003, p. 195: The Persians conquered Jerusalem ... and ... they destroyed a large number of churches, ransacked the city and caused carnage amongst the Christian population.
- ^ Drijvers 2002, p. 175: The capture of Jerusalem by the Persians in the spring of 614 was a tremendous shock to the Christian world. ... Since the days of Constantine the Great, Jerusalem had been the emblem of the Christian empire and seventh-century Jerusalem was in all respects the Christian city par excellence, the emblematic capital of Christianity, and the symbolical center of the world.
- ^ Drijvers 2002, p. 176: They may even have ruled, ..., Jerusalem ... However, ... by 617 the Persians seem to have returned the city; Balfour 2012, p. 112-3: The city was left in the control of a Jewish administration that lasted from 614 to 617 ... After 617 the Persians concluded that it was politically more constructive to deal with the Christians; Schäfer 2003, p. 198; Foss 2003, p. 153: the Persians soon shifted their favour to the Christians, no doubt recognising that they formed the overwhelming majority in the province and had to be conciliated.
- ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 198; Balfour 2012, p. 112: In March 629, the "True Cross" was carried in splendid procession into Jerusalem by the Emperor Heraclius.
- ^ Schäfer 2003, p. 198: He had promised the Jews ... amnesty ..., but was unable to hold to this. At the insistence of the leaders of the Christians, who had not forgotten the period of Jewish rule from 614 to 617, he once more expelled the Jews from Jerusalem and had to allow large numbers of them to be executed.; Balfour 2012, p. 112: The patriarch of Jerusalem executed those who were known to have taken part in the killings.
- ^ Bar 2003, p. 402.
- ^ Masalha 2018, p. 146.
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 3.
- OCLC 316430311.
Sources
- Bar, Doron (2003). "The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54 (3): 401–421. ISSN 0022-0469.
- Haldon, John (2002). "The Reign of Heraclius: a Context for Change?". In G. J. Reinink; Bernard H. Stolte (eds.). The Reign of Heraclius (610-641): Crisis and Confrontation. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-90-429-1228-1.
- Foss, Clive (2003). "The Persians in the Roman Near East (602–630 AD)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 13 (2): 149–170. S2CID 162252154.
- Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30585-3.
- Magness, Jodi (August 27, 2012). The Archaeology of the Holy Land: From the Destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim Conquest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-12413-3.
- Mitchell, Stephen (June 11, 2014). A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284-641. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34106-3.
- Reinik, Gerrit J. (2002). "Heraclius, the New Alexander: Apocalyptic Prophecies during the Reign of Heraclius". In G. J. Reinink; Bernard H. Stolte (eds.). The Reign of Heraclius (610-641): Crisis and Confrontation. Peeters Publishers. pp. 81–94. ISBN 978-90-429-1228-1.
- Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
- Hughes, Ian (October 2020). A Military Life of Constantine the Great. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-5267-2426-7.
- Harries, Jill (2012). Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363: The New Empire. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2052-4.
- Shahîd, Irfan (1995). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88-402214-5.
- "Palestine - Roman Palestine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
- Lewis, Bernard (April 15, 2011). Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East. Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9757-5.
- Shahin, Mariam (2005). Palestine: A Guide. Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-557-X.
- Masalha, Nur (2018). Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-78699-274-1.
- Drijvers, Jan Willem (2002). "Heraclius and the Restitutio Crucis: Notes on Symbolism and Ideology". In G. J. Reinink; Bernard H. Stolte (eds.). The Reign of Heraclius (610-641): Crisis and Confrontation. Peeters Publishers. pp. 175–190. ISBN 978-90-429-1228-1.
- Balfour, Alan (December 3, 2012). Solomon's Temple: Myth, Conflict, and Faith. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-470-67495-6.