Asian palm civet

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Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
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Asian palm civet
Asian palm civet in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Viverridae
Genus: Paradoxurus
Species:
P. hermaphroditus[1]
Binomial name
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus[1]
(Pallas, 1777)
Asian palm civet range: native in green, introduced in red

The Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), also called common palm civet, toddy cat and musang, is a

Least Concern as it accommodates to a broad range of habitats. It is widely distributed with large populations that in 2008 were thought unlikely to be declining.[2]
In
illegal wildlife trade; buyers use it for the increasing production of kopi luwak (civet coffee).[3]

Characteristics

Close up of an Asian palm civet
Illustration of skull and dentition, by Gervais in Histoire naturelle des mammifères

The Asian palm civet's long, stocky body is covered with coarse, shaggy hair that is usually greyish in colour. It has a white mask across the forehead, a small white patch under each eye, a white spot on each side of the nostrils, and a narrow dark line between the eyes. The muzzle, ears, lower legs, and distal half of the tail are black, with three rows of black markings on the body. Its head-to-body length is about 53 cm (21 in) with a 48 cm (19 in) long unringed tail. It weighs 2 to 5 kg (4 to 11 lb). Its anal

scent glands emit a nauseating secretion as a chemical defense when threatened or upset.[4]

Distribution and habitat

The Asian palm civet is native to

Irian Jaya, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, and Sulawesi. Its presence in Papua New Guinea is uncertain.[2]

It usually inhabits

primary forests, but also occurs at lower densities in secondary and selectively logged forest.[5]

It is also present in parks and suburban gardens with mature fruit trees, fig trees, and undisturbed vegetation. Its sharp claws allow climbing of trees and house gutters. In most parts of Sri Lanka, palm civets are considered a nuisance since they litter in ceilings and attics of common households, and make loud noises fighting and moving about at night.[citation needed]

Evolution

Palawan and Borneo specimens are genetically close, so the Asian palm civet on Palawan island might have dispersed from Borneo during the Pleistocene. It is possible that people later introduced Asian palm civet into other Philippines islands.[6][7]

Behaviour and ecology

Asian palm civet on a tree at Kerala, India
Asian palm civet with pups in an urban area at Baranagar, Kolkata, India

The Asian palm civet is thought to lead a

nocturnal activity pattern with peaks between late evening until after midnight.[5] It is usually active between dawn and 4:00 in the morning, but less active during nights when the moon is brightest.[8]

olfactory response to various excretions such as urine, feces, and secretion of the perineal gland differs in males and females. Scent marking by dragging the perineal gland and leaving the secretion on the substrate was most commonly observed in animals of both sexes. The duration of the olfactory response varied and depended both on the sex and excretion type. The palm civet can distinguish animal species, sex, familiar and unfamiliar individuals by the odor of the perineal gland secretion.[9]

Feeding and diet

The Asian palm civet is an

Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park.[10]
It also feeds on palm flower sap, which when fermented becomes palm wine, a sweet liquor ("toddy"). Because of this habit, it is called the toddy cat.[citation needed]

Reproduction

Juvenile Asian palm civet

Due to its solitary and nocturnal habits, little is known about its reproductive processes and behaviour.[11] In March 2010, a pair of palm civets was observed when attempting to mate. The pair copulated on the tree branch for about five minutes. During that period, the male mounted the female 4–5 times. After each mounting, the pair separated for a few moments and repeated the same procedure. After completion of mating, the pair frolicked around for some time, moving from branch to branch on the tree. The animals separated after about six minutes and moved off to different branches and rested there.[12]

Threats

Hunting

In some parts of its range Asian palm civets are hunted for bushmeat and the pet trade.[13] In southern China it is extensively hunted and trapped. Dead individuals were found with local tribes where it is killed for its meat, in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, and Agra, Uttar Pradesh, between 1998 and 2003 in India.[2]

The oil extracted from small pieces of the meat, kept in linseed oil in a closed earthen pot and regularly sunned, is used indigenously as a cure for scabies.[14]

Kopi luwak

Asian palm civet housed in a cage for the production of kopi luwak coffee

Proteolytic enzymes cause substantial breakdown of storage proteins.[16]

Kopi luwak is traditionally made from the faeces of wild civets, however, due to it becoming a trendy drink, civets are being increasingly captured from the wild and fed coffee beans to mass-produce this blend. Many of these civets are housed in battery cage systems which have been criticised on animal welfare grounds.[17][18] The impact of the demand for this fashionable coffee on wild palm civet populations is yet unknown but may constitute a significant threat. In Indonesia, the demand for Asian palm civets appears to be in violation of the quota set for pets.[3]

Conservation

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus is listed on

CITES Appendix III.[2] There is a quota in place in Indonesia, precluding trade from certain areas, setting a cap on the number of civets that can be taken from the wild, and allowing only 10% of those removed from the wild to be sold domestically. This quota is largely ignored by hunters and traders and is not enforced by authorities.[19] This species has become popular as a pet in Indonesia in recent years, causing a rise in the numbers found in markets in Java and Bali. The majority of the animals sold as pets originate from the wild. The high numbers of animals seen, lack of adherence to the quota and lack of enforcement of the laws are causes for conservation concern.[13]

Taxonomy

Pocock's The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1[20]
Philippine palm civet

Viverra hermaphrodita was the

Narbada River.[20]
Several zoological specimens were described between 1820 and 1992:[1]

  • Viverra bondar by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in 1820 was a specimen from Bengal[22]
  • Viverra musanga by Stamford Raffles in 1821 was a specimen from Sumatra[23]
  • Viverra musanga, var. javanica by Thomas Horsfield in 1824 was a specimen from Java[24]
  • Paradoxurus pallasii by John Edward Gray in 1832 was a specimen from India[25]
  • Paradoxurus philippinensis by Claude Jourdan in 1837 was a specimen from the Philippines[26] However, a genetic study in 2015 reclassifies it as a separate species.[27]
  • P. h. setosus by Honoré Jacquinot and Pucheran in 1853
  • P. h. nictitans by Taylor in 1891 was a specimen from Odisha;[20]
  • P. h. lignicolor by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. in 1903
  • P. h. minor by
    John Lewis Bonhote
    in 1903
  • P. h. canescens by Lyon in 1907
  • P. h. milleri by
    Cecil Boden Kloss
    in 1908
  • P. h. kangeanus by Oldfield Thomas in 1910
  • P. h. sumbanus by Ernst Schwarz in 1910
  • P. h. exitus by Schwarz in 1911
  • P. h. cochinensis by Schwarz, 1911
  • P. h. canus (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. pallens (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. parvus (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. pugnax (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. pulcher (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. sacer (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. senex (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. simplex (Miller, 1913)
  • P. h. enganus by Lyon, 1916
  • P. h. laotum by Nils Carl Gustaf Fersen Gyldenstolpe in 1917 was a specimen from Chieng Hai in north-western Thailand, and ranges from Myanmar to Indochina and Hainan;[20]
  • P. h. balicus by Sody in 1933 was a specimen from Bali
  • P. h. scindiae by Pocock in 1934 was a specimen from Gwalior, and ranges in central India;[20]
  • P. h. vellerosus by Pocock in 1934 was a specimen from Kashmir;[20]
  • P. h. dongfangensis by Corbet and Hill in 1992

The taxonomic status of these subspecies has not yet been evaluated.[2]

In mythology

In

Bagobo people believe a being named Lakivot was said to be a huge and powerful palm civet who can talk. Lakivot defeated various monsters, including the one-eyed monster Ogassi and the busaw beings who guarded the Tree of Gold, which had the Flower of Gold that he sought. He was eventually transformed into a handsome young man, and married the person to whom he gave the Flower of Gold.[28]

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 62265494
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  2. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41693A45217835.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Shepherd, C. (2012). "Observations of small carnivores in Jakarta wildlife markets, Indonesia, with notes on trade in Javan Ferret Badger Melogale orientalis and on the increasing demand for Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus for civet coffee production". Small Carnivore Conservation. 47: 38–41.
  4. ^ Lēkhakun, B.; McNeely, J. A. (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Association for the Conservation of Wildlife.
  5. ^ a b c Grassman, L.I. Jr. (1998). "Movements and fruit selection of two Paradoxurinae species in a dry evergreen forest in Southern Thailand". Small Carnivore Conservation (19): 25–29.
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  10. ^ Thohari, M.; Santosa, Y. (1986). A preliminary study on the role of civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) in the natural regeneration of palms (Pinanga kuhlii and P. zavana) at Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java (Indonesia). Symposium on Forest Regeneration in Southeast Asia, 9–11 May 1984. Biotrop Special Publication. pp. 151–153.
  11. ^ Prater, S. H. (1980). The book of Indian animals (Second ed.). Bombay, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
  12. ^ Borah, J.; Deka, K. (2011). "An observation of Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus mating". Small Carnivore Conservation. 44: 32–33.
  13. ^ a b Nijman, V.; Spaan, D.; Rode-Margono, E. J.; Roberts, P. D.; Wirdateti; Nekaris, K. A. I. (2014). "Trade in common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus in Javan and Balinese markets, Indonesia". Small Carnivore Conservation (51): 11−17.
  14. ^ Singh, L.A.K. (1982). "Stomach contents of a common palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Pallas)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 79 (2): 403–404.
  15. ^ Mahendradatta, M.; Tawali, A. B. (2012). Comparison of chemical characteristics and sensory value between luwak coffee and original coffee from Arabica (Coffea arabica L) and Robusta (Coffea canephora L) varieties (PDF). Makassar: Food Science and Technology Study Program, Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  16. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2004.05.008
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  17. ^ Milman, O. (11 November 2012). "World's most expensive coffee tainted by 'horrific' civet abuse". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  18. ^ Penha, J. (4 August 2012). "Excreted by imprisoned Civets, Kopi Luwak no longer a personal favorite". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  19. ^ Shepherd, C. R. (2008). Civets in trade in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia (1997–2001) with notes on legal protection Archived January 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Small Carnivore Conservation 38: 34–36.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Paradoxurus hermaphroditus". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. 1. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 387–415.
  21. ^ Pallas, P. S. (1778). "Das Zwitterstinkthier". In Schreber, J. C. D. (ed.). Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. p. 426.
  22. ^ Desmarest, A.G. (1820). "Civette Bondar". Mammalogie, ou, Description des espèces de mammifères. Vol. Premiere Partie. Paris: Chez Mme. Veuve Agasse. p. 210.
  23. ^ Raffles, S. (1821). "Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Tort Marlborough; with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 13: 239–275.
  24. ^ Horsfield, T. (1824). "Viverra musanga, var. javanica". Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands. London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen. pp. 148–151.
  25. ^ Gray, J.E. (1832). "Pallas's Paradoxurus". Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. London: Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter. pp. Plate 8.
  26. ^ Jourdan, C. (1837). "Mémoire sur quelques mammifères nouveaux". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. 5 (15): 521–524. Archived from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  27. doi:10.1111/jzs.12085
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  28. ^ Esteban, R. C. (2011). Folktales of Southern Philippines. Manila: Anvil Publishers.

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