Holy See
Holy See
| |
---|---|
Capital | |
• Pope | Francis |
Fernando Vérgez Alzaga | |
Pietro Parolin | |
Kevin Farrell | |
Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire) | |
1870–1929 (under the Kingdom of Italy) | |
1929– (Lateran Treaty with Italy) | |
Website Vatican.va |
The Holy See
According to Catholic tradition and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul, and by virtue of the doctrines of Petrine and papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world.[14] The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is sovereign.[15]
The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of the Catholic Church.[16][17] The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by part of the College of Cardinals.
Although the Holy See is often metonymically referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy.[18] As such, papal nuncios, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church.[17] The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world.[19]
The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, signs
Terminology
The word "see" comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning 'seat', which refers to the episcopal throne (cathedra). The term "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles, but, when used with the definite article, it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome, whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter.[23] While St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in the city of Rome.[note 7]
In the Roman Catholic Church, only the see of the Pope bears the right to be addressed symbolically as "holy".
History
According to Catholic tradition, the
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law. The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards, and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks.
The
The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple
, before their territory was reestablished.Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the
The
Organization
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The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven
The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies.
Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the
Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The
The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.
The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies (apart from the strictly liturgical part).
One of Pope Francis's goals is to reorganize the Curia to prioritize its role in the church's mission to evangelize. This reform insists that the Curia is not meant to be a centralized bureaucracy, but rather a service for the Pope and diocesan bishops that is in communication with local bishops' conferences. Likewise more lay people are to be involved in the workings of the dicasteries and in giving them input.[34]
The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws
In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion
The
Status in international law
The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of
Diplomacy
Since
The British
The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Telecommunication Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly, the Council of Europe, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Relationship with Vatican City and other territories
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Vatican City |
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The Holy See participates as an observer to
(OSCE).Although the Holy See is closely associated with Vatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign, the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary. Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29.[48]
The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum territory".[49]
The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states.[50] Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City.
Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over
Military
Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the
The police force within Vatican City, known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See.
The Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.[56][57]
Coat of arms
The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister[58][59] (as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929.[60]
See also
- Ethnic enclave
- Global organisation of the Catholic Church
- Index of Vatican City-related articles
- Patriarchate
- Petitions to the Holy See
- Pontifical academy
- See of Constantinople
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Notes
- ^ De facto (with extraterritorial properties around Rome, Italy)
- ^ Universal full communion, Latin Church, Catholic Church.
- ^ Administrative and diplomatic[2]
- ^ Diplomatic[3]
- Bishop of Rome, the Pope, head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
- ^ The Pope as head of state or sovereign of the Vatican city-state.
- extraterritorial privileges.
- metonym for the hierarchy of the Catholic Church.
- ^ Afghanistan, Bhutan, Brunei, Comoros, Laos, the Maldives, North Korea, the People's Republic of China, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tuvalu and Vietnam.[43]
References
- ^ "About the Holy See". 20 July 2022. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ^ "Background Notes, the Holy See". 1995. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "About the Holy See". 20 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
- ^ "Internet portal of Vatican City State". Vatican City State. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ a b "CIA's factbook Vatican State". 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-81606078-8. p. 1009.
- ISBN 978-0-08-044911-1
- Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the originalon 11 January 2024.
- ^ "the Holy See". Oxford Learners Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024.
- ^ "the Holy See (Catholic Encyclopedia)". 28 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-19-861442-5. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.)
{{cite book}}
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- ^ "Holy See". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-7-80186-160-3. Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ "Holy See, The country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Government of Australia). Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
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- ^ from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
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- ^ a b "Holy See". Travel & living abroad. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ "Holy See - Observer". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles". www.newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ISBN 978-88-209-8522-6.
- ISBN 978-3-89889-078-6.
- ^ "'Moral Diplomacy' of the Holy See: Multi-Level Diplomacy of a Transnational Actor". Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- ^ "TREATY BETWEEN THE HOLY SEE AND ITALY" (PDF). www.rightofassembly.info. 13 January 2024. Article 03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2024.
- ^ "State and Government". www.vaticanstate.va. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "These 7 nations are ruled by an absolute monarchy!". Stories of World. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "Dichiarazione Di S.E. Mons. Pietro Parolin in Occasione della sua Nomina a Segretario di Stato". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
- ^ Code of Canon Law, canons 1443–1444 Archived 8 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1445 Archived 8 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ Pastor bonus, articles 117–120 Archived 23 February 2001 at the Wayback Machine. The Vatican. (28 June 1988). Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ Pogorelc, Anthony (2020). Vatican. Print: SAGE Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Religion.
- ^ "Economic Report of the Holy See for 2000" Zenit 6 July 2001
- ^ David Leigh (21 January 2013). "How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ These criteria for statehood were first authoritatively enunciated at the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, signed by American states on 26 December 1933.
- ^ a b "Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See, update on October 22, 2009". Archived from the original on 9 July 2014.
- ^ e.g. IAEA Archived 12 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, OSCE Archived 8 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, IOM Archived 12 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 1-932589-01-5, p. 16. See also James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, (1979) p. 154.
- ^ Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See Archived 12 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Vatican. (31 May 2007). Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ "179 states have full diplomatic relations with the Holy See". Zenit News Agency. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Mission Impossible: Eject the Holy See from the United Nations". chiesa: News, analysis, and documents on the Catholic Church, by Sandro Magister. 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
- ^ Holy See Press Office: "Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See" Archived 6 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), pp. 1307 (Rappresentanze Pontificie) and 1338 (Corpo Diplomatico presso la Santa Sede)
- ^ Ambassador's Address on UK-Holy See Relations Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (emphasis added)
- ^ "Holy See". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ Lecture by Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo, 16 February 2006 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 30giorni.it. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ Lecture by Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, 22 April 2002 Archived 15 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ Bilateral and Multilateral Relations of the Holy See Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Holy See. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ "Päpstliche Schweizergarde: 1506 Foundation". 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013.
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013), p. 1269
- ^ "Päpstliche Schweizergarde: Conditions". 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013.
- ^ "Swiss Voulge - Also Called Halberd or Halbert". www.knightsedge.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ See videos at Pontifical Swiss Guards, Gallery
- ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "Holy See urges ratification of Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty". Vatican News. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ Galbreath, Donald Lindsay (13 September 1930). "A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry". W. Heffer and sons, Limited. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2020 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54.
- ^ "Appendix B ("All. B. Stemma Ufficiale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano") of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, 7 June 1929" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Further reading
- Köck, Heribert F. (1975). Die Völkerrechtliche Stellung Des Heiligen Stuhls: Dargestellt an Seiner Beziehungen Zu Staaten Und Internationalen Organisationen. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. ISBN 978-3-428-03355-3.
- Köck, Heribert F. (1995). "Holy See". In Bernhardt, Rudolf; Macalister-Smith, Peter (eds.). ISBN 978-0-444-86245-7.
- Brusher, Joseph S. (1959). Popes Through the Ages. Princeton, N.J: Van Nostrand. OCLC 742355324.
- Chamberlin, E. R. (1969). OCLC 647415773.
- Dollison, John (1994). Pope-pourri. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-88615-8.
- Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1997). Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-01798-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7011-8290-8.
- ISBN 978-0-300-07332-4.
- ISBN 978-0-671-01200-7.
- ISBN 978-0-671-61050-0.
- Franzen, August; Dolan, John (1969). A History of the Church. Herder and Herder.
- Granfield, Patrick (1987). The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 978-0-8245-0839-5.
- Grisar, Hartmann (1912). History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. OCLC 11025456.
- John Paul II, Pope (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". Vatican Publishing House.
- Kelly, J. N. (1986). Oxford Dictionary of the Popes. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-19-190935-1.
- OCLC 51018118.
- ISBN 978-0-8129-6762-3.
- Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1916]. The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-86-2.
- Noble, Thomas; Strauss, Barry (2005). Western Civilization. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-43277-6.
- ISBN 978-1-85182-125-9.
- La Due, William J. (1999). The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-57075-249-0.
External links
- The Holy See
- The Holy See News Portal (News.va) Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- The Vatican's channel on YouTube
- Primacy of the Apostolic See
- CIA World Factbook on Holy See
- Between Venus and Mars, the Church of Rome Chooses Both—The Holy See's geopolitics analyzed in the light of the dominant doctrines
- The Holy See in the course of time, from an Orthodox perspective
- Inside the Vatican Documentary on National Geographic YouTube channel