Papal tiara
This article is part of a series on |
Vatican City |
---|
|
The papal tiara is a
The name tiara refers to the entire headpiece, including the various crowns, circlets, and diadems that have adorned it through the ages,[1][2] while the three-tiered form that it took in the 14th century is also called the triregnum[3][4] or the triple crown,[5] and sometimes as the triple tiara.[6][7][8]
From 1143 to 1963, the papal tiara is solemnly placed on the pope's head during a papal coronation. The surviving papal tiaras are all in the triple form, the oldest from 1572. A representation of the triregnum combined with two crossed keys of Saint Peter is used as a symbol of the papacy and appears on papal documents, buildings and insignia, and on the flag of Vatican City.
History
Origins
The papal tiara originated from a conical Phrygian cap or frigium.[9][10] Shaped like a candle-extinguisher, the papal tiara and the episcopal mitre were identical in their early forms.[9]
Names used for the papal tiara in the 8th and 9th centuries include camelaucum, pileus, phrygium and pileum phrygium.[9]
Crowns
A circlet of linen or cloth of gold at the base of the tiara developed into a metal crown, which by about 1300 became two crowns. The first of these appeared at the base of the traditional white papal headgear in the 9th century.[11][12] When the popes assumed temporal power in the Papal States, the base crown became decorated with jewels to resemble the crowns of princes.[11] Innocent III is represented with an early tiara in a fresco at Sacro Speco and on a mosaic from Old Saint Peter's, now in the Museo di Roma.[13] A similar tiara, conical and with only one crown, is seen worn by pope Clement IV in frescoes from the 13th century in Pernes-les-Fontaines, France.[14]
The second crown is said to have been added by Pope Boniface VIII as signifying both his spiritual and temporal power, since he declared that God had set him over kings and kingdoms.[9][15] Boniface VIII's tiara is represented with two crowns in his statues and tomb by Arnolfo di Cambio.[16] The addition of a third crown is attributed to Pope Benedict XI (1303–1304) or Pope Clement V (1305–1314), and one such tiara was listed in an inventory of the papal treasury in 1316[9] (see "Tiara of Saint Sylvester", below). The first years of the 16th century saw the addition of a small orb and cross to top the tiara.[17]
The third crown was added to the papal tiara during the Avignon Papacy (1309–1378), giving rise to the form called the triregnum.[18][19]
After Pope Clement V at Avignon, various versions of the three-crown tiara have been worn by popes also in Rome down to Pope Paul VI, who was crowned with one in 1963.[citation needed]
Tiara of Saint Sylvester
Lord Twining wrote of a tiara of Pope Boniface VIII that became known as the Tiara of Saint Sylvester:
Under
Boniface VIII (1294–1303) the hood of the regnum was lengthened and the circlet was greatly enriched with precious stones, while toward the end of his papacy a second circlet was added. The increased length had the symbolical meaning of dominion of the una sancta ecclesia over the earth, and demonstrated the meaning of the papal unam sanctum. In the inventory of 1295, the second year of Boniface's papacy, the head-dress, which is now usually referred to as a tiara, is described as enriched with 48 rubies balas, 72 sapphires, 45 praxini or emeralds, numerous little balas rubies and emeralds and 66 large pearls. At the summit was a very large ruby.Boniface VIII was succeeded in 1303 by
Gregory XI took it back to Rome, which he entered on 17 January 1377. In 1378 Robert of Geneva was elected anti-Pope taking the style Clement VII, and he removed the tiara from Avignon. When the Spaniard, Pedro de Luna, was elected anti-Pope in 1394 styling himself Benedict XIII, he took the tiara from Avignon to Spain, where it remained until Aphonso V of Aragon failed in his attempt to renew the schism, and on his withdrawal of support from the anti-Pope Clement VII in 1419, the tiara was returned to Rome.[20]In the 14th century, the tiara of Boniface VIII began to be called the Tiara of
Nicholas V (1446–55), and in 1485 it was stolen and no more is heard of it.[21]
Twining also notes the various allegorical meanings attributed to the three crowns of the papal tiara, but concludes that "it seems more likely that the symbolism is suggested by the idea that took shape in the 13th and 14th centuries that the Emperor was crowned with three crowns—the silver crown of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle, the iron crown of Lombardy at Milan or Monza and the golden imperial crown at Rome and therefore the Pope, too, should wear three crowns."[22]
Lappets (infulae)
Like a bishop's mitre, a papal tiara has attached to it two
The 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia describes the lappets on a bishop's mitre as trimmed on the ends with red fringe.[27][28]
Abandonment of the tiara
Paul VI's abandonment of use of one of the most striking symbols of the papacy was highly controversial with many Traditionalist Catholics, some of whom continue to campaign for its reinstatement.[33] Certain voices went so far as to brand Paul VI an antipope, arguing that no valid pope would surrender the papal tiara.[34][35]
His immediate successor, Pope John Paul I, decided against a coronation, replacing it with an "inauguration". It was officialized in 1996 within the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis[36] after which Benedict XVI and Pope Francis did not have a coronation rite with the Papal Tiara.[37] After John Paul I's sudden death, Pope John Paul II told the congregation at his inauguration: "This is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes."[38]
Paul VI's 1975
Though not currently worn as part of papal regalia, the papal tiara still appears on the coat of arms of the Holy See and the flag of Vatican City. Later in his reign John Paul II approved depictions of his arms without the tiara, as with the mosaic floor piece towards the entrance of St Peter's Basilica, where an ordinary mitre takes the place of the tiara. Otherwise, until the reign of Benedict XVI the tiara was also the ornament surmounting a Pope's personal coat of arms, as a tasseled hat (under which a 1969 Instruction of the Holy See forbade the placing of a mitre, a second hat)[42] surmounted those of other prelates. Pope Benedict XVI's personal coat of arms replaced the tiara with a mitre containing three levels reminiscent of the three tiers on the papal tiara.[43] The mitre was retained on Pope Francis' personal coat of arms.[44]
In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated the document Ordo Rituum pro Ministerii Petrini initio Romae Episcopi that confirmed the choice of Pope John Paul II to refuse the tiara and the incoronation rite.[45][46]
In May 2011, also Pope Benedict XVI received a special tiara by Dieter Filippi,[47] a German chief executive officer of a telecommunication company who had commissionated the gift to an artisan laboratory located in Sofia.[48]
Each year, a large papal tiara is placed on the head of the famous bronze statue of Saint Peter in St. Peter's Basilica from the vigil of the Feast of the Cathedra of Saint Peter on 22 February until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on 29 June.[49] This custom was not observed in 2006, but was reintroduced in 2007.[citation needed]
Design
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2021) |
Although often referred to as the Papal Tiara, historically there have been many, and 22 remain in existence. Many of the earlier papal tiaras (most notably the tiaras of
Many tiaras were donated to the papacy by world leaders or heads of states, including Queen
In some instances, various cities sought to outdo each other in the beauty, value and size of the tiaras they provided to popes from their region. Examples include tiaras given to Popes John XXIII and Paul VI, the former by John's home region, the latter by Paul's previous archiepiscopal see of Milan on their election to the papacy.
Popes were not restricted to a particular tiara: for example, photographs show Pope John XXIII, on different occasions, wearing the tiara presented to him in 1959, Pope Pius IX's 1877 tiara, and Pope Pius XI's 1922 tiara.
Pope Paul VI, whose bullet-shaped tiara is one of the most unusual in design, was the last pope to wear a papal tiara (though any of his successors could, if they wished, revive the custom). Most surviving tiaras are on display in the Vatican, though some were sold off or donated to Catholic bodies. Some of the more popular or historic tiaras, such as the 1871 Belgian tiara, the 1877 tiara and the 1903 golden tiara, have been sent around the world as part of a display of historic Vatican items. Pope Paul VI's "Milan tiara" was donated to and is on display in the crypt church of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., United States of America.
Shape
Most of the surviving (three-crown) papal tiaras have the shape of a circular
Each tiara had attached to the back two lappets; highly decorated strips of cloth embroidered with golden thread, bearing the coat of arms or another symbol of the pope to whom the tiara had been given.
There are two rather unusual tiaras: the papier-mâché tiara made when Pope Pius VII was elected and crowned in exile, and the one made for Pope Paul VI in 1963, which is somewhat bullet-shaped, contains few jewels and, instead of being adorned by three coronets, is marked with three parallel circles and has a double-tiered crown at its base.
The tiara given to Pope Pius IX in 1877 by the Vatican's Palatine Honor Guard in honour of his Jubilee is strikingly similar in design to the earlier tiara of Gregory XVI. It remained a particularly popular crown, worn by, among others, Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII. Pope Pius XI's 1922 crown, in contrast was much less decorated and much more conical in shape.
Weight
Except for the
A number of popes deliberately had new tiaras made because they found those in the collection either too small, too heavy, or both. Rather than use the papier-mâché tiara, Pope Gregory XVI had a new lightweight tiara made in the 1840s. In the 1870s, Pope Pius IX, then in his eighties, found the other tiaras too heavy to wear and that of his predecessor, Pope Gregory, too small, so he had a lightweight tiara made also. In 1908 Pope Pius X had another lightweight tiara made as he found that the normal tiaras in use were too heavy, while the lightweight ones did not fit comfortably.
New methods of manufacture in the 20th century enabled the creation of lighter normal tiaras, producing the 900 g (2.0 lb) tiaras of Pius XI and John XXIII. That, combined with the existence of a range of lightweight tiaras from earlier popes, meant that no pope since Pius X in 1908 needed to make his own special lightweight tiara.
Symbolism
There is no certainty about what the three crowns of the tiara symbolise, as is evident from the multitude of interpretations that have been and still are proposed. Some link it to the threefold authority of the "Supreme Pontiff: Universal Pastor (top), Universal Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction (middle) and Temporal Power (bottom)".[52] Others interpret the three tiers as meaning "father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, vicar of Christ".[17] The words that were used when popes were crowned were: Accipe tiaram tribus coronis ornatam, et scias te esse patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbis in terra vicarium Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum ("Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that thou art father of princes and kings, ruler of the world, vicar on earth of our Saviour Jesus Christ, to whom is honour and glory for ever and ever").[53][c]
Yet others have associated it with the threefold office of
Use
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2021) |
The papal tiara was never worn for liturgical celebrations, such as Mass. At such functions the Pope, like other bishops, wore a mitre. However, a tiara was worn during the solemn entrance and departure processions, and one or more could be placed on the altar during the elaborately ceremonial Pontifical High Mass.
The tiara was thus worn in formal ceremonial processions, and on other occasions when the pope was carried on the sedia gestatoria, a portable throne whose use was ended by Pope John Paul II immediately after his election in October 1978. His short-lived predecessor, John Paul I, also chose initially not to use it, but relented when informed that without it the people could not see him.[citation needed][d] The papal tiara was also worn when a pope gave his traditional Christmas and Easter Urbi et Orbi blessing ("to the City and the World") from the balcony of St Peter's – the only religious ceremony at which the tiara was worn.
Coronation
The most famous occasion when the tiara was used was the papal coronation, a six-hour ceremony, when the new pope was carried in state on the
At the moment of the coronation, the new pope was crowned with the words:
Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that you are Father of princes and kings, Ruler of the world, Vicar of our Saviour Jesus Christ.
Pope Paul VI opted for a significantly shorter ceremony. As with all other modern coronations, the ceremony itself was only symbolic, as the person involved became Pope and
Related uses
Only one other Catholic see uses the tiara in its coat of arms: the
The 16th-century
Conversely, the papal coronation ceremony, in which the Pope was fanned with
Tarot cards
All tarot cards also contain a representation of the pope, known as "
See also
- List of papal tiaras in existence
- Index of Vatican City-related articles
- List of popes
- Papal Mass
- The Philippi Collection
- List of headgear
- Cap
- Tiara
Notes
- was paid 25 ducats a year.
- George said after the Delhi Durbar in 1911 how the Imperial Crown of India "hurt my head as it is rather heavy". Yet both these crowns are lighter than most papal tiaras, and less than a third of the weight of the 1804 tiara given to Pius VII by Napoleon.[50]
- ^ According to the Encyclopaedia Americana, article "Tiara",[54] the words were "...scias te esse patrem, principem et regem..." ("know that you are a father, a prince and a king").
- ^ Like the papal tiara, the sedia gestatoria could be restored to use at any time. However, when Pope John Paul II's mobility became impaired, he opted not to be carried on men's shoulders, but instead to use a wheeled dais. This was criticized,[by whom?] because he could not easily be seen when sitting on it.
- ^ Agostino never saw the Sultan, but probably did see and sketch the helmet in Venice.
References
Citations
- ^ Joseph Braun, "Tiara" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912
- ^ "tiara – papal dress". Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-19-534635-0), p. 310
- ISBN 978-0-271-00702-1), p. 96
- ^ "Homily for Inauguration for Pontificate", section 4 name=JPII
- ISBN 978-0-253-21208-5), p. 64
- ISBN 978-1-59033-037-1), p. 31
- ISBN 978-0-313-08048-7), p. 1
- ^ a b c d e "Herbert Norris, Church Vestments (Dutton 1950, republished by Dover Publications 2002 ISBN 0-486-42256-9), pp. 108–115". Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica, article "tiara (papal dress)"". Britannica.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ ISBN 0-670-86745-4)
- ISBN 0-391-00873-0), p.50
- ^ "Innocenzo III | Museo di Roma". www.museodiroma.it. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_Ferrande_-_Cl%C3%A9ment_IV.JPG [bare URL]
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 911–912.
- ^ Cambio, Arnolfo di (c. 1298), Deutsch: Monument Bonifaz VIII von Arnolfo di Cambio für das Grabmal von Bonifaz im Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in Florenz. Hier taucht die zweifache Tiara auf.Čeština: Socha papeže Bonifáce VIII. od Arnolfa di Cambio; hrobka Bonifáce v Museo dell'Opera del Duomo ve Florencii., retrieved 3 September 2020
- ^ a b "Sala Stampa della Santa Sede: "Storia della Tiara"". Vatican.va. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-87099-298-8), p. 206
- ^ John Walsh, The Mass and Vestments of the Catholic Church (Benzinger Brothers 1916), p. 431
- ^ Edward Twining. A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe, (London: B. T. Batsford, 1960) pp. 377-378.
- ^ Twining 1960, pp. 378–379
- ^ Twining 1960, p. 378
- ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), entry "Tiara", p. 1632
- ISBN 978-0-9725526-7-7), p. 70
- ISBN 978-0-520-04981-9), p. 267
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0). entry "Tiara", p. 1096
- ^ Braun, Joseph (1911). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ Cf. Symbols of a Bishop, miter Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Pope Paul VI Tiara". Andrejkoymasky.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Doty, Robert C. (14 November 1964). "Pope Paul Donates His Jeweled Tiara To Poor of World". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^ "A Moment in History: the Papal Tiara at the Basilica". 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ "A Moment in History: the Papal Tiara at the Basilica". The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Traditionalist Catholic website criticising Benedict XVI's non-use of the papal tiara". Dailycatholic.org. 29 April 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Anti-Pope Paul VI Smashing the Sacred Papal Tiara". Opusdeialert.com. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Take a Step to Your Future Success!". truecatholic.us. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012.
- ^ "Apostolic constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis"". Vatican Apostolic Library. 22 February 1996.
the solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the Pontificate
(at n. 92). - ^ Tornielli, Andrea (17 May 2016). "A tiara for every Pope". La Stampa. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ "Homily of His Holiness John Paul II for the inauguration of his pontificate, 4". Vatican.va. 22 October 1978. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Romano Pontifici Eligendo (1975), 92.
- ^ Universi Dominici gregis (1996), No. 92.
- ^ "Tiara". 3 April 2001. Archived from the original on 24 February 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
Use of the Tiara, a ritual during solemn ceremonies, was abandoned during the Papacy of Paul VI.
- ^ Secretariat of State, instruction "Ut sive sollicite", 28, in Acta Apostolicae Sedis 61 (1969) 334-340 (English translation in L'Osservatore Romano, 17 April 1969): "The use of the crozier and mitre in the coat-of-arms is suppressed."
- ^ "Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI". Vatican.va. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "The Coat of Arms of Pope Francis". Dicastero per la Comunicazione - Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "La presa di possesso della Basilica Lateranense" (in Italian).
L'attuale legislazione ha confermato la scelta di Giovanni Paolo I di rifiutare la tiara e il rito dell'incoronazione.
- ^ "Intervista per L'Osservatore Romano con Gianluca Biccini" (in Italian). 22 February 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Tornielli, Andrea (17 May 2016). "A ogni Papa la sua tiara". La Stampa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
- ^ "Una Tiara per Benedetto XVI" (PDF). lastampa.it (in Italian). 26 May 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021.
- ^ "Image of this tiara provided by the Holy See Press Office". Vatican.va. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Gyles Brandreth, Philip & Elizabeth (Century, 2004) p.311. and "The Crown Jewels" published by the Tower of London.
- ^ Propaganda and Persuasion by Garth Jowett and Victoria and O'Donnell.
- ^ "Tu Es Petrus". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Francis Patrick Henrick, The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated (Baltimore, London and Pittsburgh 1857), p. 252". Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Americana, article "Tiara"
- ^ "The Holy See". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Website on pre-Vatican II liturgical and ecclesiastical vestments and symbols". Memorare.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "The Coronation". ElectAPope.Com. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "CNS STORY: Pope drops papal crown from coat of arms, adds miter, pallium". Catholicnews.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Vatican flag: redirect to the right page". Users.skynet.be. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Twining, Lord Edward Francis (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, England.
- ^ "Horace Kinder Mann, Johannes Hollnsteiner, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages (K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1906), vol. 3, p. 12". Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1968. "Turquerie." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series 26 (5): pp. 229.
- ISBN 0-391-00873-0), p.52, 94.
- ISBN 0-500-27065-1
- ^ Dr. Robert O'Neill, Iconography of the early papess cards
- ^ "Iconography of the pope cards". Tarot.com. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
Works cited
- Bernstein, Carl; Politi, Marco (1996). His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of our Time. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-40538-3.
- Cornwell, John (1999). Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-87620-8.
- Cornwell, John (1989). A Thief in the Night: The Death of Pope John Paul I. London: Viking. ISBN 0-670-82387-2.
- de Cesare, Raffaele (1909). The Last Days of Papal Rome 1850–1870. London: A. Constable.
- Davis, Raymond, ed. (2000). The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-545-7.
- Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saint & Sinners: A History of the Popes. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07332-1.
- Hales, E.E.Y. (Edward Elton Young) (1954). Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
- Hebblethwaite, Peter (1978). The Year of Three Popes. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-215047-6.
- Hebblethwaite, Peter (1993). Paul VI : The First Modern Pope. New York: Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-0461-X.
- Hebblethwaite, Peter (2000). John XXIII: Pope of the Century. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-4995-6.
- Heim, Bruno (1978). Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws. Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren. ISBN 0-905715-05-5.
- Hobsworth, Dean (1884). From True Cross to True Crown: Papalism and Its Evils.
- Levillain, Philippe, ed. (2002). The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3.
- Nielsen, Fredrik Kristian (1906). The History of the Papacy in the XIXth Century. London: J. Murray.
- Noonan, James-Charles. (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-86745-4.
- Rudé, George F. E. (2000). Revolutionary Europe, 1783–1815. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22189-1.
- Smith, Uriah (1881). Thoughts, Critical and Practical on the Book of Revelation. Battle Creek, Mich.: Seventh-day Adventist Publ. Assoc. ISBN 0-8370-5309-9.
- Smithe, Jefferson (1902). Roman Catholic Ritual. London.
- Willey, David (1992). God's Politician: John Paul at the Vatican. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-16180-4.
- Yallop, David A. (1984). In God's Name: An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I. Toronto: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-05073-7.
External links
- Braun, Joseph (1912). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- Giuseppe de Novaes, Introduzione alle vite de' Sommi Pontefici, vol. II, Dissertazione V, pp. 74–189
- Holy See Press Office information on the papal tiara
- Images of several papal tiaras