Papyrus 45
New Testament manuscript | |
Name | P. Chester Beatty I |
---|---|
Sign | 𝔓45 |
Text | Gospels, Acts |
Date | c. 250 |
Script | Greek |
Found | Egypt |
Now at | Chester Beatty Library |
Cite | F.G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri (London: E. Walker), 1933 |
Size | 30 leaves; 10 in x 8 in |
Type | eclectic text-type |
Category | I |
Papyrus 45 (P. Chester Beatty I), designated by siglum 𝔓45 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, is an early Greek New Testament manuscript written on papyrus, and is one of the manuscripts comprising the Chester Beatty Papyri, a group of early Christian manuscripts discovered in the 1930s, and purchased by business man and philanthropist, Alfred Chester Beatty.[1] Beatty purchased the manuscript in the 1930s from an Egyptian book dealer, and it was subsequently published in The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible by palaeographer, biblical and classical scholar Frederic G. Kenyon in 1933.[1]: 121, 118 Manuscripts among the Chester Beatty Papyri have had several places of discovery associated with them, the most likely being the Faiyum in Egypt (the dry sands of Egypt have been a haven for finding very early manuscripts since the late 1800s).[2] Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the early 3rd century CE.[3] This therefore makes it the earliest example of not only the four Gospels contained in one volume, but also the Acts of the Apostles.[1]: 134 It contains verses in fragmentary form from the texts of Matthew chapters 20–21 and 25–26; Mark chapters 4–9 and 11–12; Luke chapters 6–7 and 9–14; John chapters 4–5 and 10–11; and Acts chapters 4–17.[4]: vii
The manuscript is currently housed at the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Ireland, except for one leaf containing Matt. 25:41–26:39, which is in the Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library in Vienna (Pap. Vindob. G. 31974).[5][6]: 109
Description
The manuscript is heavily damaged and fragmented. The papyrus was bound in a
Despite the fragmentary nature, the codex has evidence of the following verses from the New Testament:
Book | Chapter and Verse(s) |
---|---|
Matthew | 20:24–32; 21:13–19; 25:41–46; 26:1–39 |
Mark | 4:36–40; 5:15–26, 38–43; 6:1–3, 16–25, 36–50; 7:3–15, 25–37; 8:1, 10–26, 34–38; 9:1–8, 18–31; 11:27–33; 12:1, 5–8, 13–19, 24–28 |
Luke | 6:31–41, 45–49; 7:1–7; 9:26–41, 45–62; 10:1, 6–22, 26–2; 11:1, 6–25, 28–46, 50–54; 12:1–12, 18–37, 42–59; 13:1, 6–24, 29–35; 14:1–10, 17–33 |
John | 4:51–54; 5:1–3, 20–25; 10:7–25, 31–42; 11:1–10, 18–36, 43–57 |
Acts | 4:27–36; 5:1–20, 30–39; 6:7–15; 7:1–2, 10–21, 32–41, 52–60; 8:1, 14–25, 34–40; 9:1–6, 16–27, 35–43; 10:1–2, 10–23, 31–41; 11:2–14, 24–30; 12:1–5, 13–22; 13:6–16, 25–36, 46–52; 14:1–3, 15–23; 15:2–7, 19–26, 38–41; 16:1–4, 15–21, 32–40; 17:9–17 |
Textual character
Because of the extent of the damage, determining the text's relationship to the standard text-type groups has been difficult for scholars (the text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names:
- "As an editor the scribe of 𝔓45 wielded a sharp axe. The most striking aspect of his style is its conciseness. The dispensable word is dispensed with. He omits adverbs, adjectives, nouns, participles, verbs, personal pronouns—without any compensating habit of addition. He frequently omits phrases and clauses. He prefers the simple to the compound word. In short, he favors brevity. He shortens the text in at least fifty places in singular readings alone. But he does not drop syllables or letters. His shortened text is readable."[14]
Textual relationship with other New Testament manuscripts
𝔓45 has a relatively close statistical relationship with
The textual relationship of the manuscript varies from book to book. In Mark, an analysis of the various readings noted in the textual apparatus of the United Bible Society's Greek New Testament (4th ed.) (a critical edition of the Greek New Testament which has, based on scientific principles, attempted to reconstruct the original text from available ancient manuscripts),[18] places 𝔓45 in a group which includes W (for chapters 5-16), Codex Koridethi (Θ), textual group Family 1, and the minuscules 28, 205, 565; the Sinaitic Syriac manuscript, Armenian manuscripts of the New Testament, and Georgian manuscript versions of the New Testament; and the quotations of the New Testament found in early church writer Origen's works.[19] This group corresponds to what Streeter called an "Eastern type" of the text.[20]: 27, 108 In Luke, an eleven-way PAM partition (a specific analytical-method) based on Greek manuscript data, associated with the Institute for New Testament Textual Research's (INTF) Parallel Pericopes volume[21] places the manuscript in a group with Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (C), Codex Regius (L), Codex Zacynthius (Ξ), and the minuscules 33, 892, and 1241.[22] In Acts the Alexandrian text-type is its closest textual relationship.
It is calculated that the codex omitted the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53–8:11).[8]
Some notable readings
Below are some readings of the manuscript which agree or disagree with variant readings in other Greek manuscripts, or with varying ancient translations of the New Testament. See the main article Textual variants in the New Testament.
- ἀλεκτοροφωνίας (rooster crows): 𝔓37(vid) 𝔓45 L ƒ1 2886.
- ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι (rooster has crowed): א B D W 33.
- κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ κατὰ πεντήκοντα (by hundreds and by fifties):
- τοὺς ἄρτους (the loaves of bread):
- λέγω ὑμῖν (I say to you):
- των Ηρωδιανων (of the Herodians): 𝔓45 W Θ ƒ1.13 28. 565. 1365. 2542 iti.k cop samss arm geo
- Ἡρῴδου (of Herod): Majority of manuscripts
- ἐμοῦ καὶ (my, and):
- διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν (because it had been well built): 𝔓75(vid) א B L W Ξ 33. 157. 579. 892. 1241. 1342. 2542 syhmg sa bopt
- τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν (for it had been built upon the rock): A C D Θ Ψ ƒ1.13 700.c Byz latt syrp.h cop bopt arm geo goth
- Omit. : 𝔓45(vid) 700.* syrs
- οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον (nor under a basket):
- γραμματεις και Φαρισαιοι υποκριται (scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!):
- ινα κατηγορησωσιν αυτου (so they might catch him):
- μὴ ἑτοιμάσας ἢ (or prepared, or):
- Omit. : 𝔓45
- Incl. : Majority of manuscripts
- τοῖς μαθηταῖς (to the disciples):
- καὶ ἡ ζωή (and the life):
- Omit. : 𝔓45 it1 syrs Diatessaron syr Cyprian
- Incl. : Majority of manuscripts
- δύο ἄνδρας (two men):
- ἐγένετο (became): 𝔓74(vid) א A B C 36. 81. 323. 453. 945. 1175. 1739. Origen
- επεπεσεν (fell upon): E Ψ 33. Byz latt syr
- ηλθεν (came): 𝔓45
- Πέτρε (Peter):
- Omit. : 𝔓45 gig Clement Ambrose
- Incl. : Majority of manuscripts
- κυρίου (Lord): 𝔓45(vid) א A B C E Ψ 81* 323. 614. 945 1175 1739 lat syrh bo
- θεου (God): 𝔓74 D Byz syrp sa mae boms
- μηδὲν διακρίναντα (making no distinction):
- κυρίου (of the Lord): 𝔓45 𝔓74 א A C Ψ 33. 1739 Byz gig vg samss mae
- θεου (of God): B D E 049 323. 453 sams bo
- θεον (to God): 614. syr pc
- τοῦ κυρίου (of the Lord):
- Omit. : 𝔓45 pc
- Incl. : Majority of manuscripts
- τῆς πορνείας (from sexual immorality):
- Omit. : 𝔓45
- Incl. : Majority of manuscripts
- καὶ ταράσσοντες (and stirring up):
Facsimile edition
In November 2020, the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts in conjunction with Hendrickson Publishers released a new 1:1 high-resolution imaged facsimile edition of 𝔓45 on black and white backgrounds, along with 𝔓46 and 𝔓47.[24]
See also
Notes and references
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-21541-0.
- ^ See main Chester Beatty Papyri page for full info.
- ^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1933). The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible, Fasciculus I, General Introduction. Emery Walker Ltd. p. x.
- ^ a b c Kenyon, Frederic G. (1933). The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible, Fasciculus II, The Gospels and Acts, Text. Emery Walker Ltd.
- ^ "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ ISBN 3-438-06011-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-019-516667-5.
- ^ ISBN 9004139206.
- JSTOR 41214242.
- JSTOR 23040950.
- ^ JSTOR 3261672.
- ISBN 978-0-19-956636-5.
- ^ Aland, Barbara (2004). "The Significance of the Chester Beatty in Early Church History". In Horton, Charles (ed.). The Earliest Gospels. London: T&T Clark. p. 110.
- ^ Colwell, Ernest Cadman (1965). "Scribal Habits in the Early Papyri: A Study in the Corruption of the Text". In Hyatt, J. P. (ed.). The Bible in Modern Scholarship. New York: Abingdon Press. p. 383.
- ISBN 0-8028-1872-2.
- JSTOR 3263386.
- ISBN 978-0-56765-594-3.
- ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3.
- .
- ^ Streeter, Burnett Hillman (1924). The Four Gospels, A Study of Origins: Treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, and Dates. London: Macmillan.
- ISBN 978-3438056085.
- ^ PAM (partitioning around medoids) is a multivariate analysis technique. For a description, see Timothy J. Finney. "Views of New Testament Textual Space". Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ "ECM – INTF". Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts, CSNTM and Hendrickson Publishers to Publish Third-Century New Testament Papyri Facsimiles
Further reading
- ISBN 0-567-08389-6.
- Ayuso, El texto cesariense del papiro de Chester Beatty en ela Evangelio de San Marcos, EB. IV (1934), 268–281.
- ISBN 978-0-8423-5265-9.
- P. L. Hedley, The Egyptian Texts of the Gospels and Acts, The Church quarterly review 1934, pp. 188–230.
External links
- Robert B. Waltz, 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri 𝔓45,' at The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- Images of 𝔓45 at the Centre for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts.
- Images of the Austrian National Library portions of 𝔓45.