Palermo Stone

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Palermo Stone
The Palermo Stone, the fragment of the Egyptian Royal Annals housed in Palermo, Italy
Height43.5 cm
Width25 cm
Createdc. 2338 BC
Discoveredbefore 1859
Present locationPalermo, Sicily, Italy

The Palermo Stone is one of seven surviving fragments of a

Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas in the city of Palermo, Italy, from which it derives its name.[2]

The term "Palermo Stone" is sometimes applied to all seven surviving fragments of the Royal Annals, including those held in museums in Cairo and London. The fragments are also sometimes described collectively as the "Cairo Annals Stone",[3] although the term "Cairo Stone" is also used to mean only those fragments of the Royal Annals now in Cairo.

The Palermo Stone and other fragments of the Royal Annals preserve what is probably the oldest historical text that has survived from Ancient Egypt and form a key source for Egyptian history in the Old Kingdom.[4]

Description

The Royal Annals stele, of which the Palermo Stone formed part, may originally have been about 60 cm high and 2.1m wide. The fragments are composed of a compact hard black stone, probably a form of basalt.

The Palermo Stone itself is an irregular shield-shaped fragment, 43.5 cm high, 25 cm wide and 6.5 cm thick (maximum dimensions).

The inscription on the "front" (recto) of the Palermo Stone consists of six horizontal bands or registers of

Red Crown). The second and subsequent registers contain portions of royal annals for pharaohs of the First to Fourth Dynasties, that is lists of the key events in each year of the reign of each king, arranged chronologically. The second register on the Palermo Stone begins with the final year entries for a king of the First Dynasty whose name is not preserved, but who is generally assumed to be either Narmer or Aha.[5] The rest of the second register is taken up with the first nine annual entries for this king's successor, who is again not named on the fragment, but is assumed to be either Aha or his successor Djer. The remainder of the inscription on this side continues with royal annals down to the kings of the Fourth Dynasty
.

The text continues on the "back" (verso) of the Palermo Stone, cataloguing events during the reigns of pharaohs down to

Information recorded in the Royal Annals (as preserved on the Palermo Stone) includes measurements of the height of the annual Nile flood (see Nilometer), the inundation, details of festivals (such as Sed festivals), taxation, sculpture, buildings, and warfare.[7]

Archaeological history

The Royal Annals of Egypt, showing a suggested reconstruction of the stele and the positions of the seven surviving fragments. P is the Palermo Stone, nos. 1-5 are the Cairo fragments, and L is the London fragment
Petrie Museum, London, which is inscribed with part of the Khasekhemwy register and at the bottom with a sign from the Sneferu
register

The original location of the stele is unknown and none of the surviving fragments have a secure archeological provenance. One fragment now in Cairo is said to have been found at an archaeological site at Memphis, while three other fragments now in Cairo were said to have been found in Middle Egypt. No find site for the Palermo Stone itself has been suggested.

The Palermo Stone was purchased by a Sicilian lawyer, Ferdinand Guidano, in 1859 and it has been in Palermo since 1866. On 19 October 1877, it was presented to the Palermo Archaeological Museum by the Guidano family, where it has remained since.

There are five fragments of the Royal Annals in the

Petrie Museum of University College London, forming part of the collection of the archeologist Sir Flinders Petrie
(and purchased by him in 1914).

The importance of the Palermo Stone was not recognized until it was noticed by a visiting French archaeologist in 1895. The first full publication and translation was that done in 1902 by Heinrich Schäfer.

Uncertainties

There are uncertainties regarding the date of the Palermo Stone and of the Royal Annals it records. It is unknown whether the inscription was done all at once or whether it was added to over time. It is also unknown whether or not it dates from the latest period it describes (i.e. from no later than the Fifth Dynasty). It has been suggested[

]

It is also unknown whether all the surviving fragments are parts of the same stele or whether they come from separate copies. None of the smaller fragments held in Cairo have any clear provenance, and they might not all be genuine.[9][10]

Various parts of the ancient text are in widely varying states of preservation, which makes the text difficult to decipher. If the text is a later copy, rather than a Fifth Dynasty original, errors and invention may have crept in during the copying process.[9]

Significance

The Palermo Stone and the other associated fragments of the Royal Annals are a vital source for the history of the

Old Kingdom
and, for example, preserve names of members of the royal families during the first five dynasties, which are not otherwise recorded.

The surviving Royal Annals fragments contains the names of the following pharaohs:

Abydos king list (reign of Seti I, 1294–1279 BCE), identify Menes
(probably Narmer) (c. 3100 or 3000 BCE) as the first king of the First Dynasty and so credit him with unifying Egypt. However, the top register of the Royal Annals names some predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt, presumably referring to a time before Egypt was unified. Identification of these kings with historical persons remains controversial.

The ancient historian

king list most closely related to his work (as preserved by later ancient and later writers) is the Turin Canon
. [11]

The Palermo stone also mentions 9 predynastic pharaohs, their true existence uncertain. These are:

See also

References

  1. .
  2. ^ a b Schirò, Saverio (9 February 2021). "The Palermo Stone and its unsolved mysteries". palermoviva.it.
  3. ^ Dodson
  4. ^ Hsu, Hsu, Shih-Wei (2010) The Palermo Stone: the Earliest Royal Inscription from Ancient Egypt, Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag, 37 (2010) 1, 68–89.
  5. ^ Lloyd, Alan B. (1988), Commentary on Herodotus 99–132 p.8.
  6. .
  7. ^ Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000), Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press, p.23ff.
  8. ^ a b Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Routledge, p.64.
  9. ^ O'Mara, P.F. (1979). The Palermo Stone and the Archaic Kings of Egypt. California: Paulette Pub. Co., p.113-131.

Sources

External links