Pan-Germanism
- Alemannisch
- العربية
- Azərbaycanca
- বাংলা
- Беларуская
- Català
- Čeština
- Dansk
- Deutsch
- Ελληνικά
- Español
- Esperanto
- Euskara
- فارسی
- Français
- Galego
- 한국어
- Հայերեն
- Bahasa Indonesia
- Italiano
- עברית
- ქართული
- Қазақша
- Кыргызча
- Latviešu
- Lietuvių
- Македонски
- Nederlands
- 日本語
- Norsk bokmål
- Occitan
- Polski
- Português
- Русский
- Simple English
- سنڌي
- Slovenčina
- کوردی
- Suomi
- Svenska
- ไทย
- Türkçe
- Українська
- ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
- Tiếng Việt
- 粵語
- 中文
Pan-Germanism (
Pan-Germanism was highly influential in German politics in the 19th century during the
Etymology
The word pan is a
In German, the Greek pan is known but hardly in this context. A German translation would depend on the meaning: alldeutsch or gesamtdeutsch. Alldeutsch, like in the chauvinist movement "Alldeutsche Bewegung", refers to a political program[5] uniting all German speaking people in one country (maybe even with the inclusion of Dutch speaking people).[6]
Origins (before 1860)
The origins of Pan-Germanism began with the birth of
Advocates of the Großdeutschland (Greater Germany) solution sought to unite all the
The .
Reflecting upon the First Schleswig War in 1848, Karl Marx noted in 1853 that "by quarrelling amongst themselves, instead of confederating, Germans and Scandinavians, both of them belonging to the same great race, only prepare the way for their hereditary enemy, the Slav."[7]
The German Question
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in Germany |
---|
Ideologies
|
Intellectuals
|
Works
|
There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit.
— The New York Times, 1 July 1866[8]
By the 1860s
Although Bismarck had excluded Austria and the German Austrians from his creation of the
During the German entry into World War I, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg authorized the Septemberprogramm proposing that the German Empire use the First World War to seek territorial annexations similar to the ones demanded by pan-German nationalists. The West German historian Fritz Fischer argued in his 1962 thesis Germany's Aims in the First World War that this and other documents indicated that Germany was responsible for World War I and intended to fulfill pan-German aims, although other historians have since disputed this conclusion. After Naval Minister Alfred von Tirpitz resigned from the Cabinet under pressure from Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg over Tirpitz's push to introduce unrestricted submarine warfare,[13] Tirpitz united pan-German nationalists under the German Fatherland Party in the Reichstag.[14]
Pan-Germanism in Austria
After the
In 1933,
After the end of Nazi Germany and the events of World War II in 1945, the ideas of pan-Germanism and an Anschluss fell out of favour due to their association with Nazism and allowed Austrians to develop their own national identity. Nevertheless, such notions were revived with the German national camp in the Federation of Independents and the early Freedom Party of Austria.[19]
Pan-Germanism in Scandinavia
The idea of including the
I'm a Pan-Germanist, I'm a
Teuton, and the greatest dream of my life is for the South Germanic peoples and the North Germanic peoples and their brothers in diaspora to unite in a fellow confederation.[3]In the 20th century the German Nazi Party sought to create a Greater Germanic Reich that would include most of the Germanic peoples of Europe within it under the leadership of Germany, including peoples such as the Danes, the Dutch, the Swedes, the Norwegians, and the Flemish within it.[25]
Anti-German Scandinavism surged in Denmark in the 1930s and 1940s in response to the pan-Germanic ambitions of Nazi Germany.[26]
1918 to 1945
Further information: Areas annexed by Nazi Germany, Völkisch movement, Heim ins Reich, and Generalplan OstWorld War I became the first attempt to carry out the Pan-German ideology in practice, and the Pan-German movement argued forcefully for expansionist imperialism.[28]
Following the defeat in
German Austria" (German: Deutschösterreich) in hope for union with Germany. Union with Germany and the name "German Austria" was forbidden by the Treaty of St. Germainand the name had to be changed back to Austria.It was in the
Heinrich Class in 1918, and Class provided Hitler with support for the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler and his supporters shared most of the basic pan-German visions with the Pan-German League, but differences in political style led the two groups to open rivalry. The German Workers Party of Bohemia cut its ties to the pan-German movement, which was seen as being too dominated by the upper classes, and joined forces with the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler, which later became the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, NSDAP) that was to be headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921.[29]Nazi propaganda also used the political slogan
Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ("One people, one Reich, one leader"), to enforce pan-German sentiment in Austria for an "Anschluss".The chosen name for the projected empire was a deliberate reference to the
the Holy Lance and other items) residing in Vienna to be transferred to Nuremberg, where they were kept between 1424 and 1796.[31] Nuremberg, in addition to being the former unofficial capital of the Holy Roman Empire, was also the place of the Nuremberg rallies. The transfer of the regalia was thus done to both legitimize Hitler's Germany as the successor of the "Old Reich", but also weaken Vienna, the former imperial residence.[32]After the
a push forward to a new golden age, in which the best aspects of the past would be combined with modern racist and nationalist thinking".[33]The historical borders of the Holy Roman Empire were also used as grounds for territorial revisionism by the NSDAP, laying claim to modern territories and states that were once part of it. Even before the war, Hitler had dreamed of reversing the
Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary that the "total liquidation" of this historic treaty was the "great goal" of the Nazi regime,[34] and that since it had been signed in Münster, it would also be officially repealed in the same city.[35]The
allied seafaring partner of the Germans.[38]The eastern
Manifest Destiny in the Far Westand its clearing of native inhabitants.As the foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were increasingly of non-Germanic origin, especially after the
3rd SS Division Totenkopf:We do not expect you to renounce your nation. [...] We do not expect you to become German out of opportunism. We do expect you to subordinate your national ideal to a greater racial and historical ideal, to the Germanic Reich.[39]
History since 1945
The defeat of Germany in
See also
18th century and before
|
19th century
|
20th century
|
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Pan-Germanism (German political movement) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Origins and Political Character of Nazi Ideology Hajo Holborn Political Science Quarterly Vol. 79, No. 4 (Dec. 1964), p.550
- ^ a b c d "Slik ble vi germanersvermere – magasinet". Dagbladet.no. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-963-9776-18-0.
- ^ Kruse, Wolfgang (27 September 2012). "Nation und Nationalismus". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ Toni Cetta; Georg Kreis: "Pangermanismus", in: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), Version of 23.09.2010. Online: https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/017464/2010-09-23/, last seen 21.04.2023.
- ISBN 0-7146-1500-5.
- ^ "The Situation of Germany" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 July 1866. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ Nationalism and Globalisation: Conflicting Or Complementary. D. Halikiopoulou. p51.
- ^ "Das politische System in Österreich (The Political System in Austria)" (PDF) (in German). Vienna: Austrian Federal Press Service. 2000. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-394-56319-0. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^
Drummond, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Pan-German League". In ISBN 9781851094394. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- . Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - ISBN 9783825230760
- ISBN 9783205773375
- ISBN 0-415-16942-9.
- ISBN 9780415161121
- ISBN 9783826015540
- ^ Thomas Pedersen. Germany, France, and the integration of Europe: a realist interpretation. Pinter, 1998. P. 74
- ^ Ian Adams. Political Ideology Today. Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press, 1993. P. 95.
- S2CID 163132775.
- ^ NRK (20 January 2005). "Drømmen om Norge". NRK.no. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Larson, Philip E. (1999). Ibsen in Skien and Grimstad: His education, reading, and early works (PDF). Skien: The Ibsen House and Grimstad Town Museum. p. 143.
- ^ Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990. Digital version. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.
- ^ Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael. Language and Nationalism in Europe. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000. P. 111.
- Institut für Zeitgeschichte. 1999. Archived from the originalon 14 December 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ a b World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1 Cyprian Blamires ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp. 499–501
- ^ Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1, Richard S. Levy, 529–530, ABC-CLIO 2005
- ^ a b c Hattstein 2006, p. 321.
- ISBN 978-0-19-512537-5.
- ^ Haman 1999, p. 110
- ^ a b c Brockmann 2006, p. 179.
- ^ a b Sager & Winkler 2007, p. 74.
- ^ Goebbels, p. 51.
- ^ Elvert 1999, p. 325.
- ^ Rich 1974, pp. 401–402.
- ^ Strobl 2000, pp. 202–208.
- ^ Stein 1984, p. 148.
- ^ Zeilinger, Gerhard (16 June 2011). "Straches "neue" Heimat und der Boulevardsozialismus". Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2011.
Further reading
- Chickering, Roger. We Men Who Feel Most German: Cultural Study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. 1984.
- Kleineberg, A.; Marx Chr.; Knobloch E.; Lelgemann D. Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios'"Atlas der Oikumene". WBG 2010. ISBN 978-3-534-23757-9.
- Jackisch, Barry Andrew. 'Not a Large, but a Strong Right': The Pan-German League, Radical Nationalism, and Rightist Party Politics in Weimar Germany, 1918–1939. Bell and Howell Information and Learning Company: Ann Arbor. 2000.
- Wertheimer, Mildred. The Pan-German League, 1890–1914. Columbia University Press: New York. 1924.
States | |
---|---|
Unions | |
Events |
|
People |
|
Related | |
Africa | |
---|---|
North America | |
South America | |
Western Asia | |
Southern Asia | |
Central Asia | |
Eastern and Southeastern Asia | |
Central and Eastern Europe | |
Southern Europe | |
Northern Europe | |
Western Europe |
|
Oceania | |
Related concepts: |
Historical |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diaspora |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
See also |