Parable
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A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters.[1] A parable is a type of metaphorical analogy.[2]
Some scholars of the
Etymology
The word parable comes from the
History
The
).Parables also appear in
Modern parables also exist. A mid-19th-century example, the parable of the broken window, criticises a part of economic thinking.
Characteristics
A parable is a short tale that illustrates a universal truth; it is a simple narrative. It sketches a setting, describes an action, and shows the results. It may sometimes be distinguished from similar narrative types, such as the allegory and the apologue.[10]
A parable often involves a character who faces a moral dilemma or one who makes a bad decision and then suffers the unintended consequences. Although the meaning of a parable is often not explicitly stated, it is not intended to be hidden or secret but to be quite straightforward and obvious.[11]
The defining characteristic of the parable is the presence of a subtext suggesting how a person should behave or what he should believe. Aside from providing guidance and suggestions for proper conduct in one's life, parables frequently use metaphorical language which allows people to more easily discuss difficult or complex ideas. Parables express an abstract argument by means of using a concrete narrative which is easily understood.
The allegory is a more general narrative type; it also employs
Parables of Jesus
Medieval interpreters of the Bible often treated Jesus' parables as allegories, with symbolic correspondences found for every element in his parables. But modern scholars, beginning with Adolf Jülicher, regard their interpretations as incorrect.[12] Jülicher viewed some of Jesus' parables as similitudes (extended similes or metaphors) with three parts: a picture part (Bildhälfte), a reality part (Sachhälfte), and a tertium comparationis. Jülicher held that Jesus' parables are intended to make a single important point.[7]
Gnostics suggested that Jesus kept some of his teachings secret within the circle of his disciples and that he deliberately obscured their meaning by using parables. For example, in Mark 4:11–12:
And he said to them, "To you has been given the secret of the
)
The idea that coded meanings in parables would only become apparent when a listener had been given additional information or initiated into a higher set of teachings is supported by The Epistle of Barnabas, reliably dated between AD 70 to 132:
For if I should write to you concerning things immediate or future, ye would not understand them, because they are put in parables. So much then for this.[13]
Another important component of the parables of Jesus is their participatory and spontaneous quality. Often, but not always, Jesus creates a parable in response to a question from his listeners or an argument between two opposing views. This style, often associated with the Socratics, endeared Jesus to the populations where he taught.
Quranic parables
The
Other figures of speech
The parable is related to figures of speech such as metaphor and simile. A parable is like a metaphor in that it uses concrete, perceptible phenomena to illustrate abstract ideas. It may be said that a parable is a metaphor that has been extended to form a brief, coherent narrative. A parable also resembles a simile, i.e., a metaphorical construction in which something is said to be "like" something else (e.g., "The just man is like a tree planted by streams of water"). However, unlike the meaning of a simile, a parable's meaning is implicit (although not secret).
Examples
- Akhfash's goat – a Persian parable
- Hercules at the crossroads – an ancient Greek parable
- Parables by Ignacy Krasicki, from his 1779 book Fables and Parables:
- The Rooster Prince – a Hasidic parable
See also
- Allegory
- Amplification (rhetoric)
- Exemplification
References
- ^ "Difference Between Fable and Parable". DifferenceBetween.com. Difference Between. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
- ISBN 9780809139620.
- ^ Jülicher, Adolf (1888). Die gleichnisreden Jesu [The parables of Jesus] (in German). Vol. 1. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (P. Siebeck). Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^
ISBN 9780385469920. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ "parable | Origin and meaning of parable by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
- ^ παραβολή, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ A Marginal Jew, volume II, Doubleday, 1994.
- ^ "oremus Bible Browser : 2 Sam 12:1-9". bible.oremus.org.
- ^ "oremus Bible Browser". bible.oremus.org.
- ^ a b Fowler, H.W. (1965). A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. London: Oxford University Press. p. 558. See entry at simile and metaphor.
- ^ George Fyler Townsend, in his translator's preface to Aesop's Fables (Belford, Clarke & Co., 1887), defined the parable as being "purposely intended to convey a hidden and secret meaning other than that contained in the words themselves, and which may or may not bear a special reference to the hearer or reader." However, Townsend may have been influenced by the 19th century expression, "to speak in parables", connoting obscurity.
- ^ Adolf Jülicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesu (2 vols; Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1888, 1899).
- ^ "The Epistle of Barnabas (translation J.B. Lightfoot)". www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ Wherry, Elwood Morris (1896). A Complete Index to Sale's Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co.