Palila

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Palila

Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Loxioides
Species:
L. bailleui
Binomial name
Loxioides bailleui
Oustalet, 1877
Black: Extinct
Green: Current range
Synonyms
  • Psittacirostra psittacea (partim)
    Perkins (non Gmelin), 1983 (lapsus)
  • Psittirostra bailleui

The palila (Loxioides bailleui) is a

māmane tree (Sophora chrysophylla), and became endangered due to destruction of the trees and accompanying dry forests. The first specimen of the palila was collected in 1876 at the Greenwell Ranch on the Big Island by Pierre Étienne Théodore Ballieu (1828–1885), who was French consul in Hawai‘i from 1869 to 1878. The type specimen (No. 1876-645) is housed at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris
.

Taxonomy

The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanididae) are sometimes included in the true

monotypic. The native name ʻōʻū poʻopapale ("capped ʻōʻū") probably refers to this species too.[2][3] Despite its bill and habits being somewhat similar to the ʻōʻū, its color pattern betrays a very close relationship with the genus Telespiza
.

Description

Closeup (probably of an adult female)

The palila has a yellow head and breast, with white to light gray

dorsally, and olive-green wings and tail. The bird also has a heavy dark bill with swollen sides, a brown iris, and dark feet with yellowish soles. The palila is one of the largest living Hawaiian honeycreepers, measuring around 6–7.5 inches (15–19 cm). With a body mass of 38.1 g (1.34 oz) on average in males and 37.6 g (1.33 oz), it appears to be the heaviest Hawaiian honeycreeper.[4]

There is some sexual dimorphism. Males tend to have brighter colors overall, as well as clear-cut black lores. The corresponding area contrasts less with the dirty-yellow heads in the marginally smaller females.

The bird's song is inconspicuous, containing whistling, warbling and trilling notes. The call is characteristic, however, being a clear, bell-like whistle, chee-clee-o or te-cleet. This is loudly communicated between birds advertising food during the morning and evening, and according to native informants, it is given most frequently during the day as rain approaches.[2]

Distribution and status

Currently, the palila can be found only on the upper slopes of

māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) grows more plentifully, and the birds do not appear to venture far from māmane stands. Essentially, this means that the species is confined – and may always have been so – to the area above the moist forest
belt at around 3,000–4,500 feet (910–1,370 m).

The fossil record shows that prior to human arrival the Palila also occurred in Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, and thus could likely have occurred on Maui and neighboring islands as well, but it has not been recorded out of the island of Hawaiʻi since European arrival. Palila are found in less than 10 percent of their historical range; they were found at elevations down to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) as late as the 19th century. Loxioides bailleui was abundant throughout Hawaiʻi until the beginning of the 20th century. It lived on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea, the northwest slopes of Mauna Loa, and the eastern slopes of Hualālai. Then, as early as 1944, scientists believed the bird almost extinct.

On March 11, 1967, the palila was listed as an

Endangered Species Act. In 1975, it was estimated that only 1,614 palila existed. In 1978, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that feral sheep and goats had to be removed from critical habitat of the bird. From annual counts between 1980 and 1996, variable estimates of population ranged from 1,584 to 5,685 mature birds, though there are no consistent trends. In 1997, the west slope of Mauna Kea contained 72% of the population. The entire population, an estimated 4,396 birds, occupied an estimated 78 square kilometres (19,000 acres).[1]

Conservation

The remaining habitat of the palila is actively being preserved, with public access being limited to nature trails such as the Palila Forest Discovery Trail on Mauna Kea.[5] The San Diego Zoo has a captive breeding program for the palila based in the Keauhou Bird Conservation Center on Hawaii Island. In May 2019, 6 palila were reintroduced to a patch of restored forest on the island in order to establish a second population, marking the first reintroduction attempt for the species.[6]

Ecology and behavior

Palila

The palila favors a

lava fields, and other types of native understory
vegetation.

The diet of the palila is almost exclusively the immature seeds of māmane when these are available. These contain much vile-tasting

seed coat and a lethal amount of quinolizidine alkaloids in the embryos themselves. By some undetermined means, adult palila are able to cope with a dose of these toxins that would kill other small animals in mere minutes. The amount of toxin in māmane varies, and the palila can be seen to avoid certain trees. It is possible that these contain the highest amounts of poison, but how the birds would be able to recognize this is not known.[7]

The bitter taste of the seed coats probably does not affect the birds (see below). Nonetheless, the seed coats are not very nutritious, and are thus discarded. Palila bills are adapted to open Fabales pods. The birds hold the pod with one foot and pry it open with the bill to expose the seeds. They then tear away the visible portion of the seed coat and extract the embryo, leaving the remaining coat in the pod. Seeds that drop out of the pod intact during opening are picked up and positioned longitudinally in the bill. The seed coat is then neatly cut open by the bill's edge and the embryo nudged out with the bird's tongue. The seed coat, still remaining in one piece, is then dropped.[7]

Palila also eat naio berries and other fruit (such as the introduced

Cydia species (māmane codling moths) and more rarely on those of Uresiphita polygonalis virescens (māmane snout moth). These caterpillars as well as other insects, along with the very nutritious māmane seeds, provide the palila's main source of protein. Nestlings, apparently not yet able to cope with the amount of poison contained in the seeds, are fed to a large extent on Cydia caterpillars. These destroy or discard the māmane's toxins they take up with their food, so that the caterpillars themselves are non-toxic. They do contain high amounts of phenolic compounds they probably sequester from their food and quite likely taste as bad. Palila do not seem to mind the adverse taste or are physically unable to perceive it, given that they go to great lengths to obtain this food during breeding season.[7]

The abundance of māmane seeds affects

reproduction rates and adult survival. Palila start to eat the seeds at higher elevations and then gradually move downslope. During droughts, when māmane seeds are scarce, most birds do not attempt to breed
.

The birds normally breed from February to September. The female constructs a loose,

grasses, stems, roots, lichen, and branch bark from the māmane trees provide the building material. Lichen and small leaves layer the inside of the nest. Usually the palila clutch size is two eggs. Both parents regurgitate food to feed their young. The juveniles remain in the nest for up to 31 days before fledging
.

Litigation

The Palila was the subject of a number of lawsuits brought by various environmental groups under the

Northern Spotted Owl
are similarly captioned.

References

  1. ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Rothschild, Lionel Walter (1898–1900): 42. Loxioides bailleui. In: The avifauna of Laysan and the neighboring islands (Vol.3): 197–198. R.H. Porter, London.
  3. ^ Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange (1996): ‘Ō‘ū, ESIS101027 (draft) Archived 2008-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Virginia Tech. Version of 1996-MAR-14.
  4. .
  5. ^ matthew (2016-08-17). "New Mauna Kea birding trail reveals the palila, a rare endemic Hawaiian species". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  6. ^ Mapp, Lauren J. (2019-05-22). "San Diego Zoo Releases Group of Critically Endangered Birds in Hawaii". Times of San Diego. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  7. ^
    S2CID 7064787. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2007-05-04.

External links

Further reading

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