Pamela Kyle Crossley

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Crossley in 2021

Pamela Kyle Crossley (born 18 November 1955) is a historian of modern China, northern Asia, and global history and is the Charles and Elfriede Collis Professor of History, Dartmouth College.[1] She is a founding appointment of the Dartmouth Society of Fellows.

She is author of The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800: An Interpretive History (2010), as well as influential studies of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) and leading textbooks in global history.

Crossley is known for an interpretation of the source of twentieth-century

academic discourse on "nationalism
," and prevailed till the end of the twentieth century.

Life

Crossley was born in

Qing Empire. More specialists subsequently adopted this practice. Crossley is a Guggenheim fellow, an NEH fellow (2011–2012) and a recipient of the Association for Asian Studies Joseph Levenson Book Prize for A Translucent Mirror. Dartmouth students have given her the Goldstein Prize for teaching.[2] Crossley resides in Norwich, Vermont.[3]

Publications

Most recently Crossley has published The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800, An Interpretive History which takes the resilience and coherence of local communities in China as a theme for interpreting the transition from the late imperial to the modern era. Crossley's previous books are What is Global History? (Polity Press, 2008),

A&E's "In Search of..." series ("The Forbidden City"). In January 2012 the new educational platform The Faculty Project announced that Crossley would produce a video course on Modern China for their site.[9] Unusually, Crossley maintains an errata page for her publications, including exchanges with translators.[10]

"Qing Studies," "New Qing History" and criticism by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Crossley is noted for her work in what has been called either

Manchu language, religion, documents, and customs remained of great importance to the Qing until the middle nineteenth century. Her book Orphan Warriors was the first to develop a sustained critique of conventional assumptions of "sinicization." She agreed that assimilation and acculturation were part of China's history, but considered "sinicization" to be something that historians had imbued with a charismatic quality with no basis in fact. She disagreed with earlier scholars that Manchus had been "sinicized", but she did not argue that Manchu culture in modern China was the traditional culture of Manchuria. Rather, it was a new culture of individual Manchu communities in China, what she called "the sense of difference that has no outward sign".[11]

Many historians such as Joanna Waley-Cohen have named Crossley as related to the "New Qing History" school. William T. Rowe of Johns Hopkins University describes Crossley as the "pioneer" of these new ways of thinking about Qing history.[12] Earlier, political commentator Charles Horner pointed to Crossley as one of the most important current historians in the reconceptualization of the Qing period and its significance, which he did not refer to as "New Qing History.".[13]

In publications in Korea and China since 2008 Crossley has written that there are two trends that are often conflated, one a "Manchu-centered" school and another group who view the Qing empire as a "historical object" in its own right (not only a phase in Chinese history). She criticized the "Manchu-centered" school for romanticism and relying on disproved theories about "Altaic" language, culture and history. She also argued that the analyses used by the group called "New Qing Historians" by Waley-Cohen and later popular with Chinese historians were various and conflicting, and that "New Qing History" as a "school" could not reasonably be extended beyond the small group who actually called themselves writers of "New Qing History." On the other hand, she seems to have included herself in the Qing empire school, which she calls "Qing Studies."[14] She sees the Qing empire not as a Manchu empire but as a "simultaneous" system (like many other historical empires) in which the emperor is not subordinate to any single culture.

Of Crossley's books, only What is Global History? has been successfully translated and published in China. On April 20, 2015, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published a criticism by historian Li Zhiting

Mark C. Elliott and James A. Millward personally as being apologists for imperialism, producing fraudulent history and encouraging "splittism" in border areas. This followed Internet criticism by Chinese posters of Crossley's 2011 editorial in the Wall Street Journal, in which she contrasted the international foundations of the 1911 revolution in China with the narrow nationalism of the hundred-year celebration in 2011. Possibly Li Zhiting used some criticisms that Crossley herself had written in a 2008 essay[16] which was translated into both Korean and Chinese in 2009 and 2010. The criticisms by Li were followed by an interview with associate professor Zhong Han (Minzu University) in the same CASS online journal, severely attacking [17] both Crossley's methodologies and her interpretations. In a subsequent essay Zhong continued his attack on Crossley, citing errors in an article of hers that had been translated into Chinese. Crossley maintains a voluminous errata site linked to her faculty page since 1995; in a tweet, she pointed out that Zhong had missed the "good stuff" and recommended that he visit the page. Subsequently, Liu Wenpeng denounced the concept of "Inner Asia" as used by "New Qing" historians, apparently following Crossley's 2009 discussion of the history of the Inner Asian term.[14] Criticism of Crossley, Rawski and "New Qing" historians, particularly Elliott and Millward, continues in the Chinese press, possibly reinforcing campaigns against "Western culture" encouraged by the current Chinese government. Crossley was quoted in Kyodo New Service as saying, "We are not the targets," and that Chinese historians using non-Chinese documents and dealing with the history of Qing empire conquests were the real targets.[18]

Global history

Crossley was a co-author of The Earth and its Peoples, which was a revolutionary text in 1997.[citation needed] She was invited to write What is Global History? in a Polity Press series of short texts introducing historical genres to undergraduates. It is a study of "narrative strategies" used by historians from many cultures, over history, to attempt to tell "a story without a center," which Crossley regards as the defining quality of "global history." In her own research work in the field of world or global history Crossley is known primarily for arguing, in agreement with a certain number of other historians of China, that not only material but also cultural and political trends produced an "early modern" period across Eurasia from about 1500 to about 1800. She has commented that while a Eurasian chronology that could be used for teaching is possible (as in the example of early modernity), it is not "global" since it would bring together Chinese and European history but isolate the histories of Africa, Australia, and North and South America.

Software development

Crossley is a software author, and has created applications for use by teachers, professors, community organizers to manage web pages. The free applications are specially designed for display of all "horizontally-written" scripts, and integrate functions needed for instant web page management. A widely used app aids students in study and memorization of the Chinese classic Daxue 大學. Other software makes this famous reference work Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period used by students who do not know the Wade–Giles system accessible, and also integrates to Harvard University GIS database. It is available to the public (link) both as a web interface and as a desktop internet application.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Pamela Crossley Department of History, Dartmouth College.
  2. ^ "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-05.
  3. ^ "Kenneth C. Crossley Obituary". The Morning Call. Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. July 18, 2006. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
  4. ^ Iqbal, Iftekhar (April 2009). "Review of What is Global History? by Pamela Kyle Crossley". Reviews in History.
  5. ^ Tighe, Justin (November 2003). "Review of The Manchus by Pamela Kyle Crossley". Eras Journal. Victoria, Australia: Monash University.
  6. doi:10.1086/ahr/106.3.953
    .
  7. ISBN 9781285965703
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1285401386
    .
  9. ^ The Faculty Project
  10. ^ "Crossley ERRATA". www.dartmouth.edu.
  11. ^ Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990, p.267.
  12. ISBN 9780674036123
    ., p. 195.
  13. ^ Charles Horner, "China and the Historians" The National Interest, Spring 2001
  14. ^ a b Crossley, Pamela Kyle, The Influence of Altaicism on East Asian Studies," Proceedings of the 20098 Berkelley-KU Forum on East Asian Cultural Studies: Toward A New Paradigm in East Asian Cultural Studies, June 24–29, Seoul, South Korea,
  15. ^ http://www.cssn.cn/zx/201504/t20150420_1592588.shtml Li Zhiting criticism of "New Qing History"'
  16. ^ "The Influence of Altaicism," above.
  17. ^ ""新清史"学派的着力点在于话语构建-中国社会科学网". www.cssn.cn.
  18. ^ http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2015/05/352199.html?searchType=site&req_type=article&phrase=crossley "U.S. Scholars in Crosshairs over Interpretation of China History"

Sources

  • Who's Who in America
    .

Further reading

  • Qianlong emperor
    and back again. But... written texts are not so fixed as one might assume. Neither the Chinese nor the British officials read the originals of the messages from the other side; they were content to receive translations... In such circumstances... meanings become elusive. More than king, emperor or ambassador, the translators decided the substance of the exchange. Historians have tended to attribute meaning to the speakers and not to their humble interpreters. But... it was the intermediaries – ambassadors, negotiators, translators – who delivered the meanings. The important persons in this process were those in between." (p. 32.)

External links

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