Pannonian Rusyn
Pannonian Rusyn | |
---|---|
Руски язик Ruski jazik | |
Native to | Serbia Croatia |
Ethnicity | Pannonian Rusyns |
Native speakers | 20,000[citation needed] |
Early forms | Proto-Indo-European
|
Cyrillic (Pannonian Rusyn alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Serbia (in Vojvodina) |
Regulated by | Statute of Vojvodina |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | rsk |
rue-par | |
Glottolog | pann1240 Pannonian Ruthenian |
Pannonian Rusyn is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) |
Pannonian Rusyn (руски язик, romanized: ruski jazik), also historically referred to as Yugoslav Rusyn, is a
In some non-
There are several scholarly debates on various
Name
Most commonly, native speakers refer to their language simply as Rusky (Ruthenian: руски язик / rusky i͡azik), that renders in English as Rusyn. Sometimes they also use the somewhat archaic term Rusnacky (Ruthenian: руснацки язик / rusnatsky jazyk), that renders in English as Rusnak. These terms are used both by laypersons in daily conversation, and by Pannonian-Rusyn linguists in native-language scholarly works.[10][11][12]
Since those terms have historically been (and still are) used by
Eventually, the more general term, Bačka-Srem, was adopted by several scholars and thus also encompassed the varieties of the language spoken in the region of
Finally, during the 1970s and 1980s, Rusyn writer and artist Yulian Kolyesarov proposed the term Panonsko-Rusky (Ruthenian: панонско-руски язик) or Pannonian Rusyn.[18][19]
In spite of all the aforementioned
Thus, a peculiar
ISO 639-3 Identifier
On January 20, 2022, the
This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue, and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language (
As explained earlier, term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak, also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus').[28][29] The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen.
Classification
Pannonian Rusyn has recently been treated as a separate language from
In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [Slovak: východoslovenský; Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски, lit. 'East Slovak'],[i] ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])."[30]
Though Pannonian Rusyn shares most of its linguistic features with these Eastern Slovak dialects, it shares nine features which are exclusive to South-West Zemplin (Trebišov) Eastern Slovak varieties:[30]
- Reflexes*ĕ (e.g. сушед, sushed, 'neighbor'; хлєб, khl'eb, 'bread'; шедзиц, shedzits, 'sit');
- Reflexes *ḷ (e.g. полни, polni, 'full'; волна, volna, 'wool'; жолти, zholti, 'yellow');
- Distribution o < *ō/*ŏ (e.g. вол, vol, 'ox'; мой, moi, 'my'; ровни, rovni, 'flat');
- The distribution of e < *ē/*ě (e.g. корень, koren', 'root'; седем, sedem, 'seven'; зберац, zberats, 'collect');
- Change of *s > sh/ш and *z > zh/ж and the absence of phonemes ś and ź (e.g. шестра, shestra, 'sister'; єшень, ieshen', 'fall'; желєни, zhel'eni, 'green');
- The presence of hard consonant groups shch/щ and zhdzh/ждж (e.g. щесце, shchestse, 'happiness'; щири, shchiri, 'honest'; гвижджиц, hvizhdzhits, 'whistle');
- The feminine nouns with the ending -a in the nominativesingular form (e.g. о мухи, o mukhi, 'about fly'; у миски, u miski, 'in dish'; на драги, na drahi, 'on road');
- Infinitive endings and final -chits/-чиц (печиц, pechits, 'bake'; чечиц, chechits, 'flow');
- Lexical elements (e.g. мац, mats, 'mother'; kukovka/куковка "cuckoo", тидзень, tidzen', 'week'; цо, tsо, 'what').
Pannonian Rusyn also shares three features unique to South-East Šariš (Prešov) Eastern Slоvаk varieties:[30]
- The presence of certain forms of the auxiliary verb буц, buts, 'be' (e.g. сом, som, 'am'; ши, shi, 'are'; etc.) and the formation of negative forms (e.g. нє сом, n'e som, 'am not'; нє є, n'e ie, 'is not'; etc.);
- Formation of masculine singular participle with the formant -l/-л for the verbs having the infinitive base in consonant (e.g. плетол, pl'etol, 'he knitted' везол, vezol, 'he drove') and forms in the final -nul/-нул (e.g. спаднул, spadnul, 'he fell'; шеднул, shednul, 'he sat');
- Lexical elements (e.g. угел, uhel, 'corner'; гумно, humno, 'yard').
Dulichenko[31] аlsо states that East Slovak features predominate both and on phonological and morphological level. He points to the following phonological features:[30]
- Stress in Ruthenian is always on penultimate syllable; Dulichenko connects this feature with Polish, although it is present in all Eastern Slovak speeches;
- Initial e > ie/є (e.g. єден, ieden, 'one'; єшень, ieshen', 'fall'; єлень, ielen', 'deer');
- i = y/и = ы (e.g. мили, mili, 'dear'; штири, shtiri, 'four'; мидло, midlo, 'soap'; дим, dim, 'smoke');
- dj > dz (e.g. цудзи, tsudzi, 'foreign'; садза, sadza, 'soot'; одредзиц, odredzits, 'determine'); tj > c (ts) (e.g. вецей, vetsei, 'more'; ноц, nots, 'night'; моц, mots, 'power');
- z' > (ź) > zh/ж (e.g. жвир, zhvir, 'beast'; жридло, zhridlo, 'spring'; boiazhl'ivi/бояжлїви "afraid"); s' > (ś) > sh/ш (e.g. шено, sheno, 'hay'; шестра, shestra, 'sister'; дзешец, dzeshets, 'ten');
- The Proto-Slavic consonant groups *dl and *tl are preserved (e.g. zubadlo/зубадло "(artificial) teeth", ковадло, kovadlo, 'anvil'; садло, sadlo, 'lard'; stretla/стретла "she met");
- gvi > hvi (e.g. гвизда, hvizda, 'star'; гвиздац, hvizdats, 'whistle'); kvi > kvi (e.g. квице, kvitse, 'flower'; квитнуц, kvitnuts, 'bloom');
- Absence of epenthesis l'/л (е.g. зарабяц, zarabiats, 'earn'; охабяц, ochabiats, 'leave'; любени, l'ubeni, 'loved').
- Proto-Slavic groups -ort and -olt became groups rot- and lot- (e.g. локец, lokets, 'elbow'; ровни, rovni, 'flat'; роснуц, rosnuts, 'grow');
- The below Protoslavic groups changed in the same manner as in West and South Slavic languages. In contrast, these groups became torot, tolot, teret, tolot (e.g. boroda, poroch, korova; holova, boloto, holod; bereh, pered, vereteno; moloko, polot', polova) in East Slavic languages.
- tort became trat (e.g. брада, brada, 'beard'; прах, prach, 'dust'; крава, krava, 'cow');
- tolt became tlat (e.g. глава, hlava, 'head'; блато, blato, 'mud'; злато, zlato, 'gold');
- tert became tret (e.g. брег, breh, 'hill'; пред, pred, 'before'; вреценко, vretsenko, 'spindle');
- telt became tlet (e.g. млєко, ml'еко, 'milk'; плєц, pl'ets, 'weed'; плєва, pl'eva, 'chaff').
Dulichenko also notes that Pannonian Rusyn shares the following morphological features with East Slovak dialects:[30]
- The nominative singular of nouns of neuter gender on a soft stem is formed by the ending -o (e.g.морйо, morio, 'sea'; шерцо, shertso, 'heart'; польо, pol'o, 'field');
- The instrumental singular of nouns of feminine gender is formed by the ending -u/-у (e.g.з мацеру, z matseru, 'with mother'; над воду, nad vodu, 'above water');
- The animatething) of nouns are formed by the ending -okh/-ох (e.g. [shpiv] ptitsokh/[шпив] птицох "singing of birds", [brekh] psokh/[брех] псох "barking of dogs", до очох, do ochokh, 'to the eyes');
- The dative plural of nouns formed by the ending -om/-ом (e.g. gu bradlom/ґу брадлом "to the heaps", vel'овельо щесца нашим дзецом, shchestsa nashim dzetsom, 'a lot of luck to our children');
- The instrumental plural ending: a) of third personplural (e.g.з моїма шестрами, z moima shestrami, 'with my sisters'; пред котрима, pred kotrima, 'in front of which'; з нїма, z n'ima, 'with them');
- The nominative plural ending -o a) of possessive pronouns (e.g.мойо кнїжки, moio kn'izhki, 'my books'); b) of possessive adjectives (e. g. shestrino chustochki/шестрино хусточки "sister's kerchiefs);
- The ending -m/-м for the first person singular of the Present Tense (e.g.я шпивам, ia shpivam, 'I sing'; я идзем, ia idzem, 'I go'; я читам, ia chitam, 'I read');
- The ending -me/-ме for the first person plural of the Present Tense (e.g.ми нєшеме, mi n'esheme, 'we carry'; ми пишеме, mi pisheme, 'we write'; ми читаме, mi chitame, 'we read');
- The endings -a, -'a, -u, -'u/-а, -я, -у, -ю for the third person plural of the Present Tense (e.g.вони правя, voni pravia, 'they make'; вони глєдаю, voni hl'edaiu, 'they search');
- The reflexive particle she/ше is weakly related to a verb and can proceed it (e.g.я ше нє мишам з таким шветом, ia she n'e misham z takim shvetom, 'I do not mix with people like that');
- The system of forms of the auxiliary verb buts (som, shi, ie, zme, stse, su)/буц (сом, ши, є, зме, сце, су);
- The conjunction zhe/же in the dependent clause (e.g. ia znam zhe …/я знам же ... "I know that ...").
Classification as West Slavic
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Both Pannonian Rusyn and Carpathian Rusyn are East Slavic languages.[dubious ] Pannonian Rusyn differs from Carpathian Rusyn in that the former has been influenced by the surrounding South Slavic languages (especially Serbian), whilst the latter has been influenced by the surrounding West Slavic languages (especially Polish and Slovak).
Among the West Slavic languages, Rusyn has been especially influenced by the Eastern Slovak dialects. This influence occurred before the Rusyns emigrated to Pannonia from the north Carpathian area, around the middle of the 18th century.
Education
In former
Consequently, a Rusyn language high school was established in Ruski Krstur (Руски Керестур, Serbian: Руски Крстур / Ruski Krstur), the cultural centre of the Pannonian Rusyns. At least 250 Rusyn language books have been printed so far for the high school and elementary schools in the region.[citation needed])
There is a professorial chair in Rusyn Studies at
Media
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
There are regular television and radio programmes in Pannonian Rusyn, including the multilingual radio station
Grammar and alphabet
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Pannonian Rusyn was codified by Mikola Kočiš in Правопис руского язика (Pravopis ruskoho jazika; "Orthography of Rusyn", 1971) and Ґраматика руского язика (Gramatika ruskoho jazika; "Grammar of Rusyn", 1974) and is written in a Cyrillic script.
The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Д д Е е Є є Ж ж З з И и Ї ї Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ю ю Я я Ь ь
The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet has 32 letters. It includes all the letters of the
Comparison with the Carpathian Rusyn alphabets
The
The
In the Ukrainian alphabet,
See also
- Old Ruthenian
- Carpathian Rusyn language
- Pannonian Rusyns
- Rusyn exonyms (Vojvodina)
Notes
- ^ Original text: "Vchodnoslovensky [sic] (віходняски)"
References
- ISSN 2589-6229. Retrieved 2024-04-01.)
The third theory defines Pannonian Rusyn as a West Slavic language originating in the East Slovak Zemplín and Šariš dialects and being a mixture of the two. It fits the linguistic data in the most consistent manner and has been accepted by an overwhelming majority of scholars in the field (Bidwell 1966; Švagrovský 1984; Witkowski 1984; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011) and verified by several comprehensive analyses of Pannonian Rusyn language data (Bidwell 1966; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011).
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: length (help - ^ The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
- ^ National Council of the Rusyn National Minority (Serbia)
- ^ Savez Rusina Republike Hrvatske
- ^ Sakač 2019, p. 1-18.
- ^ a b Рамач, Фејса & Међеши 1997, p. 447-448.
- ^ Magocsi 2011, p. 177.
- ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 2-5.
- ^ Kushko 2007, p. 111-132.
- ^ Рамач, Фејса & Међеши 1997, p. 448.
- ^ Barić 2007, p. 26.
- ^ Медєши, Тимко-Дїтко & Фейса 2010.
- ^ Magocsi & Pop 2002, p. 292-294, 433-434.
- ^ Костельник 1923.
- ^ Fejsa 2017a, p. 165–178.
- ^ Fejsa 2018a, p. 367–378.
- ^ Magocsi 1996, p. 75.
- ^ Кольесаров 1977.
- ^ Magocsi 1988a, p. 28-29.
- ^ Fejsa 2014, p. 182–191.
- ^ Fejsa 2017b, p. 66–77.
- ^ Fejsa 2018b, p. 125-142.
- ^ Bunčić 2015, p. 276-289.
- ^ Moser 2018, p. 87-104.
- ^ ISO 639-3: Change Request Documentation: 2021-005
- ^ "639 Identifier Documentation: rsk". ISO 639-3. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
- ^ ISO 639-3: Change Request Documentation: 2019-016
- ^ Plishkova 2009, p. 17, 37, 67.
- ^ Magocsi 2015, p. 3, 5, 134, 154, 222-224.
- ^ a b c d e Dulichenko, Aleksander D. (2020-11-17). "SO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). SIL International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-03.
- ^ Jugoslavo Ruthenica II, 2009, 129-132
- ^ Службени гласник (1963): Устав Социјалистичке Републике Србије
- ^ Уставни закон Социјалистичке Аутономне Покрајине Војводине (1969)
- ^ books Rusin language on the Faculty of Philosophy at the Novi Sad University
- ^ Rusin language on the Faculty of Philosophy at the Novi Sad University
Sources
- Barić, Eugenija (2007). Rusinski jezik u procjepu prošlosti i sadašnjosti. Zagreb: Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. ISBN 9789536637348.
- Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "On the dialectal basis of the Ruthenian literary language" (PDF). Die Welt der Slaven. 60 (2): 276–289.
- Fejsa, Mihajlo P. (2014). "The Ruthenian journey from the Carpathian mountains to the Panonian Plain". Русин. 36 (2): 182–191.
- Fejsa, Mihajlo P. (2017a). "The improvement of the orthographic rules in the Bachka-Srem Rusin Language". Русин. 50 (4): 165–178.
- Fejsa, Mihajlo P. (2017b). "Ruthenian Minority in Vojvodina and its Language". Balkanistic Forum. 26 (3): 66–77.
- Fejsa, Mihajlo P. (2018a). "Verb forms/constructions in the Prešov variant and the Bačka-Srem variant of the Rusyn language". Studia Slavica. 63 (2): 367–378. S2CID 145920941.
- Fejsa, Mihajlo P. (2018b). "The Adaptation of Anglicisms in the Ruthenian Language" (PDF). Зборник Матице српске за филологију и лингвистику. 61 (1): 125–142.
- Кольесаров, Юлиян Д. (1977). Панонско-руски язик. Монтреал.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Костельник, Габор (1923). Граматика бачваньско-рускей бешеди. Руски Керестур: Руске нар. просвитне дружтво.
- Kushko, Nadiya (2007). "Literary Standards of the Rusyn Language: The Historical Context and Contemporary Situation". The Slavic and East European Journal. 51 (1): 111–132. JSTOR 20459424.
- ISBN 9780824012144.
- ISBN 9780880334204.
- S2CID 56325995.
- ISBN 9780802035660.
- Magocsi, Paul R. (2011). "The Fourth Rus': A New Reality in a New Europe"(PDF). Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 35-36 (2010-2011): 167–177.
- ISBN 9786155053467.
- Медєши, Гелена; Тимко-Дїтко, Оксана; Фейса, Михайло (2010). "Руско-сербски словнїк". Rusyn - Serbian Dictionary. Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет, Одсек за русинистику: Завод за културу войводянских Руснацох.
- Moser, Michael A. (2018). "The Fate of the Ruthenian or Little Russian (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772-1867)". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (2017-2018) (1/4): 87–104. JSTOR 44983536.
- Plishkova, Anna (2009). Language and National Identity: Rusyns South of Carpathians. Boulder: East European Monographs.
- Ramač, Janko (2018). "Osnovni pravci, težnje i dileme u kulturno-prosvetnom i nacionalnom životu Rusina u Jugoslaviji (1945-1970)" (PDF). Київські історичні студії. 6 (1): 63–73.
- Рамач, Јулијан; Фејса, Михајло; Међеши, Хелена, eds. (1995). Српско-русински речник (PDF). Vol. 1. Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет - Катедра за русински језик и књижевност, Друштво за русински језик и књижевност.
- Рамач, Јулијан; Фејса, Михајло; Међеши, Хелена, eds. (1997). Српско-русински речник (PDF). Vol. 2. Београд-Нови Сад: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства, Филозофски факултет - Катедра за русински језик и књижевност, Друштво за русински језик и књижевност.
- Sakač, Marija (2019). "Narratives of ethnic identity and language among young Pannonian Ruthenians in Serbia". Adeptus. 14: 1–18.