Palm wine
 Bottles and a glass of palm wine | |
| Type | Alcoholic beverage |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Worldwide |
Palm wine, known by several
Palm wine production by smallholders and individual farmers may promote conservation as palm trees become a source of regular household income that may economically be worth more than the value of timber sold.
Tapping
The sap is extracted and collected by a tapper. Typically the sap is collected from the cut flower of the palm tree. A container is fastened to the flower stump to collect the sap. The white liquid that initially collects tends to be very sweet and non-
Palm sap begins fermenting immediately after collection, due to natural yeasts in the air (often spurred by residual yeast left in the collecting container). Within two hours, fermentation yields an aromatic wine of up to 4% alcohol content, mildly intoxicating and sweet. The wine may be allowed to ferment longer, up to a day, to yield a stronger, more sour, and acidic taste, which some people prefer. Longer fermentation produces vinegar instead of stronger wine.[5]
Distilled
Palm wine may be
In Nigeria, this is commonly called palm wine. In southwestern Nigeria and some parts of Cameroon, it is also known as Emu or "Matango". In both Congos, it is called nsámbá. In parts of southern Ghana, distilled palm wine is called akpeteshi or burukutu. In Togo and Benin, it is called sodabe, while in Tunisia it is called lagmi. In coastal parts of Kenya, it is known as "mnazi". In India, it is called "toddy". In Ivory Coast, it is called "koutoukou".
In the Philippines, the most common distilled palm liquor is
Consumption by region
Africa
In Africa, the sap used to create palm wine is most often taken from wild
Palm wine plays an important role in many ceremonies in many tribes and nations of Nigeria such as among the Igbo and Yoruba peoples, and elsewhere in Central and Western Africa.[7] Guests at weddings, birth celebrations, funerals,and gatherings to observe important festivals and holidays are served in generous quantities. Palm wine is often infused with medicinal herbs to remedy a wide variety of physical complaints. As a token of respect to deceased ancestors, many drinking sessions begin with a small amount of palm wine spilled on the ground (Kulosa malafu in Kikongo ya Leta). Palm wine is enjoyed by men and women, although women usually drink it in less public venues.
In parts of southeastern Nigeria, namely Igboland, palm wine is locally referred to as "mmanya ocha" (literally, "white drink"), with "ngwo" and "nkwu" variants. It plays a very important role in traditional Igbo settings. In Urualla, for instance, and other "ideator" towns, it is the drink of choice for traditional weddings. A young man who is going for the first introduction at his in-laws’ house is required to bring palm wine with him. There are varying gallons of palm wine required, depending on the customs of the different regions in Igboland. This culture can be observed similarly in the neighboring north-western regions of Cameroon. (North West Region).[8]
There are four types of palm wine in the central and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. From the oil palm comes ngasi, dibondo comes from the
South Asia
In
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In parts of India, the unfermented sap is called
In India, palm wine or toddy is served as either neera or patanīr (a sweet, non-alcoholic beverage derived from fresh sap) or kallu (a sour beverage made from fermented sap, but not as strong as wine).[9] Palm sap contains natural yeasts, which perform the fermentation of glucose to alcohol, as well as acetobacter, which subsequently converts the alcohol to acetic acid (vinegar). The optimal consumption time is one day after tapping when the vinegar content is minimal; beyond this time, it becomes increasingly sour. Some palm wine drinkers prefer their beverage more sour than usual, but fermenting for too long will result in vinegar rather than wine. Refrigeration extends beverage life, as do a variety of spices, which also contribute to flavor.
In India, palm wine is usually available at
In the states of Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh (India), toddy is a popular drink in rural parts that is frequently consumed at the end of the day after work.
There are two main types of toddy (kallu) in the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, namely taḍi kallu (Telugu: తాటికల్లు) (from Toddy Palmyra trees) and īta kallu (Telugu: ఈతకల్లు) (from silver date palms). Īta kallu is very sweet and less intoxicating, whereas taḍi kallu is stronger (sweet in the morning, becoming sour to bitter-sour in the evening) and is highly intoxicating. People enjoy kallu right at the trees where it is brought down. They drink out of leaves by holding them to their mouths while the Goud pours the kallu from the biṅki (kallu pot). There are different types of toddy according to the season: poḍḍataḍu, parpuḍtaḍu, paṇḍuḍtaḍu. [citation needed].
In the Indian state of Kerala, toddy is used in leavening (as a substitute for yeast) a local form of hopper called the vellayappam. Toddy is mixed with rice dough and left overnight to aid in fermentation and expansion of the dough causing the dough to rise overnight, making the bread soft when prepared.
In Kerala, toddy is sold under a license issued by the excise department and it is an industry having more than 50,000 employees with a welfare board under the labor department. It is also used in the preparation of a soft variety of Sanna, which is famous in the parts of Karnataka and Goa in India.
Indonesia and Malaysia
Tuak, which can refer to both palm wine and
Mexico
Mexican tuba made from coconut sap is common in western
Mexican tuba is also commonly sold as tuba fresca, a non-alcoholic version made from fresh coconut sap. It is traditionally sold by street vendors in large
Philippines
Palm wines are widely consumed in the
Other types of palm wines indigenous to the islands include subtypes of tubâ like
On the island of Leyte in the central Philippines, the red tubâ is aged with the tanbark for up to six months to two years, until it gets dark red, and tapping its glass container gives off a deep hollow sound. This type of tubâ is called bahal (for tubâ aged this way for up to six months) and bahalina (for tubâ aged thus for up to a year or more).
South America
Production of palm wine may have contributed to the endangered status of the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis).[19]
Other areas
In Tuvalu, the process of making toddy can be seen with tapped palm trees that line Funafuti International Airport. In Kiribati, it is called Karewe and freshly tapped sap from coconut spathe is used as a refreshing drink and the fermented sap is used as an alcoholic beverage. Karewe is boiled to reduce into a thick light brown liquid, called kamwaimwai, used as a sweetener and spread.
Consumption by animals
Some small
Names
There are a variety of regional names for Palm wine:
| State / Territory / Region | Name used |
|---|---|
| Algeria | لاقمي lāgmi |
| Bangladesh | তাড়ি taṛi, তাড়ু taṛu, tuak[21] |
| Benin | sodavi (distilled), sodabe, atan |
| Cambodia | tek tnart chu[22] (ទឹកត្នោតជុ) |
| Cameroon | mimbo,[23] matango, mbuh, palm wine, tumbu liquor, vin de palme, miluh |
| Central America | vino de coyol |
| People's Republic of China | 棕榈酒 zōng lǘ jiǔ[24] |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | malafu ya ngasi (Kikongo), masanga ya mbila (Lingala), vin de palme (French) |
| East Timor | tuaka, tua mutin, brandy is called tua sabu |
| Equatorial Guinea | topé (most widespread name), also called bahú in the north and mahú in the south[25] |
| Gabon | toutou |
| Gambia | singer |
| Ghana | doka, nsafufuo, palm wine, yabra, dεha, tér daññ, Akpeteshi (when it is further distilled) |
| Guam | tuba (originated from the Philippines) |
| India |
Toddy in English Malayalam ಕಳ್ಳು kaḷḷu or sendi in Kannada kali in Tulu తాటి కల్లు tāṭi kallu in Telugu Tadi in Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra তাড়ি taṛi in Bengali sur in Konkani Tadi in Bhojpuri |
| Indonesia | arak Batak region, North Sumatra : lapo tuak. In South Sulawesi (especially in Tana Toraja): ballo. In North Sulawesi: saguer
|
| Ivory Coast | bandji, koutoukou (when it is further distilled) |
| Kenya | mnazi (which means coconut palm in Mijikenda) |
| Kiribati | karewe |
| Libya | لاقبي lāgbi [ˈlaːɡbi] |
| Malaysia | nira (Malay for fresh juice obtained from the blossom of the coconut, palm or sugar-palm, which can be made into sugar or the said palm wine, which is also known as tuak[21]), toddy (English), bahar (Kadazan/Dusun), goribon (Rungus), tuba (Borneo) |
| Maldives | ދޯރާ،ރުކުރާ،މީރާ (dōrā, rukurā, mīrā) |
| Mali | bandji, sibiji, chimichama |
| Marianas | tuba (originated from the Philippines) |
| Mexico | tuba (garnished with peanuts, originated from the Philippines) |
| Myanmar | ထန်းရည် htan yay |
| Namibia | omulunga, palm-wine |
| Nauru | demangi[26] |
| Nepal | tāri तारि |
| Nigeria | palm-wine, palmy, ukọt nsuñ, mmin efik, emu, oguro, tombo liquor, mmanya ngwo, nkwu enu, nkwu ocha |
| Papua New Guinea | segero, tuak |
| Philippines | fishtail palm wine), dalisay (general term for distilled palm liquor)
|
| Seychelles | kalou |
| Sierra Leone | poyo, mampama |
| South Africa | ubusulu, injemane |
| Sri Lanka | රා rā (Sinhala), கள்ளு kaḷḷu (Tamil), panam culloo[21] |
| Tanzania | pómbe (which means alcohol) or tembo[27] |
| Thailand | kache (กะแช่), namtanmao (น้ำตาลเมา) |
| Tunisia | لاقمي lāgmi |
| Tuvalu | kaleve (unfermented), kao (fermented), or in English, toddy (unfermented), sour toddy (fermented) |
| Vietnam | rượu dừa;[21] |
a
b Marathi
Gallery
-
Bowl for tuak drinking made from a gourd (late 19th century) -
Tapping the sap of the immature flower flasks in "arènpalm" (Moluccas(1919). The wine was called toewak (Dutch), tuak or sagoweer (saguer). The fresh sap, "sugar water", was also so drunk. -
Palm wine seller in Bali (1929) -
Taken in Southern Leyte, Philippines where a tuba gatherer climb the coconut tree to harvest some tuba. -
Sitting on the coconut palm while gathering tuba. -
A young Toddy-picker climbing a palm tree to collect palm wine, visakhapatnam, India. -
Palampore tapestry depicting toddy tappers, India, 1750 CE. -
Locally called "manananggot" for tuba gatherer. -
Gathering tuba from the coconut tree. -
Toddey tapper at work, India, ca.1862. -
Toddey trapper climbing palm tree with a hanging ladder, India. -
Coconut trees, and Toddy gatherers ofsouthern India(1855) -
Palmwine
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In popular culture
The tapping and consumption of palm wine are recurrent motifs in the Chinua Achebe novel Things Fall Apart,[28] and in the Amos Tutuola novel The Palm-Wine Drinkard.[29] It is also mentioned in the 2006 movie Blood Diamond.
See also
- Arrack, an alcoholic beverage distilled from coconut palm wine in southeast Asia.
- Coyol wine
- Desi daru
- Madurai Veeran, a deity who consumes toddy.
- Ogogoro
- Palm-wine music, a West African musical genre.
- Pulque
- Sree Muthappan, another deity who consumes toddy.
- List of Indonesian beverages
References
Notes
- ^ a b Enjoying ‘tuak’ in Batak country by Wan Ulfa Nur Zuhra, NORTH SUMATRA, Feature, 21 January 2013 Jakarta Post
- ^ Rundel, Philip W. The Chilean Wine Palm Archived 4 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine in the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden Newsletter, Fall 2002, Volume 5(4). Retrieved 31 August 2008
- ^ Confirel:Sugar Palm Tree – Conservation of natural heritage. Retrieved 15 April 2012
- ^ "Palm Wine Production". Comundos. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ "Fermented and vegetables. A global perspective. Chapter 4". fao.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ ISBN 9789715425544.
- ^ Ogunnaike, Ayodeji (Spring 2019). "The Tree That Centres The World: The Palm Tree As Yoruba Axis Mundi". Africana Studies Review. 6 (1). Southern University at New Orleans: 46, 49–50.
- ^ AfricaNews (17 December 2021). "Palm wine benefits economy in the Central African Republic". Africanews. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- ^ "WebHost4Life". indianwine.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- ^ "Tuak - the ancient culture in Borneo". 27 August 2013.
- ^ Putri, Edira (12 December 2017). "A Guide to Indonesia's Traditional Alcoholic Drinks". Culture Trip. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- PMID 30967846.
- ISBN 9780748630271.
- ISBN 9789715425292.
- ^ Gibbs, H.D.; Holmes, W.C. (1912). "The Alcohol Industry of the Philippine Islands Part II: Distilled Liquors; their Consumption and Manufacture". The Philippine Journal of Science: Section A. 7: 19–46.
- ^ "Culture of Colima". Explorando Mexico. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ Esparza, Bill (28 May 2015). "Beyond Aguas Frescas: Two Refreshing Mexican Coolers to Try This Summer". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ "Talking Tuba". Vallarta Today. Retrieved 5 May 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived 17 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- National Academy of Sciences. Published online before print 28 July 2008. Retriev 25 August 2008
- ^ a b c d e Law, S.V.; et al. (2011). "MiniReview- Popular fermented foods and beverages in Southeast Asia" (PDF). International Food Research Journal (18). Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ISBN 978-81-322-2798-4.
- ^ Anchimbe – Creating New Names for Common Things in Cameroon English (I-TESL-J)
- ^ "English-Chinese Translation of "palm wine"". Websaru Dictionary. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ISBN 9788439826019.
- ^ "Petit-Skinner's Nauruan English".
- ISBN 978-0-241-23749-6.
- ^ Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. UK: William Heinemann Ltd., 1958.
- ^ Tutuola, Amos. The Palm-Wine Drinkard. Grove Press, 1954.
External links
Media related to Palm wine at Wikimedia Commons- Article on Philippine palm wine
