Panoramic photography
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Panoramic photography is a technique of photography, using specialized equipment or software, that captures images with horizontally elongated fields of view. It is sometimes known as wide format photography. The term has also been applied to a photograph that is cropped to a relatively wide aspect ratio, like the familiar letterbox format in wide-screen video.
While there is no formal division between "
History
The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in
The idea and longing to create a detailed cityscape without a paintbrush, inspired Friedrich von Marten. von Marten created panoramic daguerreotype by using a special panoramic camera that he created himself. The camera could capture a broad view on a single daguerreotype plate. In complete and vivid detail, a cityscape is laid out before the viewer.[8]
The development of panoramic cameras was a logical extension of the nineteenth-century fad for the panorama. One of the first recorded patents for a panoramic camera was submitted by
After the advent of
Following the invention of
Panoramic cameras and methods
Stereo Cyclographe
A camera with combined two-fixed focus panoramic camera in one mahogany-wooded box. The lenses were eight centimeters apart from each other with an indicator in between the lens to help the photographer set the camera level. A clock motor transported the nine-centimeter-wide film along with turning the shaft that rotated the camera. The camera could make a 9 × 80 cm pair that required a special viewer. These images were mostly used for mapping purposes.[24]
Wonder Panoramic Camera
Made in 1890 in Berlin, Germany, by Rudolf Stirn, the Wonder Panoramic Camera needed the photographer for its motive power. A string, inside of the camera, hanging through a hole in the tripod screw, wound around a pulley inside the wooden box camera. To take a panoramic photo, the photographer swiveled the metal cap away from the lens to start the exposure. The rotation could be set for a full 360-degree view, producing an eighteen-inch-long negative.[24]
Periphote
Built by Lumiere Freres of Paris in 1901. The Periphote had a spring-wound clock motor that rotated, and the inside barrier held the roll of film and its take-up spool. Attached to the body was a 55mm Jarret lens and a prism that directed the light through a half-millimeter-wide aperture at the film.[24]
Short rotation
Short rotation, rotating lens and swing lens cameras have a lens that rotates around the camera lens's rear nodal point and use a curved film plane.[25] As the photograph is taken, the lens pivots around its rear nodal point while a slit exposes a vertical strip of film that is aligned with the axis of the lens. The exposure usually takes a fraction of a second. Typically, these cameras capture a field of view between 110° and 140° and an aspect ratio of 2:1 to 4:1. The images produced occupy between 1.5 and 3 times as much space on the negative as the standard 24 mm x 36 mm 35 mm frame.
Cameras of this type include the Widelux, Noblex, and the Horizon. These have a negative size of approximately 24x58 mm. The Russian "Spaceview FT-2", originally an artillery spotting camera, produced wider negatives, 12 exposures on a 36-exposure 35 mm film.
Short rotation cameras usually offer few shutter speeds and have poor focusing ability. Most models have a fixed focus lens, set to the hyperfocal distance of the maximum aperture of the lens, often at around 10 meters (33 feet). Photographers wishing to photograph closer subjects must use a small aperture to bring the foreground into focus, limiting the camera's use in low-light situations.
Rotating lens cameras produce distortion of straight lines. This looks unusual because the image, which was captured from a sweeping, curved perspective, is being viewed flat. To view the image correctly, the viewer would have to produce a sufficiently large print and curve it identically to the curve of the film plane. This distortion can be reduced by using a swing-lens camera with a standard focal length lens. The FT-2 has a 50 mm while most other 35 mm swing lens cameras use a wide-angle lens, often 28 mm.[citation needed] Similar distortion is seen in panoramas shot with digital cameras using in-camera stitching.
Full rotation
Rotating panoramic cameras, also called slit scan or scanning cameras are capable of 360° or greater degree of rotation. A clockwork or motorized mechanism rotates the camera continuously and pulls the film through the camera, so the motion of the film matches that of the image movement across the image plane. Exposure is made through a narrow slit. The central part of the image field produces a very sharp picture that is consistent across the frame.[citation needed]
Digital
Fixed lens
Fixed lens cameras, also called flatback, wide view or wide field, have fixed lenses and a flat image plane. These are the most common form of panoramic camera and range from inexpensive
Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the 'oatmeal box', a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view.[27]
Because they expose the film in a single exposure, fixed lens cameras can be used with
With a flat image plane, 90° is the widest field of view that can be captured in focus and without significant wide-angle distortion or vignetting. Lenses with an imaging angle approaching 120 degrees require a center filter to correct vignetting at the edges of the image. Lenses that capture angles of up to 180°, commonly known as fisheye lenses exhibit extreme geometrical distortion but typically display less brightness falloff than rectilinear lenses.[citation needed]
Examples of this type of camera are: Taiyokoki Viscawide-16 ST-D (
The
Digital photography
Digital stitching of segmented panoramas
With digital photography, the most common method for producing panoramas is to take a series of pictures and stitch them together.[30] There are two main types: the cylindrical panorama used primarily in stills photography and the spherical panorama used for virtual-reality images.[31]
Segmented panoramas, also called stitched panoramas, are made by joining multiple photographs with slightly overlapping fields of view to create a panoramic image. Stitching software is used to combine multiple images. Ideally, in order to correctly stitch images together without parallax error, the camera must be rotated about the center of its lens entrance pupil.[25][32][33] Stitching software can correct some parallax errors and different programs seem to vary in their ability to correct parallax errors. In general specific panorama software seems better at this than some of the built in stitching in general photomanipulation software.
In-camera stitching of panoramas
Some digital cameras especially smartphone cameras can do the stitching internally, sometimes in real time, either as a standard feature or by installing a smartphone app.
Catadioptric cameras
Lens- and mirror-based (
The biggest advantage of catadioptric systems (panoramic mirror lenses) is that because one uses mirrors to bend the light rays instead of lenses (like fish eye), the image has almost no chromatic aberrations or distortions. The image, a reflection of the surface on the mirror, is in the form of a doughnut to which software is applied in order to create a flat panoramic picture. Such software is normally supplied by the company who produces the system. Because the complete panorama is imaged at once, dynamic scenes can be captured without problems. Panoramic video can be captured and has found applications in robotics and journalism.[citation needed] The mirror lens system uses only a partial section of the digital camera's sensor and therefore some pixels are not used. Recommendations are always to use a camera with a high pixel count in order to maximize the resolution of the final image.
There are even inexpensive add-on catadioptric lenses for smartphones, such as the GoPano micro and Kogeto Dot.
Artistic uses
Strip panoramas
Preceding Ruscha's work, in 1954, Yoshikazu Suzuki produced an accordion-fold panorama of every building on Ginza Street, Tokyo in the Japanese architecture book Ginza, Kawaii, Ginza Haccho.[35]
Joiners
Joiners (for which the terms panography and panograph have been used)
Artist
Jan Dibbets' Dutch Mountain series (c.1971) relies on stitching of panoramic sequences to make a mountain of the Netherlands seaside.[39]
Revivalists
In the 1970s and 1980s, a school of art photographers took up panoramic photography, inventing new cameras and using found and updated antique cameras to revive the format. The new panoramists included Kenneth Snelson, David Avison, Art Sinsabaugh, and Jim Alinder.[40]
Digital stitching
Andreas Gursky frequently employs digital stitching in his large-format panoramic imagery.[41]
See also
- Anamorphic format
- Cinerama
- Hemispherical photography
- Panorama portraits
- Panoramic tripod head
- Photo finish
- Photo stitching software
- Route panorama, a type of "parallel motion" or "linear" or "multi-viewpoint" panorama
- Slit-scan photography
- VR photography
References
- ^ Chambers's Encyclopaedia. (1973). United Kingdom: International Learning Systems, p747
- ISBN 978-0-262-07241-0.
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- ISBN 978-0-387-95111-9.
- ISBN 978-0-942299-83-0.
- ISBN 978-1-86189-042-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-203-94178-2.
- ISBN 978-3-8365-4099-5.
- ISBN 978-90-5867-840-9.
- ISBN 978-0-203-94178-2.
- ^ Gernsheim, Helmut (1962). Creative photography : aesthetic trends, 1839-1960. Bonanza Books. pp. 30, 7n. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ^ "Panoramic Photography". www.douban.com. douban.com. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Niven, Peter (1983). "Hand-List of the Jevons Archives in the John Rylands Library of Manchester" (PDF). John Rylands University Library. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
- ^ "Holtermann panorama" (PDF). National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Image Volume 32, Issue 1 - Page 33
- ^ Sir Humphry Davy; Davy, John, 1790-1868, ed (1972). The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy. New York Johnson Reprint Corp. p. 724. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
{{cite book}}
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - )
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- ^ Photographic Science and Engineering, Volume 17, p.246. Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers, 1973
- ISBN 978-1-925003-72-7)
{{citation}}
:|author2=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ^ See Maria Zagala’s entry on R. T. Maurice in A Century of Progress: South Australian Photography, 1840s–1940s, Exhibition catalogue (Adelaide Art Gallery of South Australia, 2007), 135
- ^ See Phillip Kay, The Far-Famed Blue Mountains of Harry Phillips (Leura, NSW, Second Back Row Press, 1985).
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4027-8086-8.
- ^ a b Littlefield, Rik (6 February 2006). "Theory of the 'No-Parallax' Point in Panorama Photography" (PDF). ver. 1.0. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Very Large Telescope Ready for Action". ESO Picture of the Week. European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140
- ^ "Taiyokoki Viscawide-16 ST-D". The Sub Club. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Pannaroma 1x3 Prototype". Siciliano Camera Works. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ Speight, David (11 February 2020). "How to Photograph Panoramas". Nature TTL. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-84533-2310.
- ^ Kerr, Douglas A. (2005). "The Proper Pivot Point for Panoramic Photography" (PDF). The Pumpkin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ van Walree, Paul. "Misconceptions in photographic optics". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2007. Item #6.
- ^ Ruscha, Edward (1966). Every building on the sunset strip. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ Company, David (2012) 'Precedented Photography'. In Aperture, vol.206, 86.
- Panography, Panoramic radiograph
- ISBN 0-224-02484-1
- ^ "Pearblossom Hwy., 11–18th April 1986, #2".
- ISBN 978-90-5867-840-9
- ^ "Kenneth Snelson".
- ^ For example: Andreas Gursky, Library 1999. Chromogenic print, face-mounted to acrylic. Image: 62+9⁄16 by 127 inches (158.9 cm × 322.6 cm); Sheet: 78+7⁄8 by 142+1⁄8 inches (200 cm × 361 cm). Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, photographed in Stockholm's public bibliotek
Further reading
- Johnson, R. Barry (2008). Mouroulis, Pantazis Z; Smith, Warren J; Johnson, R. Barry (eds.). "Correctly making panoramic imagery and the meaning of optical center". SPIE Proc. Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering IX. 7060: 70600F.1–70600F.8. S2CID 122325198.
External links
- Panoramic/360° photography techniques and styles at Curlie
- Panoramic image galleries at Curlie
- A timeline of panoramic cameras 1843–1994
- Stanford University CS 178 interactive Flash demo explaining the construction of cylindrical panoramas.
- How to build a panoramic camera with intricate technical details and optical specifications for constructing a swing-lens panoramic camera.
- A home-made panoramic head bracket for taking panoramic photographs.
- IVRPA - The International VR Photography Association