Panthera leo leo
Panthera leo leo | |
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Gir Forest National Park
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Suborder: | Feliformia |
Family: | Felidae |
Subfamily: | Pantherinae |
Genus: | Panthera |
Species: | |
Subspecies: | P. l. leo
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Trinomial name | |
Panthera leo leo | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Panthera leo leo is a lion subspecies present in West Africa, northern Central Africa and India.[2] In West and Central Africa it is restricted to fragmented and isolated populations with a declining trajectory.[3][4] It has been referred to as the northern lion.[5][6][7]
Results of a
P. l. leo is
Taxonomy
A lion from
- Felis leo persicus described in 1826 by Johann N. Meyer was a lion skin from Persia.[12]
- Felis leo senegalensis also described by Meyer in 1826, but based on a lion skin from Senegal.[12]
- Felis leo nubicus described in 1843 by Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes in 1841.[13]
- Leo gambianus described in 1843 by British Museum of Natural History.[14]
- Felis leo kamptzi described in 1900 by Paul Matschie was a lion skull from northern Cameroon.[15]
- Leo leo azandicus described in 1924 by pelage colouration.[16]
In 1930, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera when he wrote about Asiatic lion specimens in the zoological collection of the British Museum of Natural History.[17]
In the following decades, there has been much debate among zoologists on the validity of proposed subspecies:
- In 1939, Glover Morrill Allen recognized Felis leo kamptzi and F. l. azandicus as valid taxa among ten lion subspecies.[18]
- Three decades later, John Ellerman and Terence Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African (P. l. leo) and Asiatic lions (P. l. persica).[19]
- Some authors considered P. l. nubicus a valid subspecies and synonymous with P. l. massaica, a specimen from Kenya.[20][21][22]
- Some authors considered P. l. azandicus synonymous with P. l. massaicus and P. l. somaliensis, and P. l. kamptzi synonymous with P. l. senegalensis.[20][21]
- In 2005, Wallace Christopher Wozencraft recognized P. l. kamptzi, P. l. bleyenberghi and P. l. azandica as valid taxa.[1]
- In 2016, IUCN Red List assessors used P. l. leo for all African lion populations.[9]
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group subsumed lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia to P. l. leo, based on results of genetic research on lion samples.[2]
Phylogeny
Since the beginning of the 21st century, several
The two lion groups overlap in Ethiopia, as lion samples from
Samples from West Africa shared
Characteristics
The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. It has rounded ears and a black tail tuft. Average head-to-body length of male lions is 2.47–2.84 m (8 ft 1 in – 9 ft 4 in) with a weight of 148.2–190.9 kg (327–421 lb). Females are smaller and less heavy.[30] Zoological lion specimens range in colour from light to dark tawny. Male skins have short manes, light manes, dark manes or long manes.[31] Taxonomists recognised that neither skin nor mane colour and length of lions can be adduced as distinct subspecific characteristics. Then they turned to measuring and comparing lion skulls and found that skull length of Barbary and Indian lion samples does not differ significantly, ranging from 28–31.17 cm (11.02–12.27 in) in females and 33.8–36.2 cm (13.3–14.3 in) in males.[20][31] A few lion specimens from West Africa obtained by museums were described as having shorter manes than lions from other African regions.[20] In general, the West African lion is similar in general appearance and size as lions in other parts of Africa and Asia.[21]
Skeletal muscles make up 58.8% of the lion's body weight.[32][33]
Distribution and habitat
Today, P. l. leo occurs in West and Central Africa and India.[2] It is regionally extinct in The Gambia, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, the Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Iraq, Iran and Pakistan.[9] In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for West and Central Africa.[34] Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in
West African clade
The last populations of the West African lion clade are surviving in a few protected areas from
Range countries | Lion Conservation Units | Area in km2 |
---|---|---|
Senegal, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea | Niokolo-Koba National Park | 90,384[35] |
Guinea | National Park of Upper Niger | 613[35] |
Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger | W-Arly-Pendjari Complex | 29,403[35] |
Benin | three unprotected areas | 6,833[35] |
Nigeria | Kainji National Park | 5,340[35] |
Central African clade
The Central African lion population inhabits protected areas of:
- North Province, Cameroon, lions were recorded during a survey between January 2008 and May 2010.[39] The small lion population in Waza National Park is isolated, and by 2008 had declined to maximum 20 individuals.[40][41] In the southern part of the country, 2 lions were discovered in Mpem and Djim National Park in April 2019.[42]
- Central African Republic, where lions are present in Bamingui-Bangoran National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Manovo-Gounda St. Floris and Awakaba National Parks, Aouk Aoukale, Yata Ngaya, Nana Barya and Zemongo Faunal Reserves, and in several hunting reserves of the country.[43] Estimated lion numbers in the country are generally thought to be unreliable.[4]
- Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve and Zakouma and Aouk National Parks, but have been extirpated in Manda National Park. Lions may still be present in pastoral rangelands and mountain ranges outside protected areas.[3] In 2004, the lion population in the country was estimated at maximum of 225 individuals.[4]
- northern parts of the savannah grassland.[3]
- Sudan's Alatash protected area complex during surveys between 2015 and 2018.[45]
- South Sudan, where little is known about lion distribution and population sizes. Lions in Radom and Southern National Parks are probably connected to lions in the Central African Republic.[3]
- Ethiopia has lions from the Northern as well as from the Southern lion subspecies and is considered an admixture zone. While lions from Gambella National Park belong to the Northern subspecies (P. l. leo), lions from other parts of the country belong to the Southern lion.[8]
Range countries | Lion Conservation Units | Area in km2 |
---|---|---|
Nigeria | Yankari National Park |
2,250[35] |
Cameroon | Waza and Bénoué National Parks | 16,134[40][38][35] |
Central African Republic | eastern part of the country; Bozoum and Nana Barya Faunal Reserves | 339,481[43] |
Chad | southeastern part | 133,408[35] |
Democratic Republic of Congo | Bili Uere |
115,671[34] |
Sudan, South Sudan | 331,834[34] | |
South Sudan, Ethiopia | Boma-Gambella | 106,941[34] |
Asian/North African clade
The
- the Sahel, mountain ranges of the Sahara, Barbary Coast and Maghreb,[3][20][46]
- the eastern Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea region,[30][47][48]
- reed swamps of Mesopotamia, wooded steppe vegetation and pistachio-almond woodlands in Iran,[49][50][51]
- the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent up to Rajasthan and Bengal in North India.[52]
The Barbary lion population in North Africa is extinct since the mid 1960s.[9] The Asiatic lion population survives in Gir Forest National Park and remnant forest habitats in the two hill systems of Gir and
Behaviour and ecology
Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males forming a loose pride. Pairs of males rest, hunt and feed together, and display
In Pendjari National Park, groups of lions range from 1–8 individuals. Outside the National Park, groups are smaller and with a single male.[57] In Waza National Park, three female and two male lions were
Hunting and diet
In general, lions prefer large prey species within a weight range of 190–550 kg (420–1,210 lb). They hunt large
Lions probably prey on livestock when wild prey species occur at lower densities, especially during the wet season.[62] An interview survey among livestock owners in six villages in Waza National Park's vicinity revealed that lions attack cattle mostly during the rainy season when wild prey disperses away from artificial waterholes.[63]
Threats
In Africa, lions are killed pre-emptively or in retaliation for preying on livestock. Populations are also threatened by depletion of prey base, loss and conversion of habitat.[9]
The lion population in West Africa is fragmented and isolated, comprising fewer than 250 mature individuals.
The lion population in Central Africa is threatened by loss of habitat and prey base and trophy hunting. Between seven and 12 lion trophies were exported from Cameroon every year between 1985 and 2010.[3][38] In Bénoué National Park, local people were observed at a lion kill cutting off chunks of meat.[66] Local people living in the vicinity of the protected area accounted in interviews that lions frequently attack livestock during the dry season. They use poison on carcasses to kill carnivores.[67] In Waza National Park, two of four radio-collared lions were killed between 2007 and 2008, and probably also an adult female, two other adult males and three cubs. Nomadic herders use bow and arrows poisoned with cobra venom to kill lions in retaliation for attacks on livestock.[40] In northern parts of Cameroon, increased migration of people from Nigeria following the political insecurity in the region posed a threat to the area's lion population.[41]
Poaching of lions by
Surveys in the Central African Republic's
Conservation
In India, the lion is protected, and included in
In 2006, a Lion Conservation Strategy for West and Central Africa was developed in cooperation between IUCN regional offices and several wildlife conservation organisations. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations.[34] Surveys and interviews with herders around protected areas revealed that improved enclosures for livestock significantly decreased depredation by lions, and hence contributed to mitigating human-lion conflict.[72]
The effect of lion trophy hunting and whether it is a sustainable conservation measure, has been discussed controversially.[73][74] In 2016, a group of authors recommended a quota for lion trophy hunting of one lion per 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in the WAP protected area complex, and to refrain from imposing an import embargo of lion trophies from this region.[75] This recommendation was questioned and strongly opposed, with the argument that the estimate for lion population size in the WAP region is not reliable and therefore the suggested quota inappropriate.[76]
In captivity
In 2006, 1258
In 2023, a lion in the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal has given birth to three cubs, two males and a female. The park is aiming to increase the lion population to 50 lions by the end 2025, before doubling that population in the 5 years after that.[78]
See also
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External links
- "Lion (Panthera leo ssp. leo)". ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System. 2016.
- Photos of West African lions at Pendjari National Park at flickr
- ROCAL West and Central African lion conservation network
- BBC News: Lions 'facing extinction in West Africa'
- Is this one of Central Africa's last lions? (2015)
- Take two: Gabon's lone lion makes another on-camera appearance (2016)
- The Rare Central African Lion - أسود حديقة الدندر فيديو فبراير 2017 (in Dinder National Park, YouTube)
- The Telegraph, August 2018: Pride of India