Para Brahman

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Para Brahman or Param Brahman (

romanized: parabrahma) in Hindu philosophy is the "Supreme Brahman" that which is beyond all descriptions and conceptualisations. It is described as the formlessness (in the sense that it is devoid of Maya) that eternally pervades everything, everywhere in the universe and whatever is beyond.[1]

Para Brahman is conceptualised in diverse ways. In the

Adi Shakti respectively are Para Brahman.[2] Mahaganapati is considered as Para Brahman by the Ganapatya sect. Kartikeya is considered as Para Brahman by the Kaumaram
sect.

Etymology

Para is a Sanskrit word that means "higher" in some contexts, and "highest or supreme" in others.[3]

Brahman in Hinduism connotes the Absolute, the Ultimate Reality in the universe.[4][5] In major schools of Hindu philosophy it is the immaterial, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists.[5][6] Brahman is a key concept found in the Vedas and is extensively discussed in the early Upanishads[7] and in Advaita Vedanta literature.[8]

Advaita Vedanta

In Advaita Vedanta, the Para Brahman is defined as nirguna brahman, or Brahman without form or qualities.

Atman (one's soul, innermost self) and nirguna (attribute-less), infinite, love, truth, knowledge, "being-consciousness-bliss".[13]

According to Eliot Deutsch, Nirguna Brahman is a "state of being"[14] in which all dualistic distinctions between one's own soul and Brahman are obliterated and are overcome.[12] In contrast, Saguna Brahman is where the distinctions are harmonized after duality between one's own soul and Brahman has been accepted.[12]

Advaita describes the features of a nondualistic experience,[12] in which a subjective experience also becomes an "object" of knowledge and a phenomenal reality. The Absolute Truth is both subject and object, so there is no qualitative difference:

  • The knowers of Truth declare knowledge alone as the Reality——that knowledge which does not admit of duality (the distinction of subject & object), in other words, which is indivisible & one without a second, & which is called by different names such as Brahma (the Absolute), Paramatma (the Supreme Spirit or Oversoul) & Bhagavan (the Deity). (Bhagavata Purana 1.2.11)[15][note 1]
  • "Whoever realizes the Supreme Brahma attains to supreme felicity. That Supreme Brahma is Eternal Truth (satyam), Omniscient (jnanam), Infinite (anantam)." (Taittiriya Upanishad 2.1.1)[note 2]

The Upanishads state that the Supreme Brahma is Eternal, Conscious, and Blissful

sat-chit-ânanda
. The realisation of this truth is the same as being this truth:

Vaishnavism

In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is considered to be Para Brahman, especially in his form of Mahavishnu.[16] He is also depicted as the Paramatman, according to the Narayana Sukta in the Yajurveda.[17] The Mahabharata describes Vishnu to be the Para Brahman, and is also identified with both purusha and prakriti.[18] In the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna is described to be Para Brahman.[19]

"O Infinite Lord of gods, Cosmic Abode, You are the unperishing, being and non-being—and what is beyond. Original God, You are the Primeval Person, You are the supreme resting place of this universe, the knower, the knowable, the supreme abode. You pervade the universe, O Infinite Form!" — Bhagavad Gita 11.37-38

Shaivism

In Shaivism, Shiva is regarded to be Para Brahman, especially in his form of Parashiva, the supreme form of Shiva.[20] According to the Shiva Purana, Shiva is described to be the only deity to possess both nirguna and saguna attributes, causing him to be the only one worthy of the epithet Ishvara.[21]

Kashmir Shaivism

In Kashmir Shaivism, Svachhanda Bhairava is considered as the supreme form of Shiva. Kashmir Shaivism consider Svachhanda Bhairava as Para Brahman. Kashmir Shaivism holds turiya, or the fourth state of consciousness, as the state of Brahman. It is neither wakefulness, dreaming, nor deep sleep. It exists in the junction between any of these three states, i.e. between waking and dreaming, between dreaming and deep sleep, and between deep sleep and waking. In Kashmir Shaivism there exists a fifth state of consciousness called Turiyatita – the state beyond Turiya which represents Parabrahman. Turiyatita, also called the void or shunya is the state where one attains liberation otherwise known as jivanmukti or moksha.[citation needed]

Shaktism

In

Adi Parashakti is considered to be the Para Brahman both with and without qualities, and also Brahman in its energetic state, the ultimate reality. According to the Devi Suktam and Sri Suktam in the Rigveda she is the womb of all creation. Thus Mahakali's epithet is Brahmamayi, meaning "She Whose Essence is Brahman". Tridevi is the supreme form of Adi Parashakti. Her eternal abode is called Manidvipa.[22]

The

omniscient, worshipped by Shiva himself, the great absolute (māhāparā), supreme (paramā), the mother of the highest reality (parāparāmba) and Ātman.[27]

Mahā Kāli's own form is referred to as Para Brahman (parabrahmasvarūpiṇī) in the Devyāgama and different

See also

Notes

  1. ^ vadanti tat tattva-vidas tattvam, yaj jnanam advayam brahmeti paramatmeti, bhagavan iti sabdyate
  2. ^ brahma-vid apnoti param, tad eshabhyukta, satyam jnanam anantam brahma
  3. ^ raso vai sa, rasam hy evayam labdhvanandi bhavati

References

  1. .
  2. ^ White 1970, p. 156.
  3. ^ Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European languages, Oxford University Press, Article on Para
  4. , page 122
  5. ^ , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII
  6. , pages 51–58, 111–115;
    For monist school of Hinduism, see: B Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis – Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18–35
  7. , pages 1–4
  8. , pages 129–130, 216–231
  9. ^ Sullivan 2001, p. 148.
  10. ^ Fisher 2012, p. 116.
  11. ^ Malkovsky 1997, p. 541.
  12. ^ a b c d e Deutsch 1973, p. 13.
  13. ^ Deutsch 1973, pp. 9–14.
  14. ^ Deutsch 1973, p. 12.
  15. ^ A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda (13 July 2021). "Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 1.2.11".
  16. .
  17. ^ Ritajananda, Swami (15 July 2022). The Practice Of Meditation. Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 89.
  18. .
  19. .
  20. .
  21. ^ J.L.Shastri (1950). Siva Purana - English Translation - Part 1 of 4. pp. 62–63.
  22. .
  23. ^ Pargiter (1904), Canto XCII.
  24. ^ Vijñanananda (1921), Book 1 Chapter 9.
  25. ^ Kalika Kulasarvasva, [1] Kalika Sahasranama.
  26. ^ Avalon (1913a), Chapter 4.
  27. ^ Brihan Nila Tantram (1938), [2].
  28. ^ Avalon (1913b), [3].

Sources

External links