Paphiopedilum

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Venus slipper
Paphiopedilum henryanum
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Cypripedioideae
Genus: Paphiopedilum
Pfitzer
Type species
Paphiopedilum insigne
Subgenera

7, see text

Diversity
About 80 species
Synonyms[2]
  • Cordula Raf.
  • Menephora Raf.
  • Stimegas Raf.

Paphiopedilum, often called the Venus slipper, is a

Bismarck Islands. The type species of this genus is Paphiopedilum insigne.[2][3][4]

The species and their hybrids are extensively cultivated, and are known as either paphiopedilums, or by the abbreviation paphs in horticulture.

Due to their popularity, Paphiopedilums have been ruthlessly gathered and poached from the wild, making them very rare or extinct there. As soon as a new species or population is discovered, poachers will take the plants for orchid collectors who pay large sums of money. Habitat destruction is an additional factor contributing to their rarity.[5][6][7]

Description

Paphiopedilum hennisianum flower, showing detail of the staminode (click to magnify)

Paphiopedilum species naturally occur among humus layers as

hemicryptophytes. The leaves can be short and rounded or long and narrow and typically have a mottled pattern. When older shoots die, newer ones take over. Each new shoot only blooms once when it is fully grown, producing a raceme
between the fleshy, succulent leaves. The roots are thick and fleshy. Potted plants form a tight lump of roots that, when untangled, can be up to 1 m long.

Members of this genus are considered highly collectible by orchid fanciers due to the curious and unusual form of their flowers. Along with Cypripedium, Mexipedium, Phragmipedium and Selenipedium, the genus is a member of the subfamily Cypripedioideae, commonly referred to as the "lady's-slippers" or "slipper orchids" due to the unusual shape of the pouch-like labellum of the flower. The pouch traps insects seeking nectar, and to leave again they have to climb up past the staminode, behind which they collect or deposit pollinia. Orchids of this genus are notoriously difficult to propagate by tissue culture; as of 2016, commercial cultivation is almost exclusively seed-based.[8] This means every plant is unique.

Paphiopedilum fairrieanum Orchid from Eastern Himalayas, India

Members of this genus have unusual

guard cells with chloroplasts in their cytoplasm (including those of closely related Phragmipedium slipper orchids), Paphiopedilum stomata do not. This difference results in simpler, but weaker control of stomatal function.[9] For example, most plants close their stomata in response to either blue or red light, but Paphiopedilum guard cells only respond to blue light.[10] The fact that they lack chloroplasts has made them valuable to researchers investigating stomatal function. For example, it enabled the discovery of intracellular events that precede stomatal closure.[11]

One of the "Miya" hybrid Paphiopedilum cultivars bred by T. Ozawa

In horticulture

The paphiopedilums are among the most widely cultivated and

golden slipper orchid (P. armeniacum), discovered in 1979 and described in 1982, amazed growers of orchids by the extraordinary beauty of its golden flowers. In addition, growers have bred thousands of interspecific hybrids and registered them with the Royal Horticultural Society in London
over the years.

Paphiopedilums are terrestrial and evergreen in growth habit, and by careful selection of species and hybrids, it is possible to have a flowering period extending over nine months of the year.

temperatures ranging from 13 to 35 degrees Celsius and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 lux
. Modern hybrids are typically easier to grow in artificial conditions than their parent species.

Taxonomy and systematics

Paphiopedilum cultivar in Kew Gardens, England
Paphiopedilum acmodontum
Paphiopedilum appletonianum
Paphiopedilum callosum
Paphiopedilum dayanum
Paphiopedilum fairrieanum
Paphiopedilum glanduliferum
Paphiopedilum haynaldianum
Paphiopedilum helenae
Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum
Paphiopedilum hookerii
Paphiopedilum liemianum
Paphiopedilum niveum
Paphiopedilum primulinum
Paphiopedilum Pinocchio, hybrid of Paphiopedilum primulinum × Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum
Paphiopedilum superbiens
Paphiopedilum wardii
Paphiopedilum wenshanense (center)

The genus name Paphiopedilum was established by

Mediterranean region. Paphiopedilum was made a valid taxon
in 1959, but its use has become restricted to eastern Asian species in our time.

Subdivisions

The genus Paphiopedilum has been divided into several subgenera, and then further into sections and subsections:

Selected species

There are more than 550 taxa in this genus, including some 80 valid species. Some notable species and their natural hybrids are listed here, together with some assorted varieties and forms:

Conservation

All Paphiopedilum species are listed under Appendix I of the

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens is prohibited, while non-commercial trade is regulated.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  2. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ^ Koopowitz, H. (2012). An updated, annotated checklist of the genus Paphiopedilum. Orchid Digest 76: 178-215.
  4. ^ Leong, K.F. (2013). Flora of Peninsular Malaysia - Cypripedioideae. Malesian Orchid Journal 12: 117-131.
  5. ^ “Paphiopedilum insigne, Splendid Paphiopedilum”, Assessment by: Rankou, H. & Kumar, P. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ISSN 2307-8235. Accessed on 23.12.2021.
  6. ^ Pham, The & Averyanov, L.V. & Phan, Loc & Tien, Hiep & Xuan, Canh & Tien, Vinh & Quang, Hieu. (2014). Field survey of Paphiopedilum canhii: from discovery to extinction. Slipper Orchids FALL. 2014. 2-11.
  7. ^ Amy Hinsley, Hugo J de Boer, Michael F Fay, Stephan W Gale, Lauren M Gardiner, Rajasinghe S Gunasekara, Pankaj Kumar, Susanne Masters, Destario Metusala, David L Roberts, Sarina Veldman, Shan Wong, Jacob Phelps, A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for conservation, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 186, Issue 4, April 2018, Pages Pages 435–455, https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box083
  8. S2CID 2506714
    .
  9. PMID 16664075
    .
  10. S2CID 97955450
    .
  11. PMID 11607281
    .
  12. ^ Victorian Orchid Club (1953), Orchid culture in Victoria / issued by Victorian Orchid Club of Victoria, The Victorian Orchid Club, p. 17, retrieved 8 May 2022
  13. ^ Pfahl, Jay. "Paphiopedilum praestans [Rchb.f] Pfitz 1894 SUBGENUS Polyantha SECTION Mastigopetalum". Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia.
  14. ISBN 9788793044012
    .
  15. ISBN 9788793044012
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 9788793044012
    .
  17. ^ a b Dopp, Alan C. MD (Fall 1984). "Standards in Judging Paphiopedilums" (PDF). American Orchid Society.
  18. PMID 24001522
    . Retrieved 2022-03-21.
  19. PMID 28510199
    .
  20. ISBN 9788793044012
    .

External links
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