Pangasinan
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
Pangasinan | ||
---|---|---|
Dasol, Central Business Area of Urdaneta, Cape Bolinao Lighthouse, and the Hundred Islands National Park in Alaminos . | ||
Etymology: Pang-asin-an, lit. "Place where salt is made" | ||
Nickname(s): Land of Miracles and Romance
Vice Governor Mark Ronald D. Lambino (Lakas–CMD) | | |
• Legislature | Pangasinan Provincial Board | |
Area | ||
• Total | 5,451.01 km2 (2,104.65 sq mi) | |
• Rank | 15th out of 81 | |
Highest elevation | 737 m (2,418 ft) | |
Population (2020 census)[2] | ||
• Total | 3,163,190 | |
• Rank | 6th out of 81 | |
• Rank | 11th out of 81 | |
including independent cities | ||
Demonym | Pangasinense | |
Divisions | ||
• Independent cities | 1
| |
• Component cities | ||
• Municipalities | 44
| |
• Ethnic groups |
| |
Languages | ||
Website | www |
Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan (
Pangasinan is the name of the province, the people and the spoken language. Indigenous Pangasinan speakers are estimated to number at least 2 million. The Pangasinan language, which is official in the province, is one of the officially recognized regional languages in the Philippines. Several ethnic groups enrich the cultural fabric of the province. Almost all of the people are Pangasinans and the rest are descendants of the Bolinao and Ilocano who settled the eastern and western parts of the province.
Popular tourist attractions in Pangasinan include the
Etymology
The name Pangasinan means "place of salt" or "place of salt-making"; it is derived from the prefix pang-, meaning "for", the root word asin, meaning "salt”, and suffix -an, signifying "location". The
History
Early history
Pangasinan, like the rest of the
Pangasinan is identified with "
In the sixteenth-century Pangasinan was called the "Port of Japan" by the Spanish. The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners which were likened to that of animals. They used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese-style gunpowder weapons were encountered in naval battles in the area.[8] In exchange for these goods, traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves, but also deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south.
Pangasinans were also described as a warlike people who were known for their resistance to Spanish conquest. Bishop Domingo Salazar described Pangasinans as the fiercest and cruelest in the land. They were untouched by Christianity but like Christians they used vintage wine in small quantities for sacramental practices. The church bragged that they, not the Spanish military, won the northern part of the Philippines for Spain. The church was strict with adulterers; the punishment was death for both parties. Pangasinans were known to take defeated
Christianity
In 1324,
Spanish colonial era
On April 27, 1565, the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in the Philippine islands with about 500 soldiers and established a Spanish settlement. On May 24, 1570, the Spanish forces defeated Rajah Sulayman and other rulers of Manila and later declared Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies. After securing Manila, the Spanish forces conquered the rest of the island of Luzon, including Pangasinan.
Provincia de Pangasinán
In 1571, the Spanish conquest of Pangasinan began with an expedition by the Spanish conquistador Martín de Goiti, who came from the Spanish settlement in Manila through Pampanga. About a year later another Spanish conquistador, Juan de Salcedo, sailed to Lingayen Gulf and landed at the mouth of the Agno River. Limahong, a Chinese pirate, fled to Pangasinan after his fleet was driven away from Manila in 1574. Limahong failed to establish a colony in Pangasinan, as an army led by de Salcedo chased him out of Pangasinan after a seven-month siege.
Pangasinan as a province dates back to an administrative and judicial district as early as 1580, with Lingayen as the capital, but its territorial boundaries were first delineated in 1611. Lingayen has remained the capital of the province except for a brief period during the revolutionary era when San Carlos City served as temporary administrative headquarters and during the slightly longer Japanese occupation, when Dagupan was the capital.[11]
The province of Pangasinan was formerly classified as an alcaldía mayor de término or first class civil province during the Spanish regime and has remained a first class-A province to the present. Its territorial jurisdiction once included most of the province of Zambales and portions of what are now Tarlac and La Union provinces.[11] By the end of the 1700s, Pangasinan had 19,836 native families and 719 Spanish Filipino families.[12]: 539 [13]: 31, 54, 113
Rebellion against the Spanish rule
Malong liberation
Andres Malong, a native chief of the town of Binalatongan (now named San Carlos City), liberated the province from Spanish rule in December 1660. The people of Pangasinan proclaimed Andres Malong Ari na Pangasinan ("King of Pangasinan"). Pangasinan armies attempted to liberate the neighboring provinces of Pampanga and Ilocos, but were repelled by a Spanish-led coalition of loyalist tribal warriors and mercenaries. In February 1661, the newly independent Kingdom of Pangasinan fell to the Captaincy General of the Philippines.
Palaris liberation
On November 3, 1762, the people of Pangasinan proclaimed independence from Spain after a rebellion led by
Philippine revolution
The
The Battle of Dagupan was fought by local Katipuneros under the command of General Francisco Makabulos and the last remnants of the once mighty Spanish Army under General Francisco Ceballos. Three local heroes fought in the five-day battle, Don Daniel Maramba of Santa Barbara, Don Vicente Prado of San Jacinto and Don Juan Quezada of Dagupan. Their armies amassed in Dagupan making a last stand at the brick-walled Catholic Church.
Maramba led the liberation of the town of Santa Barbara on March 7, 1898, following a signal for simultaneous attack from Makabulos. Hearing that Santa Barbara fell to the rebels Spanish forces in Dagupan attempted to retake the town but were repelled by Maramba's forces. After the setback the Spanish decided to concentrate their forces in Lingayen in order to protect the provincial capital. This allowed Maramba to expand his operations to include Malasiqui, Urdaneta and Mapandan which he defeated in succession. He then defeated the town of Mangaldan before proceeding to the last Spanish garrison in Dagupan. On March 7, 1898, rebels under the command of Prado and Quesada attacked convents in the province of Zambales which now constitute western Pangasinan.
Attacked and brought under Filipino control were Alaminos, Agno, Anda, Alos, Bani, Balincaguin, Bolinao, Dasol, Eguia and Potot. The revolt then spread to Labrador, Sual, Salasa and many other towns in the west. The towns of Sual, Labrador, Lingayen, Salasa and Bayambang were occupied first by the forces of Prado and Quesada before they attacked Dagupan.
On April 17, 1898, General Makabulos appointed Prado to politico-military governor of Pangasinan with Quesada as his second in command. In May 1898 General Emilio Aguinaldo returned from his exile in Hong Kong following the signing of the Pact of Biac-na-Bato in December 1897. Aguinaldo's return gave renewed the flames of the revolution. On June 3, 1898, General Makabulos entered Tarlac.
So successful were the Katipunan in their many pitched battles against Spanish forces that on June 30, 1898, Spanish authorities decided to evacuate all forces to Dagupan for a last stand against the rebels. They were ordered to go to Dagupan were all civilian and military personnel, including members of the volunteer locales of towns not yet in rebel hands. Those who heeded this order were the volunteer forces of Mangaldan, San Jacinto, Pozorrubio, Manaoag, and Villasis. Among the items brought to Dagupan was the image of the Most Holy Rosary of the Virgin of Manaoag which was the patron saint of Pangasinan.
The siege began when the forces of Maramba and Prado converged in Dagupan on July 18, 1898. The arrival of General Makabulos strengthened the rebel forces until the Spanish, holed up inside the Catholic Church, waved the flag of surrender five days later. The poorly armed Filipino rebels were no match for the Spanish and loyal Filipino soldiers holed inside the Church. The tempo of battle changed when the attackers under the command of Don Vicente Prado devised a crude means of protection to shield them from Spanish fire while advancing. They used trunks of bananas bundled up in sawali which enabled them to move upon the Church.
American invasion era
Northwest Nueva Ecija to Pangasinan
In 1901, towns of Nueva Ecija, Balungao, Rosales, San Quintin and Umingan were annexed to the province of Pangasinan, because they were further away from the capital and already considered pacified by US forces.
Northern Zambales ceded to Pangasinan
On November 30, 1903, several municipalities from northern Zambales including Agno, Alaminos, Anda, Bani, Bolinao, Burgos, Dasol, Infanta and Mabini were ceded to Pangasinan by the American colonial government. These municipalities were a part of the homeland of the Sambal people who wanted to remain within the Zambales province. This 1903 colonial decision has yet to be reverted.[14]
Pangasinan and other parts of the Spanish East Indies were ceded to the Americans after the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. During the Philippine–American War Lieutenant Col. José Torres Bugallón of Salasa fought together with Gen. Antonio Luna to defend the First Philippine Republic against American colonization in Northern Luzon. Bugallon was killed in battle on February 5, 1899. The First Philippine Republic was abolished in 1901. In 1907 the Philippine Assembly was established and for the first time five residents of Pangasinan were elected as its district representatives. In 1921, Mauro Navarro, representing Pangasinan in the Philippine Assembly, sponsored a law to rename the town of Salasa to Bugallon in honor of General Bugallon.
The 21st Infantry Division were stationed in Pangasinan during the pre-World War II era. Anti-Japanese Imperial military operations included the fall of Bataan and Corregidor along with aiding the USAFFE ground force from January to May 1942 and the Japanese Insurgencies and Allied Liberation in Pangasinan from 1942 to 1945.
Philippine independence
After the declaration of Independence on July 4, 1946, Eugenio Perez, a Liberal Party congressman representing the fourth district of Pangasinan, was elected Speaker of the lower Legislative House. He led the House until 1953 when the Nacionalista Party became the dominant party.
Pangasinan, which is historically and geographically part of the
In February 1986 Vice Chief of Staff General Fidel V. Ramos, head of the Philippine Integrated National Police and a native of Pangasinan, became an instrumental figure in the EDSA people power revolution which deposed President Ferdinand Marcos.
After the downfall of Marcos all local government unit executives were ordered by
On May 11, 1992, Fidel V. Ramos ran for President. He became the first Pangasinense President of the Philippines. Under his leadership, the Philippines recovered from the oil and power crisis of 1991. His influence sparked the economic growth of Pangasinan when it hosted the 1995 Palarong Pambansa (Philippine National Games).
Arroyo ascended to the presidency after the second
Contemporary
In May 2004, actor-turned-politician
Geography
Physical
Pangasinan is located in the west central area of Luzon in the Philippines. It is bordered by La Union to the north, Benguet and Nueva Vizcaya to the northeast, Nueva Ecija to the southeast, and Zambales and Tarlac to the south. To the west of Pangasinan is the South China Sea. The province also encloses Lingayen Gulf.
The province has a land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres (2,104.65 sq mi).[15] It is 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Manila, 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Baguio, 115 kilometres (71 mi) north of Subic International Airport and Seaport, and 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi) north of Clark International Airport. At the coast of Alaminos, the Hundred islands have become a famous tourist spot.
The terrain of the province, as part of the Central Luzon plains, is typically flat, with a few parts being hilly and/or mountainous. The northeastern municipalities of
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported several inactive volcanoes in the province: Amorong, Balungao, Cabaluyan, Cahelietan, Candong, and Malabobo. PHIVOLCS reported no active or potentially active volcanoes in Pangasinan. A caldera-like landform is located between the towns of Malasiqui and Villasis with a center at about 15° 55′ N and 120° 30′ E near the Cabaruan Hills.
Several rivers traverse the province. The longest is the Agno River which originates in the Cordillera Mountains of Benguet and eventually terminates at Lingayen Gulf. Other major rivers include the Bued River, Angalacan River, Sinocalan River, Pantal River, Patalan River and the Cayanga River.
Administrative divisions
The province of Pangasinan is subdivided into 44
The
Independent city
Component cities
Municipalities
- Agno
- Aguilar
- Alcala
- Anda
- Asingan
- Balungao
- Bani
- Basista
- Bautista
- Bayambang
- Binalonan
- Binmaley
- Bolinao
- Bugallon
- Burgos
- Calasiao
- Dasol
- Infanta
- Labrador
- Laoac
- Lingayen
- Mabini
- Malasiqui
- Manaoag
- Mangaldan
- Mangatarem
- Mapandan
- Natividad
- Pozorrubio
- Rosales
- San Fabian
- San Jacinto
- San Manuel
- San Nicolas
- San Quintin
- Santa Barbara
- Santa Maria
- Santo Tomas
- Sison
- Sual
- Tayug
- Umingan
- Urbiztondo
- Villasis
Barangays
Pangasinan has 1,364 barangays comprising its 44 municipalities and 4 cities, ranking the province at 3rd with the most barangays in a Philippine province, only behind the Visayan provinces of Leyte and Iloilo.
Longos Amangonan Parac‑Parac Fabrica is the longest named barangay in the Philippines. It is situated in the municipality of
Demographics
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1903 | 442,521 | — |
1918 | 565,922 | +1.65% |
1939 | 742,475 | +1.30% |
1948 | 920,491 | +2.42% |
1960 | 1,124,144 | +1.68% |
1970 | 1,386,143 | +2.11% |
1975 | 1,520,085 | +1.87% |
1980 | 1,636,057 | +1.48% |
1990 | 2,022,056 | +2.14% |
1995 | 2,178,412 | +1.41% |
2000 | 2,434,086 | +2.41% |
2007 | 2,645,395 | +1.15% |
2010 | 2,779,862 | +1.82% |
2015 | 2,956,726 | +1.18% |
2020 | 3,163,190 | +1.34% |
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [17][16][18][19] |
The population of Pangasinan in the 2020 census was 3,163,190 people,[2] with a density of 580 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,500 inhabitants per square mile.
The
.Languages
The Pangasinan language is an
- Karao
- Iwaak
- Keley-I
- I-Kallahan
- Ibaloi
- Tinoc
- Kayapa
Aside from their native language, many educated Pangasinans are highly proficient in Ilocano, English and Tagalog. Pangasinan is mostly spoken in the central part of the province in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th districts, is also spoken by many residents as 1st language in eastern part of the province in the 5th and 6th districts, and is the second language in other parts of Pangasinan. Ilocano is widely spoken in the westernmost and easternmost parts of Pangasinan in the 1st, 5th and 6th districts, and is the second language in other parts of Pangasinan. Ilocanos and Pangasinans speak Ilocano with a Pangasinan accent, as descendants of Ilocanos from first generation who lived within Pangasinan population learned Pangasinan language. Not all of Pangasinans speak Ilocano, as Pangasinan was part of Central Luzon before it was transferred to Ilocos Region. Bolinao, a Sambalic language is widely spoken in the western tip of the province in the towns of Bolinao and Anda; Sambal, another Sambalic language, is spoken in other towns formerly under Zambales. Like Pangasinan people, many educated Bolinao-speaking Sambals and other Sambals are highly fluent in Ilocano, Tagalog, & English, aside from Pangasinan. Sambals are already fluent in Ilocano, as west Pangasinan formerly under Zambales was settled by Ilocano settlers, & interaction between Sambals & Ilocanos happened as years pass by. Tagalog is spoken by residents in towns along the border with Nueva Ecija.
Languages not native in Pangasinan (aside from Ilocano) are spoken by other minority ethnic groups, such as
Religion
The dominant religion in Pangasinan is
Economy
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
This section is missing information about economic indicators (e.g. per capita income, unemployment, etc.(October 2021) |
The province's economy is mainly agricultural due to its vast fertile plains. More than 44 percent of its agricultural area is devoted to crop production. Aside from being one of the Philippine's rice granaries, Pangasinan is also a major producer of coconut, mango and eggplant. Pangasinan is the richest province in the Ilocos Region.[30]
Energy
The 1200 megawatt Sual coal-fired power plant and 345 megawatt San Roque multi-purpose dam in the municipalities of Sual and San Manuel, respectively, are the primary sources of energy in the province.
Marine
Pangasinan is a major fish supplier in Luzon and a major producer of salt in the Philippines. It has extensive fishponds mostly for raising bangus or "milkfish" along the coasts of Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea. Pangasinan's aquaculture includes oyster and sea urchin farms.
Salt is also a major industry. In salt evaporation ponds seawater is mixed with sodium bicarbonate until the water evaporates and the salt remains. This is their ancient tradition inspired from Egypt.
Agriculture
The major crops in Pangasinan are
Financial
Pangasinan has 593 banking and financing institutions.[citation needed]
Health and education
There are thousands of public schools and hundreds of private schools across the province for primary and secondary education. Many Pangasinans go to Metro Manila, Baguio, and the United States for tertiary and higher education.
Pangasinan has 51 hospitals and clinics and 68 rural health units (as of July 2002). Although some residents go to other parts of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Europe and the United States for extensive medical tests and treatment, almost all Pangasinans go to the major medical centers in the cities of
Culture
The culture of Pangasinan is a blend of the indigenous Malayo-Polynesian and western Hispanic culture with some Indian and Chinese influences as well as American influences. Pangasinan is westernized yet retains a strong native Austronesian background.
The main centers of Pangasinan culture are
Sports
Some notable
Government
The incumbent governor of Pangasinan is Ramon Guico III along with Vice Governor Mark Lambino, son of Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA) and Presidential Adviser for Northern Luzon Raul Lambino. Among prominent figures who served as Governor of Pangasinan include Francisco Duque Jr., former Secretary of Department of Health (Philippines), Conrado Estrella, former secretary of Department of Agrarian Reform, Tito Primicias, Vicente Millora, Daniel Maramba, Oscar Orbos, Victor Agbayani and Amado Espino Jr.
Here are the other newly elected officials beginning June 30, 2022:
District Representatives (2022-2025)
- 1st District: Arthur Celeste
- 2nd District: Mark Cojuangco
- 3rd District: Rachel Arenas
- 4th District: Christopher de Venecia
- 5th District: Ramon Guico Jr.
- 6th District: Marlyn Primicias-Agabas
Provincial Board Members (2022-2025)
- 1st District: Napoleon Fontelera Jr. and Apolonia Bacay
- 2nd District: Philip Theodore Cruz and Haidee Pacheco
- 3rd District: Shiela Baniqued and Vici Ventenilla
- 4th District: Marinor de Guzman and Jerry Rosario
- 5th District: Chinky Perez-Tababa and Louie Sison
- 6th District: Noel Bince and Salvador Perez Jr.
- Liga ng mga Barangay Provincial President: TBA
- PCL Pangasinan President: TBA
- Sangguniang Kabataan Provincial President: TBA
Notable people
Notable people either born or residing in Pangasinan include:
- Filipino military officer who fought during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War, from Bugallon (named after him, it was previously named Salasa).
- Carmen Velasquez, National Scientist of the Philippines for Parasitology, from Bayambang.
- Perla Santos-Ocampo, National Scientist of the Philippines for Pediatrics, from Dagupan.
- Francisco Sionil José, National Artist of the Philippinesfor Literature, from Rosales.
- Victorio Edades, National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts– Painting, from Dagupan.
- Salvador Bernal, National Artist of the Philippines for Theater and Design, from Dagupan.
- President Fidel V. Ramos, who was born in Lingayen and hails from Asingan.
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations), born in Asingan.
- Manuel Moran, 7th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, who was born in Binalonan.
- Jhosep Lopez, 190th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, born in Umingan
- Senator Geronima Tomelden-Pecson, the first female senator of the Philippines, was a native of Lingayen.
- Senator Pedro María Sison, delegate to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1935, from Urdaneta.
- Senator Cipriano Primicias Sr., from Alcala
- Senator Leticia Ramos-Shahani (Senator of the Philippines, 1987–1998), born in Lingayen and hails from Asingan.
- Senator Ambrosio Padilla, vice-president of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986, born in Lingayen.
- Senator Rene Cayetano (Senator of the Philippines, 1998–2003), from San Carlos City.
- Speaker House of Representatives (Philippines)from Pangasinan, born in Basista.
- Speaker House of Representatives (Philippines), born in Dagupan.
- AbonoPartylist, former 6th District Representative of Pangasinan (1987-1995; 2001–2010)
- Deputy Speaker Rose Marie Arenas noted socialite and philanthropist
- Maria Rachel Arenas former Movie and Television Review and Classification Board Chairman and first woman representative of Pangasinan
- Eva Macapagal, First Lady of the Philippines in 1961–1965 and mother of Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, from Binalonan.
- Jacqueline Aquino Siapno, a professor from Dagupan, former interim first lady of East Timor.
- Gabriel C. Singson, the former governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, from Lingayen.
- Hermogenes Esperon Jr., Former AFP Chief of Staff and current adviser of National Security Council (Philippines), born in Asingan.
- Mangaldan
- Filipino American officer to have served in the United States military,[31] and the first promoted to a general officer.,[32]from Alcala
- Romeo de la Cruz, former Solicitor General of the Philippines from Urdaneta City.
- Thomas Orbos, current undersecretary of Department of Transportation (Philippines), brother of former Governor Oscar Orbos, natives from the town of Bani.
- Oscar Orbos, a native of Bani, a former governor and TV host.
- Carlos Bulosan, author of America Is in the Heart, from Binalonan.
- Larry Itliong, Filipino-American labor organizer, from San Nicholas.
- Bella Poarch, singer and social media personality. Grew up in San Fabian, she's currently the most followed recording artist on Tiktok and ranks globally as the third most followed personality on the platform.[33]
- newspaper publisher, from San Fabian
- Julius Babao, ABS-CBN news anchor, TV/Radio host, born in Dagupan.
- Cheryl Cosim, TV5 news anchor, TV/Radio host is from Dagupan.
- Maki Pulido, GMA news anchor, hails from Anda.
- Carmen Rosales, Filipina actress and World War II guerilla fighter, born in Rosales.
- Fernando Poe Sr., former action star, from San Carlos City.
- Barbara Perez, veteran actress, born in Urdaneta City.
- Lolita Rodriguez, actress, born in Urdaneta City.
- Gloria Romero, a veteran actress, hails from Mabini.
- Nova Villa, GMA veteran actress, from Mangatarem
- Mitoy Yonting, first winner of The Voice of the Philippines, lead singer Draybers., from Calasiao.
- Papa Jack, TV Radio Broadcaster and DJ, from Alcala.
- Presidential Communications Operations Office(PCOO), born in Dagupan.
- Jhong Hilario, ABS-CBN comedian host, dancer and actor, born in Asingan.
- Jane Oineza, ABS-CBN Teen Actress from Bani.
- Urdaneta City.
- Marc Pingris, two-time Finals MVP, three-time Defensive Player of the Year, All-Star Game MVP, Most Improved Player, eight-time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History, from Pozorrubio
- Marlou Aquino, Rookie of the Year, Best Player of the Conference, Defensive Player of the Year, three-time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History, from Santa Barbara.
- Hajji Alejandro, Filipino singer
- Rachel Alejandro, opm singer and actress, from Alaminos.
- Lordy Tugade, Finals MVP and PBA Champion, from Alaminos.
- .
- Leo Soriano, former bishop of the United Methodist Church in the Philippines from 2000 to 2012, from Binalonan
See also
- Pangasinan literature
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Alaminos
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Urdaneta
References
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- ^ http://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/local-government-units-lgus/category/6072-2015?download=28070:annual-financial-report-for-local-government-volume-i [bare URL]
- ^ Rivera, Ray (August 13, 2002). "New commander at Fort Lewis, Army's highest-ranking Filipino". Seattle Times. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
- ^ Fortuna, Julius F. (August 23, 2007). "Yano takes over Philippine Army". The Manila Times. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
- ^ "The 10 musical artists with the most followers on TikTok". December 30, 2023.
- Bibliography
- Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People. (Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, Eighth Edition, 1990).
- Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Pangasinan, 1572–1800. (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1974; New Day Publishers, 1975).
- Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Pangasinan, 1801–1900: The Beginnings of Modernization. (Cellar Book Shop, April 1991).
- Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Pangasinan, 1901–1986: A Political, Socioeconomic, and Cultural History. (Cellar Book Shop, April 1991).
- Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. The Filipino Saga: History as Social Change. (Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 2000).
- Craig, Austin. "Lineage Life and Labors of Jose Rizal". (Manila: Philippine Education Company, 1913).
- Mafiles, Victoria Veloria; Nava, Erlinda Tomelden. The English Translations of Pangasinan Folk Literature. (Dagupan, Philippines: Five Ed Printing Press, 2004).
- Quintos, Felipe Quintos. Sipi Awaray Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolucion Filipina). (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926).
- Samson-Nelmida, Perla. Pangasinan Folk Literature, A Doctoral Dissertation. (University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City: May 1982).
External links
- Geographic data related to Pangasinan at OpenStreetMap
- Official Tourism Website of Pangasinan
- Official Website of the Provincial Government of Pangasinan
- Provincial Profile at the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines
- Local Governance Performance Management System
- Pangasinan Wikipedia
- Salt production in Pangasinan
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code
- Philippine Census Information