Paramount Pictures

Page semi-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Paramount Pictures Corporation
Company typeDivision
IndustryFilm
Predecessors
FoundedMay 8, 1912; 111 years ago (1912-05-08)
Founders
Headquarters5555 Melrose Avenue,
Parent
Paramount Global
Divisions
Subsidiaries
Websiteparamountpictures.com

Paramount Pictures Corporation,

"Big Five" film studios located within the city limits of Los Angeles.[1]

In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor put 24 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo.[2] In 1967, the number of stars was reduced to 22 and their hidden meaning was dropped. In 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only.[3] The company's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood, California.[4]

Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA).[5]

History

Famous Players Film Company

The evolution of Paramount
1912Famous Players Film Company is founded
1913Lasky Feature Play Company is founded
1914Paramount Pictures is founded as a film distributor
1916Famous Players and Lasky merge as Famous Players–Lasky and acquire Paramount
1920Group W forms with the launch of KDKA-AM
1927CBS is founded; Famous Players–Lasky assumes Paramount's name
1929Paramount buys 49% of CBS
1932Paramount sells back shares of CBS
1950Desilu is founded and CBS distributes its television programs
1952CBS creates the CBS Television Film Sales division
1958CBS Television Film Sales renamed to CBS Films
1966Gulf+Western buys Paramount
1968Gulf+Western acquires Desilu and renames it Paramount Television; CBS Films becomes CBS Enterprises
1970CBS Enterprises renamed to Viacom
1971Viacom is spun off from CBS as a separate company
1985Viacom buys full ownership of Showtime and MTV Networks
1986National Amusements buys Viacom
1989Gulf+Western renamed to Paramount Communications
1994Viacom acquires Paramount Communications
1995Westinghouse buys CBS
1997Westinghouse renamed to CBS Corporation
2000Viacom buys CBS Corporation
2001Viacom buys BET Networks
2005Viacom splits into second CBS Corporation and Viacom
2019CBS Corporation and Viacom re-merge to form ViacomCBS
2022ViacomCBS changes its name to Paramount Global

Paramount is the sixth oldest surviving film studio in the world; after

major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.[1]

Paramount Pictures' first logo, based on a design by its co-founder William Wadsworth Hodkinson, used from 1914 to 1967

Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the

nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants.[6] With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time (leading to the slogan "Famous Players in Famous Plays"). By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success. Its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt
.

That same year, another aspiring producer,

Lasky-DeMille Barn.[7] In 1914, their first feature film, The Squaw Man
was released.

On May 8, 1914, Paramount Pictures Corporation (previously known as Progressive Pictures) was founded by a Utah theatre owner,

W. W. Hodkinson, who had bought and merged five smaller firms.[8] On May 15, 1914, Hodkinson signed a five-year contract with the Famous Players Film Company, the Lasky Company and Bosworth, Inc. to distribute their films.[9] Actor, director and producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London
movies. Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor; until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation.

Famous Players–Lasky

In 1916, Zukor engineered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one. The new company Lasky and Zukor founded on June 28, Famous Players–Lasky Corporation, although it continued to use the name "Paramount," as well. As a result, it became the largest film company at the time with a value of $12.5 million.[10] The corporation was able to grow quickly, with Lasky and his partners Goldwyn and DeMille running the production side, Hiram Abrams in charge of distribution, and Zukor making great plans. With only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players–Lasky and its "Paramount Pictures" soon dominated the business.[11] The fusion was finalized on November 7, 1916.[12]

Lasky's original studio (a.k.a. "The Barn") as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.

Because Zukor believed in stars, he signed and developed many of the leading early stars, including

antitrust grounds for more than twenty years.[13]

By the mid-1920s, the old Lasky-DeMille barn property was not big enough to handle all of the studios' West Coast productions.[14] On January 5, 1926, Lasky reached an agreement to buy the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility owned by United Pictures and located at 5451 Marathon Street, for US$1 million.[15] On March 29, the company began an eight-month building program to renovate the existing facilities and erect new ones.[16] On May 8, Lasky finally moved operations from the Sunset and Vine lot to the new building. At present, those facilities are still part of the Paramount Pictures headquarters. Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg, an unerring eye for new talent, to run the new West Coast operations.

The logo, with Portuguese captions: Distribuida Pela Paramount.

On April 1, 1927, the company name was changed to Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation.

Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max and Dave Fleischer's Fleischer Studios in New York City. The Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957. Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as "talkies", and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris. Richard A. Whiting and Leo Robin composed the score for the film; Maurice Chevalier starred and sang the most famous song from the film, "Louise
".

Publix, Balaban and Katz, Loew's competition and wonder theaters

The driving force behind Paramount's rise was Zukor. He built a chain of nearly 2,000 screens, ran two production studios (in

Hollywood, California), and became an early investor in radio, acquiring for the corporation a 50% interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System
in 1928 (selling it within a few years; this would not be the last time Paramount and CBS crossed paths).

By acquiring the successful

Balaban & Katz chain in 1926, Zukor gained the services of Barney Balaban (who would eventually become Paramount's president in 1936), his brother A. J. Balaban (who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts), and their partner Sam Katz (who would run the Paramount-Publix theatre chain in New York City from the thirty-five-story Paramount Theatre Building on Times Square
).

Detail of Publix Theatre logo on what is now Indiana Repertory Theatre

Balaban and Katz had developed the Wonder Theater concept, first publicized around 1918 in Chicago. The Chicago Theater was created as a very ornate theater and advertised as a "wonder theater". When Publix acquired Balaban, they embarked on a project to expand the wonder theaters, and starting building in New York City in 1927. While Balaban and Public were dominant in Chicago,

wonder theaters. Publix continued Balaban's wonder theater development in its home area.[20]

On April 24, 1930, Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation became the Paramount Publix Corporation.[21][22]

1920s and 1931–40: Receivership and reorganization

Paramount Showman's Pictures advertisement, 1925

Eventually, Zukor shed most of his early partners; the Frohman brothers, Hodkinson and Goldwyn were out by 1917 while Lasky hung on until 1932, when, blamed for the near-collapse of Paramount in the Great Depression years, he was also tossed out. In 1931, to solve the financial problems of the company Zukor hired taxi/rental car magnate John D. Hertz as chairman of the finance committee in order to assist vice-president and treasurer Ralph A. Kohn.[23] However, on January 6, 1933, Hertz resigned from his position when it become evident that his measures to lift the company had failed.[24] The over-expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases created a $21 million debt which led the company into receivership on January 26, 1933,[25] and later filing bankruptcy on March 14, 1933.[26] On April 17, 1933, bankruptcy trustees were appointed and Zukor lost control of the company.[27][28] The company remained under the control of trustees for more than a year in order to restructure the debt and pursue a reorganization plan.[29] On December 3, 1934, the reorganization plan was formally proposed.[30] After prolonged hearings in court, final confirmation was obtained on April 25, 1935, when Federal Judge Alfred C. Coxe Jr. approved the reorganization of the Paramount-Publix Corporation under Section 77-B of the Bankruptcy Act.[31][32]

On June 4, 1935, John E. Otterson[33] became president of the re-emerged and newly renamed Paramount Pictures Inc.[34] Zukor returned to the company and was named production chief but after Barney Balaban was appointed president on July 2, 1936, he was soon replaced by Y. Frank Freeman and symbolically named chairman of the board.[35][36] On August 28, 1935, Paramount Pictures was re-listed on the New York Stock Exchange and when the company was under Balaban's leadership, the studio was successfully relaunched.[37]

Paramount Pictures ad in The Film Daily, 1932

As always, Paramount films continued to emphasize stars; in the 1920s there were

Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced.[41]
Paramount cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios continued to be successful, with
Popeye the Sailor becoming widely successful. One Fleischer series, Screen Songs, featured live-action music stars under contract to Paramount hosting sing-alongs of popular songs. The animation studio would rebound with Popeye, and in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse.[42] After an unsuccessful expansion into feature films, as well as the fact that Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer speaking to one another, Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount, which renamed the operation Famous Studios. That incarnation of the animation studio continued cartoon production until 1967, but has been historically dismissed as having largely failed to maintain the artistic acclaim the Fleischer brothers achieved under their management.[43]

1941–50: United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.

In 1940, Paramount agreed to a government-instituted consent decree: block booking and "pre-selling" (the practice of collecting up-front money for films not yet in production) would end. Immediately, Paramount cut back on production, from 71 films to a more modest 19 annually in the war years.

United Paramount Theaters, and effectively brought an end to the classic Hollywood studio system
.

1951–66: Split and after

With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court, Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two.

Capital Cities in 1985 (Capital Cities would eventually sell out, in turn, to The Walt Disney Company in 1996). United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1977. The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters. In 1985, Cineplex Odeon Corporation
merged with Plitt. In later years, Paramount's TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC, providing many hit series to the network.

Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television, launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles and Chicago. The Los Angeles station eventually became KTLA, the first commercial station on the West Coast. The Chicago station got a commercial license as WBKB in 1943, but was sold to UPT along with Balaban & Katz in 1948 and was eventually resold to CBS as WBBM-TV.

In 1938, Paramount bought a stake in television manufacturer DuMont Laboratories. Through this stake, it became a minority owner of the DuMont Television Network.[47] Paramount also launched its own network, Paramount Television Network, in 1948 through its television unit, Television Productions, Inc.[48]

Paramount management planned to acquire additional

VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused.[49] According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered antitrust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont.[50] Both DuMont and Paramount Television Network suffered as a result, with neither company able to acquire five O&Os. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC, and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s.[51]

When ABC accepted a merger offer from UPT in 1953, DuMont quickly realized that ABC now had more resources than it could possibly hope to match. It quickly reached an agreement in principle to merge with ABC.[52] However, Paramount vetoed the offer due to antitrust concerns.[53] For all intents and purposes, this was the end of DuMont, though it lingered on until 1956.

In 1951, Paramount bought a stake in International Telemeter, an experimental pay TV service which operated with a coin inserted into a box. The service began operating in Palm Springs, California on November 27, 1953, but due to pressure from the FCC, the service ended on May 15, 1954.[54]

With the loss of the theater chain, Paramount Pictures went into a decline, cutting studio-backed production, releasing its contract players, and making production deals with independents. By the mid-1950s, all the great names were gone; only Cecil B. DeMille, associated with Paramount since 1913, kept making pictures in the grand old style. Despite Paramount's losses, DeMille would, however, give the studio some relief and create his most successful film at Paramount, a 1956 remake of his 1923 film The Ten Commandments.[55] DeMille died in 1959. Like some other studios, Paramount saw little value in its film library and sold 764 of its pre-1950 films to MCA Inc./EMKA, Ltd. (known today as Universal Television) in February 1958.[56]

1966–70: Early Gulf+Western era

By the early 1960s, Paramount's future was doubtful. The high-risk movie business was wobbly; the theater chain was long gone; investments in DuMont and in early pay-television came to nothing; and the Golden Age of Hollywood had just ended, even the flagship

3 Days of the Condor.[58]

Gulf and Western also bought the neighboring Desilu Productions television studio (once the lot of RKO Pictures) from Lucille Ball in 1967. Using some of Desilu's established shows such as Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, and Mannix as a foot in the door at the networks, the newly reincorporated Paramount Television eventually became known as a specialist in half-hour situation comedies.[59]

In 1968, Paramount formed Films Distributing Corp to distribute sensitive film product, including Sin With a Stranger, which was one of the first films to receive an

rating system.[60]

1971–80: CIC formation and high-concept era

In 1970, Paramount teamed with

, respectively.

Robert Evans abandoned his position as head of production in 1974; his successor, Richard Sylbert, proved to be too literary and too tasteful for Gulf and Western's Bluhdorn. By 1976, a new, television-trained team was in place headed by Barry Diller and his "Killer-Dillers", as they were called by admirers or "Dillettes" as they were called by detractors. These associates, made up of Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg, Dawn Steel and Don Simpson would each go on and head up major movie studios of their own later in their careers.

The Paramount specialty was now simpler. "

20th Century Fox in 1984, where Fox's then freshly installed proprietor, Rupert Murdoch
was a more interested listener.

However, the television division would be playing catch-up for over a decade after Diller's departure in 1984 before launching its own television network – UPN – in 1995. Lasting eleven years before being merged with The WB network to become The CW in 2006, UPN would feature many of the shows it originally produced for other networks, and would take numerous gambles on series such as Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Enterprise that would have otherwise either gone direct-to-cable or become first-run syndication to independent stations across the country (as Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: The Next Generation were).

Paramount Pictures was not connected to either Paramount Records (1910s–1935) or ABC-Paramount Records (1955–66) until it purchased the rights to use the name (but not the latter's catalog) in the late 1960s. The Paramount name was used for soundtrack albums and some pop re-issues from the Dot Records catalog which Paramount had acquired in 1957. By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label[63] and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA (now Universal Music Group) in 1979.[64][65]

1980–94: Continual success

Paramount's successful run of pictures extended into the 1980s and 1990s, generating hits like

Frank Mancuso, Sr. (1984) and Ned Tanen (1984) to Stanley R. Jaffe (1991) and Sherry Lansing (1992). More so than most, Paramount's slate of films included many remakes and television spin-offs
; while sometimes commercially successful, there have been few compelling films of the kind that once made Paramount the industry leader.

Around the end of 1981, Paramount Pictures took over fellow Gulf and Western subsidiary Sega from the company's manufacturing division in an effort to get into the video game business.[66]

On August 25, 1983, Paramount Studios caught fire. Two or three sound stages and four outdoor sets were destroyed.[67][68]

When Charles Bluhdorn died unexpectedly, his successor Martin Davis dumped all of Gulf and Western's industrial, mining, and sugar-growing subsidiaries and refocused the company, renaming it Paramount Communications in 1989. With the influx of cash from the sale of Gulf and Western's industrial properties in the mid-1980s, Paramount bought a string of television stations and

In May 1985, Paramount decided to start its own talent department, an attempt to form a stable of exclusively-contracted film personnel (outside of Eddie Murphy); this effort proved unsuccessful and studio president Dawn Steel decided to shut down the department on July 30, 1986.[70] In 1987, Paramount Pictures, MGM/UA Communications Co. and Universal Pictures teamed up in order to market feature film and television product to China, a response to the 25-billion admission tickets that were clocked in the country in 1986. Worldwide Media Sales, a division of the New York-based Worldwide Media Group had been placed in charge of the undertaking.[71] That year, Paramount Pictures decided to consolidate its distribution operations, closing a number of branch offices that were designed for the studio and relocating staff and major activities in an effort to cut costs and provide for a more efficient centralization; this decision was made in response to a change in distribution practices that had occurred among the various major studios.[72] In August 1987, Paramount Overseas Productions declared that the subsidiary would be in service not just for the upcoming film Experts, which was shot on a budget of $12 million in Canada, but also for other films filmed there worldwide, including the United Kingdom and Canada.[73]

In 1993,

Viacom made a bid for a merger with Paramount Communications; this quickly escalated into a bidding war with Barry Diller's QVC. But Viacom prevailed, ultimately paying $10 billion for the Paramount holdings. Viacom and Paramount had planned to merge as early as 1989.[74]

Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood proper. When Paramount moved to its present home in 1927, it was in the heart of the film community. Since then, former next-door neighbor

Burbank in 1930; Columbia joined Warners in Burbank in 1973 then moved again to Culver City in 1989; and the Pickford-Fairbanks-Goldwyn-United Artists lot, after a lively history, has been turned into a post-production
and music-scoring facility for Warners, known simply as "The Lot". For a time the semi-industrial neighborhood around Paramount was in decline, but has now come back. The recently refurbished studio has come to symbolize Hollywood for many visitors, and its studio tour is a popular attraction.

1989–94: Paramount Communications

Paramount Communications, Inc.
SubsidiariesMadison Square Garden
Paramount Pictures
Simon & Schuster

In 1983, Gulf and Western began a restructuring process that would transform the corporation from a bloated conglomerate consisting of subsidiaries from unrelated industries to a more focused entertainment and publishing company. The idea was to aid financial markets in measuring the company's success, which, in turn, would help place better value on its shares. Though its Paramount division did very well in recent years, Gulf and Western's success as a whole was translating poorly with investors. This process eventually led Davis to divest many of the company's subsidiaries. Its sugar plantations in Florida and the Dominican Republic were sold in 1985; the consumer and industrial products branch was sold off that same year.

That same year, the company launched a $12.2 billion hostile bid to acquire

Time Warner
.

Paramount used cash acquired from the sale of Gulf and Western's non-entertainment properties to take over the

KECO Entertainment chain of theme parks from Taft successor Great American Broadcasting. Both of these companies had their names changed to reflect new ownership: TVX became known as the Paramount Stations Group, while KECO was renamed to Paramount Parks
.

Paramount Television launched Wilshire Court Productions in conjunction with USA Networks, before the latter was renamed

NBCUniversal Cable, in 1989. Wilshire Court Productions (named for a side street in Los Angeles) produced television films that aired on the USA Networks, and later for other networks. USA Networks launched a second channel, the Sci-Fi Channel (now known as Syfy), in 1992. As its name implied, it focused on films and television series within the science fiction genre. Much of the initial programming was owned either by Paramount or Universal. Paramount bought one more television station in 1993: Cox Enterprises' WKBD-TV in Detroit, Michigan, at the time an affiliate of the Fox Broadcasting Company
.

1994–2005: Dolgen/Lansing and "old" Viacom era

In February 1994,

Viacom acquired 50.1% of Paramount Communications Inc. shares for $9.75 billion, following a five-month battle with QVC, and completed the merger in July.[77][78][79] At the time, Paramount's holdings included Paramount Pictures, Madison Square Garden, the New York Rangers, the New York Knicks, and the Simon & Schuster publishing house.[80] The deal had been planned as early as 1989, when the company was still known as Gulf and Western.[74] Though Davis was named a member of the board of National Amusements
, which controlled Viacom, he ceased to manage the company.

During this time period, Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen, chairman and

Academy Award
for Best Picture; Titanic, Braveheart, and Forrest Gump.

Paramount's most important property, however, was Star Trek. Studio executives had begun to call it "the franchise" in the 1980s due to its reliable revenue, and other studios envied its "untouchable and unduplicatable" success. By 1998, Star Trek television shows, movies, books, videotapes, and licensing provided so much of the studio's profit that "it is not possible to spend any reasonable amount of time at Paramount and not be aware of [its] presence"; filming for Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine required up to nine of the largest of the studio's 36 sound stages.[85][86]: 49–50, 54 

In 1995, Viacom and Chris-Craft Industries' United Television launched United Paramount Network (UPN) with Star Trek: Voyager as its flagship series, fulfilling Barry Diller's plan for a Paramount network from 25 years earlier. In 1999, Viacom bought out United Television's interests, and handed responsibility for the start-up network to the newly acquired CBS unit, which Viacom bought in 2000 – an ironic confluence of events as Paramount had once invested in CBS, and Viacom had once been the syndication arm of CBS, as well.[87] During this period the studio acquired some 30 TV stations to support the UPN network, also acquiring and merging in the assets of Republic Pictures, Spelling Television and Viacom Productions, almost doubling the size of the studio's television library. The television division produced the dominant prime time show for the decade in Frasier, as well as such long running hits as NCIS and Becker and the dominant prime time magazine show Entertainment Tonight. Paramount also gained the ownership rights to the Rysher library, after Viacom acquired the rights from Cox Enterprises.

During this period, Paramount and its related subsidiaries and affiliates, operating under the name "Viacom Entertainment Group" also included the fourth largest group of theme parks in the United States and Canada which in addition to traditional rides and attractions launched numerous successful location-based entertainment units including a long running "Star Trek" attraction at the Las Vegas Hilton. Famous Music – the company's celebrated music publishing arm almost doubled in size and developed artists including Pink, Bush, and Green Day, as well as catalog favorites including Duke Ellington and Henry Mancini. The Paramount/Viacom licensing group under the leadership of Tom McGrath created the "Cheers" franchise bars and restaurants and a chain of restaurants borrowing from the studio's Academy Award-winning film Forrest GumpThe Bubba Gump Shrimp Company. Through the combined efforts of Famous Music and the studio over ten "Broadway" musicals were created including Irving Berlin's White Christmas, Footloose, Saturday Night Fever, Andrew Lloyd Webber's Sunset Boulevard among others. The company's international arm, United International Pictures (UIP), was the dominant distributor internationally for ten straight years representing Paramount, Universal and MGM. Simon and Schuster became part of the Viacom Entertainment Group emerging as the United States' dominant trade book publisher.

In 2002, Paramount; along with

20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM/UA Entertainment, Universal Studios, DreamWorks Pictures, Artisan Entertainment, Lions Gate Entertainment, and Warner Bros. formed the Digital Cinema Initiatives. Operating under a waiver from the antitrust law, the studios combined under the leadership of Paramount Chief Operating Officer Tom McGrath to develop technical standards for the eventual introduction of digital film projection – replacing the now 100-year-old film technology.[88] DCI was created "to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance, reliability and quality control."[88]
McGrath also headed up Paramount's initiative for the creation and launch of the Blu-ray Disc.

2005–present: Paramount today

Paramount Pictures' studio lot in Hollywood (Melrose Gate entrance)

On December 11, 2005, the Paramount Motion Pictures Group announced that it had purchased DreamWorks SKG (which was co-founded by former Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg) in a deal worth $1.6 billion. The announcement was made by Brad Grey, chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures who noted that enhancing Paramount's pipeline of pictures is a "key strategic objective in restoring Paramount's stature as a leader in filmed entertainment."[89] The agreement did not include DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc., the most profitable part of the company that went public the previous year.[90]

Reflecting in part the troubles of the broadcasting business, in 2005 Viacom wrote off over $18 billion from its radio acquisitions and, early that year, announced that it would split itself in two.

BET and several other cable networks, as well as the Paramount movie studio".[94] The split was completed on December 31, 2005.[95] Paramount's home entertainment unit began using the CBS DVD brand for the Paramount Television library, as both Viacom and CBS Corporation were controlled by Sumner Redstone's National Amusements.[96]

Grey also broke up the famous United International Pictures (UIP) international distribution company with 15 countries being taken over by Paramount or Universal by December 31, 2006, with the joint venture continuing in 20 markets. In Australia, Brazil, France, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, Paramount took over UIP. While in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain and Switzerland, Universal took over and Paramount would build its own distribution operations there. In 2007 and 2008, Paramount may sub-distribute films via Universal's countries and vice versa. Paramount's international distribution unit would be headquartered in Los Angeles and have a European hub.[97] In Italy, Paramount distributed through Universal.[98] With Universal indicated that it was pulling out of the UIP Korea and started its own operation there in November 2016, Paramount agreed to have CJ Entertainment distribute there.[99] UIP president and chief operating officer Andrew Cripps[97] was hired as Paramount Pictures International head. Paramount Pictures International distributed films that made the 1 billion mark in July 2007; the fifth studio that year to do so and it its first year.[100]

On October 6, 2008, DreamWorks executives announced that they were leaving Paramount and relaunching an independent DreamWorks. The DreamWorks trademarks remained with DreamWorks Animation when that company was spun off before the Paramount purchase, and DreamWorks Animation transferred the license to the name to the new company.[101]

DreamWorks films, acquired by Paramount but still distributed internationally by Universal, are included in Paramount's market share. Grey also launched a Digital Entertainment division to take advantage of emerging digital distribution technologies. This led to Paramount becoming the second movie studio to sign a deal with Apple Inc. to sell its films through the iTunes Store.[102]

Also, in 2007, Paramount sold another one of its "heritage" units,

Sony/ATV Music Publishing (best known for publishing many songs by The Beatles, and for being co-owned by Michael Jackson), ending a nearly-eight-decade run as a division of Paramount, being the studio's music publishing arm since the period when the entire company went by the name "Famous Players".[103]

In early 2008, Paramount partnered with Los Angeles-based developer

There.com to view and send movie clips.[105]

In 2009, CBS Corporation stopped using the Paramount name in its series and changed the name of the production arm to

CBS Television Studios
, eliminating the Paramount name from television, to distance itself from the latter.

In March 2010, Paramount founded Insurge Pictures, an independent distributor of "micro budget" films. The distributor planned ten movies with budgets of $100,000 each.[106] The first release was The Devil Inside, a movie with a budget of about US$1 million.[107] In March 2015, following waning box office returns, Paramount shuttered Insurge Pictures and moved its operations to the main studio.[108]

In July 2011, in the wake of critical and box office success of the animated feature, Rango, and the departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012, Paramount announced the formation of a new division, devoted to the creation of animated productions.[109] It marks Paramount's return to having its own animated division for the first time since 1967, when Paramount Cartoon Studios shut down (it was formerly Famous Studios until 1956).[110]

In December 2013, Walt Disney Studios (via its parent company's purchase of Lucasfilm a year earlier)[111] gained Paramount's remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films. Paramount will permanently retain the distribution rights to the first four films and will receive "financial participation" from any additional films.[112]

In February 2016, Viacom CEO and newly appointed chairman

Shanghai Film Group Corp. and Huahua Media said they would finance at least 25% of all Paramount Pictures movies over a three-year period. Shanghai Film Group and Huahua Media, in the deal, would help distribute and market Paramount's features in China. At the time, the Wall Street Journal wrote that "nearly every major Hollywood studio has a co-financing deal with a Chinese company."[116]

On March 27, 2017, Jim Gianopulos was named as a chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, replacing Brad Grey.[117] In June 2017,

20th Century Fox for distribution of its films in Italy, which took effect on September. Prior to the deal, Paramount's films in Italy were distributed by Universal Pictures, a deal that dates back to the CIC era.[98]

On December 7, 2017, it was reported that Paramount sold the international distribution rights of

Awesomeness Films' To All the Boys I've Loved Before is currently in development at the studio for Netflix.[122]

In April 2018, Paramount posted its first quarterly profit since 2015.

A Quiet Place
, the first film produced and released under the new team at Paramount, is a clear sign of our progress."

On September 29, 2016, National Amusements sent a letter to both CBS Corporation and Viacom, encouraging the two companies to merge back into one company.[124] On December 12, the deal was called off.[125] On May 30, 2019, CNBC reported that CBS and Viacom would explore merger discussions in mid-June 2019.[126] Reports say that CBS and Viacom reportedly set August 8 as an informal deadline for reaching an agreement to recombine the two media companies.[127][128] CBS announced to acquire Viacom as part of the re-merger for up to $15.4 billion.[129] On August 2, 2019, the two companies agreed to remerge back into one entity,[130] which was named ViacomCBS; the deal was closed on December 4, 2019.[131]

In December 2019, ViacomCBS agreed to purchase a 49% stake in Miramax that was owned by beIN Media Group, with Paramount gaining the distribution of the studio's 700-film library, as well as its future releases. Also, Paramount will produce television series based on Miramax's IPs.[132] The deal officially closed on April 3, 2020.[133] ViacomCBS later announced that it would rebrand the CBS All Access streaming service as Paramount+ to allow for international expansion using the widely recognized Paramount name and drawing from the studio's library, as well as that of CBS, MTV, Nickelodeon, and more.[134]

Gianopulos was fired in September 2021 and replaced by Nickelodeon president Brian Robbins.[135]

In January 2022, Paramount Pictures acquired the rights to Tomi Adeyemi's young adult fantasy novel Children of Blood and Bone from Lucasfilm and 20th Century Studios. As part of the acquisition, the film will have a guaranteed exclusive theatrical release while Adeyemi will write the screenplay and serve as executive producer. The film adaptation will also be produced by Temple Hill Entertainment and Sunswept Entertainment.[136][137]

On February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS changed its name to Paramount Global, after the studio.[138]

On March 8, 2022, Paramount Players' operations were folded into Paramount Pictures Motion Picture Group.[139] However, it will continue to operate as a label as it has several upcoming films on its slate.

On November 15, 2022, Paramount entered a multi-year exclusive deal with former president of

DC Films Walter Hamada. Hamada will oversee the development of horror films beginning in 2023.[140]

Investments

DreamWorks Pictures

In 2006, Paramount became the parent of

Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in live-action films released through DreamWorks, with the release of Just Like Heaven
on September 16, 2005. The remaining live-action films released until March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control. However, Paramount still owns distribution and other ancillary rights to Soros and Dune films.

On February 8, 2010, Viacom repurchased Soros' controlling stake in DreamWorks' library of films released before 2005 for around $400 million.[141] Even as DreamWorks switched distribution of live-action films not part of existing franchises to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and later Universal Pictures, Paramount continues to own the films released before the merger, and the films that Paramount themselves distributed, including sequel rights such as that of Little Fockers (2010), distributed by Paramount and DreamWorks. It was a sequel to two existing DreamWorks films, Meet the Parents (2000) and Meet the Fockers (2004). (Paramount only owned the international distribution rights to Little Fockers, whereas Universal Pictures handled domestic distribution).[142]

Paramount also owned distribution rights to the

20th Century Fox took over distribution for post-2012 titles beginning with The Croods (2013) and ending with Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017).[143] Universal Pictures subsequently took over distribution for DreamWorks Animation's films beginning with How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019) due to NBCUniversal's acquisition of the company in 2016. Paramount's rights to the 1998–2012 DWA library would have expired 16 years after each film's initial theatrical release date,[144] but in July 2014, DreamWorks Animation purchased Paramount's distribution rights to the pre-2013 library, with 20th Century Fox distributing the library until January 2018, which Universal then assumed ownership of distribution rights.[145]

Another asset of the former DreamWorks owned by Paramount is the pre-2008 DreamWorks Television library, which is currently distributed by Paramount's sister company CBS Media Ventures; it includes Spin City, High Incident, Freaks and Geeks, Undeclared and On the Lot.

CBS library

Independent company Hollywood Classics represents Paramount with the theatrical distribution of all the films produced by the various motion picture divisions of CBS over the years, as a result of the 2000 Viacom/CBS merger.

Paramount has outright video distribution to the aforementioned CBS library with some exceptions; less-demanded content is usually released manufactured-on-demand by CBS themselves or licensed to Visual Entertainment Inc. As of the 2019 Viacom/CBS merger, this library now includes the theatrical distribution of Terrytoons short films on behalf of Paramount Animation, while CBS Media Ventures owns the television distribution. Until 2009, the video rights to My Fair Lady were with original theatrical distributor Warner Bros., under license from CBS (the video license to that film has now reverted to Paramount).

Units

Divisions

  • Paramount Pictures
    • Paramount Home Entertainment
    • Paramount Licensing, Inc.
    • Paramount Pictures International
    • Paramount Players
    • Paramount Studio Group – physical studio and post production
      • The Studios at Paramount – production facilities & lot
      • Paramount on Location – production support facilities throughout North America including New York City, Vancouver, and Atlanta
      • Worldwide Technical Operations – archives, restoration and preservation programs, the mastering and distribution fulfillment services, on-lot post production facilities management
    • Paramount Parks & Resorts, licensing and design for parks and resorts[146]
  • Paramount Animation[109]
  • Paramount Music

Joint ventures

Former divisions, subsidiaries, and joint ventures

Other interests

In March 2012, Paramount licensed their name and logo to a luxury hotel investment group which subsequently named the company Paramount Hotels and Resorts. The investors plan to build 50 hotels throughout the world based on the themes of Hollywood and the California lifestyle. Among the features are private screening rooms and the Paramount library available in the hotel rooms. In April 2013, Paramount Hotels and Dubai-based DAMAC Properties announced the building of the first resort: "DAMAC Towers by Paramount."[150][151]

Artist Dario Campanile poses with a picture Paramount commissioned him in 1986 to paint for its 75th anniversary. The company later used the painting as a basis for its new logo. That logo was introduced as a prototype in the 1986 film The Golden Child; the 1987 film Critical Condition was the first to feature the finalized version of the logo. 1999's South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut was the first to use an enhanced version of the logo, which was last used on 2002's Crossroads.

The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the mainstay of the company's production logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were "Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade."

Legend has it that the mountain is based on a doodle made by

W. W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor. It is said to be based on the memories of his childhood in Utah. Some claim that Utah's Ben Lomond is the mountain Hodkinson doodled, and that Peru's Artesonraju[152] is the mountain in the live-action logo, while others claim that the Italian side of Monviso inspired the logo. Some editions of the logo bear a striking resemblance to the Pfeifferhorn,[153] another Wasatch Range peak, and to the Matterhorn on the border between Switzerland and Italy. Mount Huntington
in Alaska also bears a striking resemblance.

The motion picture logo has gone through many changes over the years:

For its 90th anniversary, Paramount adopted the logo shown here. In 2012, it was used in tandem with the current one. This picture shows the 2010 modification of the logo, which includes Viacom's revised byline introduced in 2006. The first film to use the revised Viacom byline was Iron Man 2.
  • In March 2002, an updated logo by BUF Compagnie was introduced in which shooting stars would fall from a night sky to form the arc while the Paramount logo would fly into place between them. An enhanced version of this logo made by PIC Collective debuted with
    first incarnation of Viacom byline until March 5, 2019, ending with Instant Family.[citation needed
    ]
  • On December 16, 2011, an updated logo[154][155][156] was introduced with animation done by Devastudios, using Terragen and Autodesk Maya.[157] The new logo includes a surrounding mountain range and the sun shining in the background. Michael Giacchino composed the logo's new fanfare. His work on the fanfare was carried onto the Paramount Players and Paramount Animation logos, as well as the Paramount Television Studios logo, which is also used for the Paramount Network Original Productions logo with 68 Whiskey.
  • The word "Pictures" was restored to the bottom of the Paramount logo in 2022 after ViacomCBS took on the Paramount name and branding for its entire operation; this revised logo used for printed materials and merchandising, while still appearing as simply "Paramount" on-screen, no longer uses the byline.

Studio tours

Paramount Studios offers tours of their studios.[158] The 2-hour Studio Tour offers, as the name implies, a regular tour of the studio.[158] The stages where Samson and Delilah, Sunset Blvd., White Christmas, Rear Window, Sabrina, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and many other classic films were shot are still in use today. The studio's backlot features numerous blocks of façades that depict a number of New York City locales, such as "Washington Square", "Brooklyn", and "Financial District". The After Dark Tour involves a tour of the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.[158]

Film library

A few years after the ruling of the

The Lost Weekend, and The Heiress
.

The studio has produced many critically acclaimed films such as

film series.

Film series

Title Release date No. Films Notes
Sophie Lang 1934–37
Hopalong Cassidy
1935–41 41
Bulldog Drummond 1937–39 3
The Aldrich Family 1939–44 11
Road to ... 1940–52 6
The War of the Worlds 1953–2005 2
Love Story 1970–78
The Godfather 1972–90 3
Charlotte's Web 1973–2003; 2006
Bad News Bears
1976–2005 4
Peanuts 1977–80 12
Grease 1978–82 2
Star Trek
1979–present 13
Friday the 13th 1980–89; 2009 12 Co-production with Warner Bros. Pictures (1980–2009) and New Line Cinema (2009)
Indiana Jones 1981–2023 5 Distribution only; Co-production with Lucasfilm. Studio credit only (2023)
Footloose 1984–2011 2
Beverly Hills Cop 1984–present 3
Crocodile Dundee 1986–2001 Co-production with
Hoyts Distribution (1986–88), 20th Century Fox (1986) and Universal Pictures
(2001)
Top Gun 1986–present 2
The Naked Gun 1988–present 3
Coming to America 1988–2021 2
Jack Ryan 1990–2014 5
The Addams Family 1991–93 2 co-production with
Scott Rudin Productions, Columbia Pictures and Orion Pictures
(both 1991)
Mission: Impossible 1996–present 7
Rugrats 1998–2003 3 Co-production with Nickelodeon Movies
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider
2001–03 2
Jackass 2002–present 6
SpongeBob SquarePants 2004–present 3 Co-production with Nickelodeon Movies
Mean Girls 2004–24
Shrek 2007–11 Distribution only; Co-production with DreamWorks Animation
Transformers 2007–present 7 Co-production with DreamWorks Pictures (2007–09) and Hasbro
Paranormal Activity
Cloverfield 2008–present 3
Kung Fu Panda
2008–11 2 Distribution only; Co-production with DreamWorks Animation
Madagascar 2008–12
Marvel Cinematic Universe 2008–13 6 Distribution only; Co-production with Marvel Entertainment and Marvel Studios (2008–11), Studio credit only (2012–13)
G.I. Joe 2009–present 3
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2014–present Co-production with Nickelodeon Movies
Terminator 2015–19 2 Co-production with
20th Century Fox and Tencent Pictures
(both 2019)
XXX 2017–present 1
A Quiet Place 2018–present 2
Sonic the Hedgehog 2020–present Co-production with
Sega Sammy Group
PAW Patrol 2021–present Co-production with Nickelodeon Movies and
Spin Master Entertainment
Scream 2022–present

Highest-grossing films

 Indicates films playing in theatres in the week commencing 15 March 2024.
Highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada[159][160]
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Top Gun: Maverick 2022 $718,732,821
2 Titanic1 1997 $666,078,628
3 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $402,111,870
4 Transformers: Dark of the Moon 2011 $352,390,543
5
Forrest Gump
1994 $330,252,182
6 Shrek the Third 2 2007 $322,719,944
7 Transformers $319,246,193
8 Iron Man 3 2008 $318,412,101
9 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull $317,101,119
10 Iron Man 2 3 2010 $312,433,331
11
Star Trek
2009 $257,730,019
12 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 $248,159,971
13 Transformers: Age of Extinction 2014 $245,439,076
14 Shrek Forever After 2 2010 $238,736,787
15 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 $234,760,478
16 War of the Worlds 2005 $234,280,354
17 Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 $228,778,661
18 Mission: Impossible – Fallout 2018 $220,159,104
19 Ghost 1990 $217,631,306
20 How to Train Your Dragon 2 2010 $217,581,231
21 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted 2 2012 $216,391,482
22 Kung Fu Panda 2 2008 $215,434,591
23 Mission: Impossible 2 2000 $215,409,889
24 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol 2011 $209,397,903
25 World War Z 2013 $202,359,711
Highest-grossing films worldwide
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Titanic1 1997 $2,218,011,297
2 Top Gun: Maverick 2022 $1,495,696,292
3 Transformers: Dark of the Moon 2011 $1,123,794,079
4 Transformers: Age of Extinction 2014 $1,104,054,072
5 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $836,303,693
6 Shrek the Third 2 2007 $813,367,380
7 Mission: Impossible – Fallout 2018 $791,017,452
8 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $786,636,033
9 Shrek Forever After 2 2010 $752,600,867
10 Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted 2 2012 $746,921,274
11 Transformers 2007 $709,709,780
12 Interstellar 2014 $701,729,206
13 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol 2011 $694,713,380
14 Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation 2015 $682,330,139
15 Forrest Gump 1994 $677,945,399
16 Kung Fu Panda 2 2 2011 $665,692,281
17 Kung Fu Panda 2 2008 $631,744,560
18 Iron Man 2 3 2010 $623,933,331
19 Transformers: The Last Knight 2017 $605,425,157
20 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa 2 2008 $603,900,354
21 War of the Worlds 2005 $603,873,119
22 Iron Man 3 2008 $585,174,222
23 Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One 2023 $567,535,383
24 Puss in Boots 2 2011 $554,987,477
25 Mission: Impossible 2 2000 $546,388,105

‡ — Includes theatrical reissue(s)

Latino and Hispanic representation

On July 31, 2018, Paramount was targeted by the National Hispanic Media Coalition and the National Latino Media Council, which have both claimed that the studio has the worst track record of hiring Latino and Hispanic talent both in front of and behind the camera (the last Paramount film directed by a Spanish director was Rings in 2017). In response, Paramount released the statement: "We recently met with NHMC in a good faith effort to see how we could partner as we further drive Paramount's culture of diversity, inclusion, and belonging. Under our new leadership team, we continue to make progress — including ensuring representation in front of and behind the camera in upcoming films such as Dora the Explorer, Instant Family, Bumblebee, and Limited Partners – and welcome the opportunity to build and strengthen relationships with the Latino creative community further."[161][162][163]

The NHMC protested at the Paramount Pictures lot on August 25. More than 60 protesters attended, while chanting "Latinos excluded, time to be included!". NHMC president and CEO Alex Nogales vowed to continue the boycott until the studio signed a memorandum of understanding.[164]

On October 17, the NHMC protested at the Paramount film lot for the second time in two months, with 75 protesters attending. The leaders delivered a petition signed by 12,307 people and addressed it to Jim Gianopulos.[165]

See also

Notes

  1. 20th Century Fox
    , which released the film internationally, Paramount owns North American distribution only.
  2. 20th Century Fox.[166] In January 2018, they were transferred to Universal Pictures.[167][168]
  3. ^ In July 2013, the film's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount to The Walt Disney Studios.[169][170][171]

References

  1. ^ from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  2. ^ "Star System". ocgirl 玩樂筆記 -. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  3. ^ Fingas, Jon (January 19, 2014). "Paramount now releases movies only in digital form". Engadget. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  4. ^ "Directions". The Studios at Paramount. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  5. ^ "Motion Picture Association of America – Who We Are – Our Story". MPAA. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  6. from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  7. ^ Wertheim, Arthur Frank (2020). The Silent Movies of W. C. Fields: How They Created The Basis for His Fame in Sound Films. Albany, Georgia: BearManor Media. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  8. ^ Aberdeen, J.A. "W. W. Hodkinson: The Man Who Invented Hollywood". Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers (SIMPP). Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  9. from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  10. from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  11. ^ "Lasky Company merges with Famous Players, later to become Paramount – Jun 28, 1916 – HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  12. ^ Federal Trade Commission Decisions, Volume 11. Washington, D. C.: United States. Federal Trade Commission. 1930. p. 202. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  13. ^ "The Famous Players–Lasky Antitrust Case". www.cobbles.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  14. from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  15. ^ "1926: THE NEW STUDIO | Paramount Pictures". Paramount.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  16. ^ "Paramount Pictures. Historic Assessment Technical Report (Appendix F)" (PDF). Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles City Planning. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  17. from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  18. ^ "Famous Players–Lasky Corporation". SilentEra.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  19. ^ "PARAMOUNT STUDIOS, BUILDING N0.1 (MAIN BUILDING)" (PDF). New York City: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 14, 1978. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  20. ^ Gray, Christopher (March 11, 2007). "The Kings Is Dead! Long Live the Kings!". Real Estate / Streetscapes. The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  21. ^ "PARAMOUNT CHANGES NAME; To Be Known Hereafter as the Paramount Publix Corporation". The New York Times. April 25, 1930. p. 20. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  22. ^ Blair, John M.; Reeside, Arthur (1940). "Appendix I". Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 59. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  23. ^ "HERTZ AND WRIGLEY TO JOIN PARAMOUNT; Lasker Also to Become a Director of the Movie Corporation, Zukor Announces.TO BE NO REORGANIZATION Yellow Cab, Chewing Gum and Advertising Officials Buy Heavily, Into the Company. Invited to Join Board, Says Zukor". The New York Times. October 31, 1931. p. 25. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  24. ^ "J.D. HERTZ QUITS PARAMOUNT PUBLIX; Finance Chairman Asserts Differences Arose as to His Duties. PRAISE FOR HIS SERVICES Corporation and Kuhn, Loeb & Co., Its Bankers, Voice Regret That He Is Leaving". The New York Times. January 7, 1933. p. 21. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  25. ^ "PARAMOUNT-PUBLIX PUT IN RECEIVERSHIP; Court Acts on Donovan Plea – $29,166 Claim Listed Against $166,000,000 Assets. BOARD DENIES INSOLVENCY Film Concern to Continue Its Business – Publix Enterprises Goes Into Bankruptcy. PARAMOUNT-PUBLIX IS IN RECEIVERSHIP". The New York Times. January 27, 1933. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  26. ^ "PARAMOUNT PUBLIX FILES AS BANKRUPT; Petition in Federal Court Is Entered With the Consent of Present Equity Receivers. HEARING SET FOR FRIDAY Attorney for the Minority Bondholders Charges Collusion in Previous Action". The New York Times. March 15, 1933. p. 21. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  27. ^ Congressional Record – Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. February 24, 1936. p. 2670. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  28. ^ "PARAMOUNT PUBLIX CASE.; Corporation Must Defend Tomorrow Election of Trustees". The New York Times. April 25, 1933. p. 27. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  29. ^ "Paramount Trustees Make Application To Proceed With Reorganization Plan". The New York Times. August 3, 1934. p. 25. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  30. ^ "PARAMOUNT PUBLIX UNITS.; $4,530,000 Earnings for 9 Months Estimated in Court Report". The New York Times. December 5, 1934. p. 42. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  31. ^ "PARAMOUNT PUBLIX WINS LEGAL MOVE; Show-Cause Order Is Granted, Indicating Court's Approval of Reorganization Plan. BANK INTEREST CUT TO 5% Loans to Be Paid in Cash, While Other Creditors Accept One-half in Debentures". The New York Times. February 1, 1935. p. 29. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  32. ^ "PARAMOUNT PUBLIX READY TO REORGANIZE; Judge Coxe Approves Atlas Plan for Underwriting Subscriptions to Warrants". The New York Times. April 26, 1935. p. 33. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  33. ^ Eileen S. Quigley. International Motion Picture Almanac, 1938. p. 581.
  34. ^ "PARAMOUNT BOARD ELECTS OTTERSON; Head of the Electric Research Products Made President of New Company". The New York Times. June 5, 1935. p. 29. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  35. ^ "FINANCIAL .,, . e 'rm nrk illr . = . . FINANCIAL BALABAN, ZUKOR HEAD PARAMOUNT; Former Elected President of Pictures Corporation; Latter Retained as Chairman. KENNEDY FINISHES STUDY Report Said to Show Theatres' Profit Offset by Results of Film Production Division". The New York Times. July 3, 1936. p. 25. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  36. from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  37. from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  38. .
  39. ^ "Filmsite.org". Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  40. ^ "Filmsite.org". Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  41. ^ "Mae-West.org". Mae-West.org. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  42. ^ "Forums.GoldenAgeCartoons.com". Forums.GoldenAgeCartoons.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  43. ^ Maltin, Leonard (1987) [1980]. Of Mice and Magic. New York City: Plume. p. 311.
  44. .
  45. ^ "The Paramount Theater Monopoly: The History of United Detroit Theaters". SIMPP v. Paramount Theatres. Cobbles.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  46. .
  47. .
  48. .
  49. ^ from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  50. .
  51. .
  52. .
  53. ^ Dean, L. "DuMont TV — KTTV TV11". Larry Dean's R-VCR Television Production website. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
  54. ^ "Telemeter: Coin Operated TV". TVObscurities.com. March 31, 2009. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  55. ^ "Filmsite.org". Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  56. ^ McDougal, Dennis (2001). The Last Mogul: Lew Wasserman, MCA, and the Hidden History of Hollywood (pp. 231–232). Da Capo Press.
  57. ^ "Dot Records Story, Part 3". BSNpubs.com. November 10, 1999. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  58. .
  59. .
  60. ^ Murphy, A.D. (November 20, 1968). "Coding Old Pix New Wrinkle". Daily Variety. p. 1.
  61. ^ "Film History of the 1980s". Filmsite.org. September 8, 1986. Archived from the original on August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  62. ^ "Cohen Buys Hughes TV Network for 3rd Time". Associated Press. June 9, 2003. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  63. ^ "Paramount Album Discography". BSNpubs.com. April 16, 2000. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  64. .
  65. .
  66. . Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  67. ^ John Antczak (August 26, 1983). "Fire destroys sets, stages at Paramount". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. p. 18. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  68. ^ "Fire destroys Paramount sound stages". Lodi News-Sentinel. Lodi, California. United Press International. August 26, 1983. p. 8. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  69. ^ "Park History | Kings Island, Mason OH". Visitkingsisland.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  70. ^ "Par Pulling Plug On Pool of Talent". Variety. August 6, 1986. pp. 3, 95.
  71. ^ "MGM/UA, Par, Universal Team To Market U.S. Products In China". Variety. June 3, 1987. p. 6.
  72. ^ "Paramount Is Closing Branches As Part Of Distrib Consolidation". Variety. July 22, 1987. pp. 4, 34.
  73. ^ "Paramount POP Subsid Not Just For 'Experts'". Variety. August 12, 1987. p. 26.
  74. ^ a b Delugach, Al (May 6, 1989). "Viacom, Gulf & Western Discuss Merger". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  75. ^
  76. ^ Williams, Linda (April 10, 1989). "Gulf & Western Wants Buyer for Finance Division : Paramount's Parent Plans to Change Name, Focus on Entertainment, Publishing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  77. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (February 15, 1994). "Executives Say That Viacom Has Won Paramount Battle". The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  78. ^ "Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  79. ^ "75 Power Players: The Outsiders". Next Generation. No. 11. November 1995. p. 61. Viacom completed acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994, creating one of the world's largest entertainment companies.
  80. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (February 15, 1994). "Executives Say That Viacom Has Won Paramount Battle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  81. ^ Citron, Alan (March 18, 1994). "Viacom to Name Jonathan Dolgen New Paramount Studio Head : Hollywood: The Sony Pictures executive will oversee movie and TV operations in a deal that is expected to be announced today. – latimes". Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  82. ^ "The Sherry Lansing Foundation". The Sherry Lansing Foundation. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  83. ^ "Box Office by Studio: Paramount". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  84. ^ "Titanic". Box Office Mojo. March 15, 1998. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  85. from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  86. .
  87. .
  88. ^ a b "Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) November 20, 2008 ERRATA TO DCI DIGITAL CINEMA SYSTEM SPECIFICATION, VERSION 1.2". Dcimovies.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  89. ^ "Paramount-Dreamworks deal finalised". ABC News. February 3, 2006. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
  90. ^ "Paramount Pictures Buys DreamWorks". foxnews.com/ Associated Press. December 12, 2005. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  91. ^ Higgins, John M. (February 27, 2005). "Viacom's Big Bath". Broadcasting&Cable. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  92. ^ Eller, Claudia (November 2, 2004). "Hollywood Pioneer Lansing Is Poised to Exit Paramount". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  93. ^ Hofmeister, Sallie; Eller, Claudia (June 3, 2004). "Another Exec Quits Viacom in Shake-Up". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  94. ^ "Viacom Makes Split Official". CBS News. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  95. ^ "CBS, Viacom Formally Split". CBS News. February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  96. ^ Griffin, Greg (February 6, 2007). "Redstones settle feud over family business". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  97. ^ a b Thompson, Anne (September 7, 2005). "'End of an Era' for United International Pictures". Backstage. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  98. ^ a b Vivarelli, Nick (June 16, 2017). "Fox and Paramount Forge Unique Distribution Partnership in Italy". Variety. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  99. ^ Whiteman, Bobbie (November 29, 2006). "CJ to carry Paramount pix for South Korea". Variety. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  100. ^ McNary, Dave (August 1, 2007). "Paramount joins billion-dollar club". Variety. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  101. ^ Cieply, Michael (October 6, 2008). "DreamWorks Executives Sever Ties With Paramount to Form a New Company". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  102. ^ "Paramount Pictures". February 2, 2014. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
  103. .
  104. ^ Nakashima, Ryan (March 11, 2008). "Facebook app lets users send movie clips". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  105. ^ Lang, Derrik J. (April 3, 2008). "Paramount to open virtual movie vault". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  106. ^ a b "Hollywood Studio to Back Micro-Budget Movies". IndieWire. March 11, 2010. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  107. ^ Levine, Daniel S. "'The Devil Inside' makes its budget back in midnight screenings, making $2 million". TheCelebrityCafe.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  108. ^ "Paramount's Insurge Gets Absorbed; Bad Robot's 'The Cellar' Moves to Big Studio". Variety. March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
  109. ^ a b Semigran, Aly (July 6, 2011). "Riding high off the success of 'Rango,' Paramount Pictures to launch in-house animation division". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  110. ^ "The Lost Popeye Titles". Cartoonresearch.com. May 24, 1941. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  111. ^ Schou, Solvej (December 21, 2012). "Mickey meets 'Star Wars': Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  112. ^ Kroll, Justin (December 6, 2013). "Disney Acquires Rights to Future 'Indiana Jones' Movies". Variety. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  113. ^ "Viacom exploring sale of minority stake in Paramount Pictures". Los Angeles Times. February 24, 2016. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  114. ^ Lieberman, David (June 6, 2016). "National Amusements Pushes Change To Viacom Bylaws To Block Paramount Deal". Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  115. ^ "China's Wanda Group is in talks to buy a 49% stake in Paramount Pictures". July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020 – via Los Angeles Times.
  116. ^ Schwartzel, Erin (January 19, 2017), "Paramount Pictures Gets a $1 Billion Infusion from China", The Wall Street Journal, New York City, archived from the original on January 21, 2017, retrieved January 22, 2017
  117. ^ "Jim Gianopulos to Run Paramount Pictures for Viacom". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  118. ^ McNary, Dave (June 7, 2017). "Paramount Pictures Launches New Production Division Headed by Brian Robbins". Variety. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  119. ^ "'Annihilation': Behind-the-Scenes of a Producer Clash and That Netflix Deal (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. December 7, 2017. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  120. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 4, 2018). "Netflix's Ultimate Super Bowl Surprise: 'The Cloverfield Paradox' – Watch Trailer". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  121. ^ Hayes, Dade (November 16, 2018). "Paramount and Netflix Set Multi-Picture Film Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  122. ^ Hagey, Keach; Flint, Joe (October 20, 2018). "Viacom Plans 'To All the Boys' Sequel for Netflix in Push to Create More Content for Rivals". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  123. ^ "Paramount Posts First Quarterly Profit". Media Play News. JCH Media Inc. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  124. ^ "National Amusements Proposes Viacom, CBS Reunion, Cites "Substantial Synergies"". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  125. ^ "Shari Redstone withdraws CBS-Viacom merger proposal". CNBC. NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  126. ^ James, Meg (May 30, 2019). "CBS and Viacom merger negotiations expected to resume". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
  127. ^ Munson, Ben (July 16, 2019). "CBS, Viacom set early August deadline for remerger agreement – report". FierceVideo. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  128. ^ Littleton, Synthia (July 19, 2019). "CBS, Viacom Boards Wrestle With Post-Merger Management Decisions, Ending COO Role (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  129. ^ "How a Merged CBS-Viacom Could Try to Compete with Hollywood Giants". The Hollywood Reporter. July 19, 2019. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  130. ^ "CBS, Viacom Reach Tentative Deal on Team to Lead Combined Company". The Wall Street Journal. August 2, 2019. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  131. ^ "Viacom and CBS Corp. are officially back together again". CBS News. December 4, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  132. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 20, 2019). "ViacomCBS Taking 49% Stake in Miramax for $375M". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  133. ^ Goldsmith, Jill (April 3, 2020). "ViacomCBS Closes Purchase Of Stake In Miramax, With Distribution And First Look Deals". Deadline. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  134. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (September 15, 2020). "CBS All Access to Rebrand as Paramount Plus Early Next Year". Variety. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  135. ^ Hayes, Dade (September 13, 2021). "Paramount Pictures Revamp Made Official By ViacomCBS: Jim Gianopulos Exits, Brian Robbins Takes Over; David Nevins Adds Par TV To Portfolio". Deadline. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  136. ^ Kroll, Justin (January 12, 2022). "Paramount Pictures Lands Rights To Tomi Adeyemi Best-Selling YA Book Series 'Children Of Blood And Bone'". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  137. ^ Kit, Borys (January 21, 2022). "Lucasfilm Rethinks Its Non-'Star Wars' Slate". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  138. ^ "ViacomCBS announces new company name: Paramount". CBS News. February 16, 2022. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  139. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 8, 2022). "Paramount Players Merged Under Studio Co-Heads Mike Ireland and Daria Cercek; Jeremy Kramer Departing". Deadline. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  140. ^ Charles Pulliam-Moore (November 15, 2022). "Walter Hamada is joining Paramount Pictures following his Warner Bros. Discovery exit". The Verge. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  141. ^ Fixmer, Andy (February 11, 2010). "Viacom Acquires Soros Stake in Films for $400 Million (Update3)". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  142. ^ "Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  143. ^ "Dreamworks Animation to Fox for new 5-Year Distribution Deal". Deadline Hollywood. August 20, 2012. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  144. ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019.
  145. ^ Cheney, Alexandra (July 29, 2014). "DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates, SEC Investigation Revealed". Variety. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  146. ^ "Divisions". paramount.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  147. ^ "Brad Grey". Inside the Studio. Paramount Picture Corporation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  148. ^ Fixmer, Andy (February 11, 2010). "Viacom Acquires Soros Stake in Films for $400 Million (Update3)". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  149. ^ Baum, Gary (June 25, 2019). "Hollywood Studio Commissary Secrets (and Stars' Favorite Recipes) Revealed in Unpublished Memoir". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  150. ^ Fattah, Zainab (May 14, 2012). "Paramount Hotels & Resorts Plans 50 Hollywood-Themed Properties". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  151. ^ "Paramount's first resort under development in Dubai – CNN Travel". CNN. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  152. ^ "Artesonraju – Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering". SummitPost. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  153. ^ "Wasatch Alpine Classic". Summit Post. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  154. ^ "Paramount Unveils New Logo As Part Of 100th Anniversary Celebration". Deadline Hollywood. December 14, 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  155. ^ "Paramount Pictures Release 100th Anniversary Logo". The Hollywood Reporter. December 14, 2011. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  156. ^ "Press Release – Paramount Pictures Unveils New Logo in Celebration of the Studio's 100th Anniversary". Paramount.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  157. ^ "Devastudios – Paramount Pictures". Devastudios.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  158. ^ a b c "Best Studio Tours In Los Angeles". February 25, 2018. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  159. ^ "Box Office by Studio – Paramount All Time". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  160. ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office for Paramount Pictures Movies". The Numbers. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  161. ^ Robb, David (July 31, 2018). "Paramount Responds To Latino Leaders' Boycott Call Over "Dismal" Hiring Of Latinos In Films – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  162. ^ David NG (August 1, 2018). "Paramount says it is making progress on Latino representation after criticism". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  163. ^ Marotta, Jenna (July 31, 2018). "Paramount Pictures Boycott Called for By Latino Groups Claiming Studio Has Worst Recent Representation Track Record". IndieWire. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  164. ^ Robb, David (August 25, 2018). "Paramount Targeted By Hispanic Protestors Over "Dismal" Hiring Record". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  165. ^ Handel, Jonathan (October 17, 2018). "Latino Groups Picket Paramount Pictures for Second Time in Two Months". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  166. ^ Chney, Alexandra (July 29, 2014). "DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates, SEC Investigation Revealed". Variety. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  167. ^ "Comcast Completes Its $3.8B DreamWorks Animation Purchase". Deadline Hollywood. August 22, 2016. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  168. ^ "Comcast's NBCUniversal completes purchase of DreamWorks Animation". Los Angeles Times. August 23, 2016. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  169. ^ Tadena, Nathalie. "Disney Acquires Distribution Rights to Four Marvel Films From Paramount". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  170. ^ Finke, Nikki (July 2, 2013). "Disney Completes Purchase of Marvel Home Entertainment Distribution Rights". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  171. ^ Palmeri, Christopher (July 2, 2013). "Disney Buys Rights to Four Marvel Movies From Viacom's Paramount". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2013.

Further reading

  • Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
  • DeMille, Cecil B. Autobiography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1959.
  • Dick, Bernard F. Engulfed: the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Press Kentucky Scholarly, 2001.
  • Eames, John Douglas, with additional text by Robert Abele. The Paramount Story: The Complete History of the Studio and Its Films. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  • Evans, Robert. The Kid Stays in the Picture. New York: Hyperion Press, 1994.
  • An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood
    . New York: Crown Publishers, 1988.
  • Lasky, Jesse L. with Don Weldon, I Blow My Own Horn. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1957.
  • Mordden, Ethan. The Hollywood Studios. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
  • Schatz, Thomas. The Genius of the System. New York: Pantheon, 1988.
  • Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America. New York: Vintage, 1989.
  • Zukor, Adolph, with Dale Kramer. The Public Is Never Wrong: The Autobiography of Adolph Zukor. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1953.

External links