Paramount Television Network
television network | |
Country | United States |
---|---|
Broadcast area | Nationwide (primarily through ad-hoc network of affiliates) |
Ownership | |
Owner | Paramount Pictures |
Key people | Paul Raibourn (President, Paramount Television Productions)[1] Klaus Landsberg (Producer; VP, Paramount Television Productions)[2] George T. Shupert (Executive, Program Sales, Paramount Television Productions)[3] Burt Balaban (Executive, Programming)[3] John Howell (Executive, Sales)[3] Bernard Goodwin (VP, Paramount Television Productions)[4] |
History | |
Launched | 1948[5] |
Closed | 1956 |
The Paramount Television Network, Inc. was a venture by American film corporation
The Paramount Television Network aired several programs, including the
Origins
As early as 1937, executives at Paramount Pictures were interested in the new medium of television. The following year, Paramount purchased a minority interest in DuMont Laboratories, a pioneer in early television technology founded by Dr. Allen B. DuMont. Relations between Paramount and DuMont staff were strained by 1940, when Paramount, without DuMont, opened Chicago television station WBKB and Los Angeles station KTLA. Dr. DuMont claimed that the original 1937 acquisition proposal required that Paramount would expand its television interests "through DuMont".[8] Paramount representative Paul Raibourn denied that any such restriction was ever discussed (a 1953 examination of the original draft document vindicated DuMont on this point).[8] The stock in DuMont, coupled with the Chicago and Los Angeles stations, gave Paramount full or partial ownership of four of the first nine television stations in the United States.[9]
DuMont Laboratories launched the DuMont Television Network in 1946. Despite Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont, Paramount's two stations never aired television programs from DuMont's television network (with the exception of KTLA, which ran DuMont programs for one year from 1947 to 1948), and competed against DuMont's affiliates in Los Angeles and Chicago.[6] According to authors Auter and Boyd, Paramount's construction of KTLA and WBKB and its subsequent launch of the Paramount Television Network "undercut" DuMont, a company it had invested in.[10]
KTLA began commercial broadcasts on January 22, 1947; its first evening broadcast was hosted by Bob Hope and featured Kirk Douglas, William Bendix, Dorothy Lamour, William Demarest, Ray Milland and Cecil B. DeMille.[11] KTLA was the first commercial television station to sign on west of the Mississippi River. Although other Los Angeles television stations operated experimentally and eventually received commercial licenses, KTLA had a head start as the first commercially-licensed station in Los Angeles. The revenue stream from commercials helped to fund more professional programming, therefore generating a large viewership; a 1949 audience estimate from the C. E. Hooper company indicated that KTLA was broadcasting 28 of the top 30 television series in Los Angeles.[12] The popularity of KTLA's local programs opened up the possibility that they would become national hits if released to other stations across the country.
Launch
Paramount's television division, Television Productions, Inc., created the Paramount Television Network in 1948.[5] A full-page advertisement announcing the newly created network, with KTLA as the flagship station, ran in Billboard on May 22 of that year.[13] Filming of programs took place at KTLA; a coaxial cable link between KTLA and KFMB-TV in San Diego transmitted a live signal to San Diego viewers.[14] Other television stations across the United States received Paramount programs via kinescope recording for airing; these filmed series allowed stations to "fill in" their schedules during hours when ABC, NBC, CBS and DuMont were not broadcasting shows, or when station managers preferred Paramount's filmed offerings to those of the four networks. Station managers at WBKB-TV in Chicago also had plans to distribute their own kinescoped programs.[15]
Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os"); the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco, Detroit and Boston.[16] Officials at the FCC, however, denied Paramount's applications. A few years earlier, the federal regulator had placed a five-station cap on all television networks: no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused.[16] According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered antitrust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont.[17] Both television networks suffered as a result, with neither company being able to acquire five O&Os. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s.[18]
Author Timothy White has called Paramount's efforts to launch its own television service, which directly competed with the DuMont Television Network, an unwise decision – Paramount in effect was competing with itself. The resulting ill feelings between Paramount's and DuMont's executives continued to escalate throughout the early 1950s, and the lack of cooperation hindered both entities' network plans. According to White, by 1953, even the public pretense of cooperation between Paramount and DuMont was gone.[6]
Programs
The Paramount Television Network aired several television series during its years of operations. The following is a partial list:
- Adventures in Music – hosted by the "godfather of Hammond Organ
- Armchair Detective – a half-hour crime reenactment series[19] produced at KTLA that aired on CBS and Paramount stations[20]
- Bandstand Revue[21] – a 30-minute-long music program sponsored by Ralston Purina[22]
- Dixie Showboatcountry and western musical variety program[24]
- Frosty Frolics[25] – an ice skating show that also briefly aired (for four weeks) on ABC[26]
- Harry Owens' Royal Hawaiians[27] – a series featuring Hawaiian music which aired in Los Angeles and San Francisco and later moved to the CBS television network[28]
- Hollywood Opportunity[29] – a talent show
- Hollywood Reel[23] – a Hollywood gossip program narrated by Hollywood columnist Erskine Johnson[30]
- Hollywood Wrestling[23] – an early professional wrestling series
- Latin Cruise – a musical series starring Bobby Ramos[19]
- Magazine of the Week[31] – a women's program
- Meet Me in Hollywoodman on the street interview series that was broadcast from the famed intersection of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street[32]
- Movietown, RSVP[29] – a charades program
- Olympic Wrestling[29] – another professional wrestling series
- Sandy Dreams[25] – a children's program that also briefly aired on ABC stations[33]
- The Spade Cooley ShowDick Lane, Anita Aros, Phil Gray, and Kay Cee Jones
- Emmy Award in 1949, in the category Best Children's Show[26]
- Yer Ole Buddy[34] – a comedy program
Various press releases indicated that other KTLA series would be offered on the network.[35][36][37] There is no indication, however, that the following series aired outside Los Angeles:
- Girls Only – a comedy/drama starring Mary Gordon as an aging ex-actress with four young female charges[36]
- The Ina Ray Hutton Show[37] – a series featuring bandleader Ina Ray Hutton
- The Lawrence Welk Show[37] – a musical program starring Lawrence Welk that moved to ABC in summer 1955[26]
- Mayfair Mystery House – a 39-episode drama filmed in England[23]
- Spade Cooley's Western Varieties[35] – another series featuring Spade Cooley
Staff
Paul Raibourn served as the president of Paramount Television Productions.[1] Raibourn was also appointed vice president of Paramount Pictures Corporation,[38] and, due to Paramount's minority interest in DuMont, was installed as treasurer of the DuMont Television Network. This appointment created another point of conflict between Paramount and DuMont. According to Leonard Goldenson, president of ABC during this era, Raibourn "constantly nitpicked and needled [Allen DuMont] over the smallest expenditures. DuMont came to the point where, psychologically, he thought he couldn't do anything without Raibourn's approval."[39] Raibourn trimmed DuMont's budgets at a time when the network should have been expanding.[10][39] Goldenson credits Raibourn as one of the reasons ABC eventually became a successful, established television network while the DuMont network failed: "the name of the television game is programs. If you won't put money into programs, you won't succeed."[39]
Klaus Landsberg, a German immigrant, produced many Paramount Television Network series; he also served as one of the company's vice presidents and as KTLA's general manager.[2] Other Paramount executives included George T. Shupert, Paramount Television Productions' program sales executive;[3] Burt Balaban, programming executive;[3] John Howell, sales executive;[3] and Bernard Goodwin, a director and vice president of Paramount Television Productions.[4]
Affiliates
During the 1940s and 1950s, television networks in the United States were restricted to owning no more than five local VHF television stations.[23] This system, which evolved from similar FCC regulations governing radio, resulted in executives of television networks forming alliances with local station owners in order to air network programs across the U.S. These alliances were codified in network affiliation contracts; Paramount Television Network staff required affiliate station managers to sign a network contract even if the station only aired one Paramount program.[40] At its peak in late 1950, the Paramount Television Network was distributing five television series a week to over 40 affiliated television stations.[23] Most Paramount stations were in the United States, but at least two were Canadian stations.[41][42]
During this era, American television programs were either broadcast live to local television stations via
The table below lists stations that carried Paramount Television Network programs, including the company's two owned-and-operated stations, KTLA and WBKB. DuMont's three VHF stations, WABD, WTTG and WDTV, which aired little or no Paramount programming but which the FCC ruled were O&Os of the same entity, also appear in this list. Also included are DuMont's two short-lived UHF licenses: KCTY-TV – which only operated for a few months,[43] and WHK-TV – which never signed on.[44] A number of stations carried Armchair Detective, Sandy Dreams and Frosty Frolics when those programs aired on CBS and ABC. Stations that aired those programs as part of an ABC or CBS affiliation are not shown in the table below.
Station | City | State or province |
Paramount programs aired |
---|---|---|---|
KOAT-TV | Albuquerque
|
New Mexico | Hollywood Wrestling[45] |
WLEV-TV | Allentown | Pennsylvania | Hollywood Wrestling[46] |
KFDA-TV | Amarillo | Texas | Hollywood Wrestling[47] |
WSB-TV | Atlanta | Georgia | Hollywood Wrestling[48] |
WJBF | Augusta | Georgia | Hollywood Wrestling[49] |
KMMT-TV
|
Austin | Minnesota | Hollywood Wrestling[50] |
WBAL-TV | Baltimore | Maryland | Hollywood Wrestling (c. 1951)[51] |
WAAM-TV | Baltimore | Maryland | Hollywood Wrestling (c. 1955)[52] Sandy Dreams[53] Time For Beany[54] |
WAFB | Baton Rouge
|
Louisiana | Time For Beany[55] |
WAFM-TV | Birmingham | Alabama | Time For Beany (c. 1951)[56] |
WBRC | Birmingham | Alabama | Hollywood Reel[57] Time For Beany (c. 1953)[58] |
WNAC-TV | Boston | Massachusetts | Armchair Detective[59] Dixie Showboat[60] Hollywood Reel[61] Hollywood Wrestling[62] Time For Beany[63] |
KGBT-TV | Brownsville | Texas | Hollywood Wrestling[64] |
WBEN-TV | Buffalo | New York | Hollywood Reel[65] Time For Beany[66] |
WWTV | Cadillac | Michigan | Hollywood Wrestling[67] |
KCRG-TV | Cedar Rapids | Iowa | Hollywood Wrestling[68] |
WBTV | Charlotte | North Carolina | Hollywood Wrestling[69] |
WBKB | Chicago | Illinois | Hollywood Reel[70] Hollywood Wrestling[71] Olympic Wrestling[72] Time For Beany[73] |
WENR-TV | Chicago | Illinois | Frosty Frolics[74] Hollywood Reel (c. 1950)[75] |
WGN-TV | Chicago | Illinois | Time For Beany (after October 1952)[76] |
WCPO-TV | Cincinnati | Ohio | Dixie Showboat[77] Hollywood Wrestling[78] |
WKRC-TV | Cincinnati | Ohio | Bandstand Revue[78] Time For Beany[79] |
WEWS-TV | Cleveland | Ohio | Frosty Frolics[80] Hollywood Reel (c. 1952)[81] Time For Beany (c. 1953)[82] |
WJW-TV | Cleveland | Ohio | Armchair Detective[83] Bandstand Revue (mid-1955)[84] Hollywood Wrestling[85] Time For Beany (c. 1950)[86] |
WNBK
|
Cleveland | Ohio | Bandstand Revue (late 1955)[87] Hollywood Reel (c. 1950)[88] |
WBNS-TV | Columbus | Ohio | Hollywood Reel[89] Time For Beany[90] |
KBTV | Dallas | Texas | Armchair Detective[91] Hollywood Wrestling[92] Time For Beany (c. 1950)[93] 4.75 hrs of Paramount per wk[29] |
KRLD-TV | Dallas | Texas | Time For Beany (c. 1953)[94] |
WOC-TV | Davenport | Iowa | Dixie Showboat[95] Hollywood Reel[96] Hollywood Wrestling[97] |
WHIO-TV | Dayton
|
Ohio | Hollywood Wrestling[98] |
KBTV | Denver | Colorado | Hollywood Reel[41] Hollywood Wrestling[21] |
KFEL-TV | Denver | Colorado | Hollywood Wrestling[99] |
WOI-TV | Des Moines
|
Iowa | Hollywood Reel[100] |
WWJ-TV | Detroit | Michigan | Bandstand Revue (mid-1955)[101] Time For Beany (c. 1953)[102] |
WJBK-TV | Detroit | Michigan | Bandstand Revue (late 1955)[103] Time For Beany (c. 1952)[104] |
WEAU-TV | Eau Claire | Wisconsin | Hollywood Wrestling[105] |
KTSM-TV | El Paso
|
Texas | Time For Beany[106] |
WDAY-TV | Fargo | North Dakota | Hollywood Wrestling[107] |
KQTV | Fort Dodge | Iowa | Hollywood Wrestling[108] |
KMJ-TV | Fresno
|
California | Time For Beany[109] |
WOOD-TV | Grand Rapids | Michigan | Hollywood Wrestling[110] |
WFMY-TV | Greensboro | North Carolina | Hollywood Wrestling[111] |
WSVA-TV | Harrisonburg | Virginia | Hollywood Wrestling[112] |
KGMB | Honolulu | Hawaii | Time For Beany[41] |
KPRC-TV | Houston | Texas | Hollywood Wrestling[113] Time For Beany[114] |
KID-TV | Idaho Falls | Idaho | Hollywood Wrestling[115] |
WFBM-TV | Indianapolis | Indiana | Dixie Showboat[116] Hollywood Reel[117] Hollywood Wrestling[118] Time For Beany[119] |
WJTV | Jackson | Mississippi | Hollywood Wrestling[46] |
KRCG | Jefferson City | Missouri | Hollywood Wrestling[120] |
WJHL-TV | Johnson City | Tennessee | Hollywood Wrestling[121] |
KCMO-TV | Kansas City | Missouri | Hollywood Wrestling[122] |
KCTY-TV
|
Kansas City | Missouri | |
WDAF-TV | Kansas City | Missouri | Hollywood Reel[123] |
KHOL-TV
|
Kearney | Nebraska | Hollywood Wrestling[124] |
KPLC | Lake Charles | Louisiana | Hollywood Wrestling[125] |
WGAL | Lancaster | Pennsylvania | Hollywood Wrestling[126] |
KSWO-TV | Lawton | Oklahoma | Time For Beany[46] Hollywood Wrestling[46] |
KOLN | Lincoln | Nebraska | Time For Beany[46] |
KTLA | Los Angeles | California | originated programs |
Louisville | Kentucky | Hollywood Wrestling[46] | |
KDUB-TV | Lubbock | Texas | Time For Beany[127] |
WLVA-TV | Lynchburg | Virginia | Hollywood Wrestling[46] |
WHBQ-TV | Memphis | Tennessee | Hollywood Wrestling[128] |
WTVW | Milwaukee | Wisconsin | Bandstand Revue (late 1955)[129] Hollywood Wrestling[130] |
WTMJ-TV | Milwaukee | Wisconsin | Bandstand Revue (mid-1955)[131] Hollywood Reel[132] |
KEYD-TV | Minneapolis | Minnesota | Hollywood Wrestling[21] |
WCCO-TV | Minneapolis | Minnesota | Time For Beany[133] |
KNOE-TV | Monroe | Louisiana | Hollywood Wrestling[134] |
CBMT-DT | Montreal | Quebec | Hollywood Wrestling[41] |
Nashville
|
Tennessee | Hollywood Wrestling[135] | |
WNHC-TV | New Haven | Connecticut | Armchair Detective[136] Time For Beany[137] |
WDSU | New Orleans | Louisiana | Dixie Showboat[138] Time For Beany[139] |
WABD | New York City | New York | |
WOR-TV | New York City | New York | Time For Beany[140] |
WPIX | New York City | New York | Dixie Showboat[141] |
Norfolk | Virginia | Hollywood Wrestling[135] | |
KWTV | Oklahoma City | Oklahoma | Hollywood Wrestling[142] |
WKY-TV | Oklahoma City | Oklahoma | Time For Beany[143] |
KMTV-TV | Omaha
|
Nebraska | Hollywood Wrestling[144] |
WOW-TV | Omaha | Nebraska | Hollywood Reel[145] |
WCAU | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | Armchair Detective[146] Hollywood Wrestling[147] Time For Beany (c. 1953)[148] |
WFIL-TV | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | Frosty Frolics[149] Hollywood Reel[150] Sandy Dreams[151] Time For Beany (c. 1950)[152] |
KPHO-TV | Phoenix | Arizona | Time For Beany[153] |
WDTV | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | Hollywood Reel[154] |
KPTV | Portland | Oregon | Hollywood Reel[155] Hollywood Wrestling[99] Bandstand Revue[156] Time For Beany[99] |
WJAR | Providence | Rhode Island | Bandstand Revue[129] Time For Beany[157] |
Providence | Rhode Island | Hollywood Wrestling[135] | |
Reading | Pennsylvania | Hollywood Wrestling[158] | |
KZTV | Reno
|
Nevada | Bandstand Revue[159] Hollywood Wrestling[160] Time For Beany[161] |
WTVR-TV | Richmond | Virginia | Hollywood Wrestling[162] |
Rochester | New York | Hollywood Reel[163] | |
WHBF-TV | Rock Island | Illinois | Time For Beany[164] |
KEMO | St. Louis
|
Missouri | Hollywood Wrestling[165] |
KSD-TV | St. Louis | Missouri | Bandstand Revue[166] Time For Beany[167] |
St. Louis | Missouri | Hollywood Reel[163] | |
KSTP-TV | St. Paul | Minnesota | Bandstand Revue[21] Hollywood Wrestling[168] |
KDYL-TV | Salt Lake City | Utah | Time For Beany[169] |
KSL-TV | Salt Lake City | Utah | Hollywood Reel[170] Hollywood Wrestling[171] |
KEYL | San Antonio | Texas | Armchair Detective[19] Latin Cruise[19] Hollywood Reel[172] Hollywood Wrestling[173] Movietown, RSVP[174] Time For Beany[175] |
KFMB-TV | San Diego | California | Hollywood Opportunity[31] Magazine of the Week[31] Meet Me in Hollywood[31] Time For Beany[176] Your Old Buddy[31] Coaxial cable feeds[14] 6 hrs. of Paramount per wk.[31] |
KGO-TV | San Francisco | California | Harry Owens Show (c. 1951)[27] Hollywood Reel[177] Hollywood Wrestling[52] Sandy Dreams[178] |
KPIX
|
San Francisco | California | Bandstand Revue[156] Frosty Frolics[179] Harry Owens Show (c. 1952)[28] Time For Beany[102] |
WRGB | Schenectady | New York | Time For Beany[180] |
KING-TV | Seattle | Washington
|
Dixie Showboat[181] Time For Beany[182] |
KMO-TV/KTVW | Seattle/Tacoma | Washington | Hollywood Wrestling[21][183] |
KOMO-TV | Seattle | Washington | Bandstand Revue[21] Hollywood Wrestling[184] |
KELO-TV | Sioux Falls
|
South Dakota | Hollywood Wrestling[185] |
KHQ-TV | Spokane | Washington | Time For Beany[186] |
WWLP | Springfield | Massachusetts | Time For Beany[46] |
Springfield | Missouri | Time For Beany[55] | |
WHEN-TV | Syracuse | New York | Hollywood Reel[187] |
WSYR-TV | Syracuse | New York | Hollywood Wrestling[188] |
KTNT-TV | Tacoma | Washington | Bandstand Revue[189] |
WSPD-TV | Toledo | Ohio | Hollywood Wrestling[190] |
KOTV | Tulsa | Oklahoma | Hollywood Wrestling (c. 1954)[191] |
KTVX | Tulsa | Oklahoma | Hollywood Wrestling (c. 1955)[192] |
WTOP-TV | Washington | District of Columbia |
Bandstand Revue[193] Time For Beany (c. 1951)[194] |
WTTG | Washington | District of Columbia |
Hollywood Reel[195] Time For Beany (c. 1952)[196] |
KWWL | Waterloo | Iowa | Hollywood Wrestling[197] |
WSAU-TV | Wausau | Wisconsin | Hollywood Wrestling[198] |
WEAT-TV | West Palm Beach
|
Florida | Hollywood Wrestling[199] |
KTVH | Wichita | Kansas | Hollywood Wrestling[200] |
CBWT | Winnipeg | Manitoba | Hollywood Wrestling[42] |
WSBA-TV | York | Pennsylvania | Hollywood Wrestling[46] |
KIVA | Yuma | Arizona | Hollywood Wrestling[201] |
End of network
In May 1951, ABC chairman
After a grueling 18-month trial, the federal agency allowed the ABC-UPT merger, but never ruled on Paramount's partial ownership of a second network; Paramount was allowed to retain its shares in DuMont. Leo Resnick, hearing examiner for the Commission, concluded that Paramount did not control DuMont, but the FCC rejected this portion of Resnick's findings, restricting Paramount and DuMont to a total of five stations. The commissioners had not forgotten Paramount's previous antitrust violations, and believed Paramount executives were attempting to control television by operating two television networks. According to White, the FCC's ruling "ensured that television broadcasting would be controlled by the same three companies that had dominated radio broadcasting, thus fostering a lack of diversity in both station and network ownership".[23]
The February 1953 merger of ABC and United Paramount Theatres lead to the divestiture of WBKB (now WBBM-TV), which was sold to CBS. Paramount retained KTLA and applied to the FCC for a new station in Boston, but the construction permit was never granted.[8] By this time, Paramount's television arm was called Paramount TV Productions, Incorporated;[203] Paramount ceased using the PTN name. The company continued to distribute programs nationally, however, and continued to sign network affiliation agreements with local television stations.[40]
With just one owned-and-operated station, Paramount's program service never gelled into a true television network; television historians such as Alex McNeil (1996) consider Paramount programs syndicated rather than network series.[204] While the Paramount series Hollywood Wrestling and Time For Beany were widely seen on stations across the United States, most other Paramount television programs aired in only a handful of markets (another exception, Hollywood Reel, aired in fourteen major cities in 1950).[163]
Paramount's revenues were much smaller than those of a true television network,[6] and gradually Paramount began losing program sponsors[205] or ended production on formerly-popular television series.[206][207] American Vitamin Corporation, Paramount's sponsor for both The Spade Cooley Show and Frosty Frolics, pulled its $25,000 weekly sponsorship in October 1951.[205] In June 1953, it was announced that Time For Beany and Paramount Television Productions were "calling it a day".[206] Paramount ended production of its flagship series in October 1953; rival Los Angeles station KTTV and independent distributor Consolidated Television respectively took over production and distribution of Time For Beany.[208] Independent distributor Cinema-Vue took over Hollywood Wrestling.[209] By late 1955, Billboard reported the Paramount Network consisted of just 15 stations airing Bandstand Revue. Billboard called this a "sort of" network.[40] Management changes at KTLA, coupled with low local ratings, caused the cancellation of Bandstand Revue in October 1956.[207] Klaus Landsberg, who had produced many of the series for KTLA, died in September 1956[210] and the new station manager made what Billboard called "sweeping changes" at the station.[207]
By the autumn of 1955, Hollywood insiders were predicting that Paramount would launch a major television network using KTLA and the DuMont stations as charters. Articles reported that Paramount was seeking television scripts, and was constructing theaters and studios that rivaled those of ABC, CBS and NBC.[40] In a dramatic move, Paramount's board of directors seized control of DuMont Laboratories in a boardroom coup in August 1955. Paramount executives replaced DuMont's board of directors, Dr. DuMont was removed as president of the company, and DuMont Network operations ceased the following year.[211] However, no combined Paramount-DuMont network ever materialized; according to television historian Timothy White, by this time "a television network was no longer among Paramount's plans for exploitation of the small screen";[6] some of the primary and secondary affiliates, and even some of the programming of both networks, migrated to the emerging, similarly loosely-scheduled NTA Film Network. Paramount sold its interest in DuMont (by this time renamed as the "Metropolitan Broadcasting Company") in 1959;[211] the sale ended Paramount's first ventures into network television.[6]
Paramount's later involvement with television
Despite Paramount's failure to build a national broadcast television network, the company retained KTLA, and executives at Paramount continued to toy with the idea of entering the television medium once more. Paramount sold its library of shorts and cartoons in separate deals to
After acquiring
In 1978, Paramount CEO
In the 1980s, Paramount became increasingly involved with original syndicated programming in the U.S., with such successful series being
On January 16, 1995, Paramount launched a new broadcast television network, the
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- ^ a b Billboard. Vol. 62, no. 21. 1950-05-27. p. cover.
{{cite magazine}}
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- ^ a b "Sunrise Corp. Buys WLOD". Billboard. 1965-06-12. p. 34.
- ^ ISBN 0-520-22130-3.
- ^ a b c d e f White, Timothy R. (1992). Hollywood's Attempt to Appropriate Television: The Case of Paramount Pictures. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI. pp. 107–131.
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- ^ ISBN 0-405-11758-2.
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- ^ "Honors to KTLA In March, April L.A. TV Hooper". Billboard. 1949-06-11. p. 13.
- ^ "Welcome N.A.B. to the Motion Picture, Radio and Television Capital". Billboard. Vol. 60, no. 21. 1948-05-22. p. 9. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ^ a b c "First Coast Network: KTLA Pioneers in Hookup with San Diego". Long Beach Independent. 1949-10-16. p. 14c.
- ^ "WBKB Adds Heft to Indie Position Thru Programming". Billboard. 1948-12-04. p. 15.
- ^ ISBN 3-7186-0563-5. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
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- ^ The Daily Messenger. Canandaigua, New York. 1949-07-06. p. 4.
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- ^ "Home Film Test a TV Harbinger?". Billboard. 1952-02-23. p. 8.
- ^ ISBN 0-684-19055-9.
- ^ a b c d "Para Looms as TV Biggie of Majors". Billboard. 1955-10-08. pp. 2–6.
- ^ a b c d "TV Film Purchases". Billboard. 1952-12-13. p. 10.
- ^ a b "Television". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, MB. 1954-08-21. p. 12.
- ^ ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
- ^ Jones, Vane A. (Summer 1958). North American Radio-TV Station Listings. Howard W. Sams.
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- ^ "Today's TV Programs". Pampa Daily News. Pampa, Texas. 1953-10-30. p. 11.
- ^ "Top 10 Shows Each Day of the Week in ATLANTA". Billboard. 1951-12-01. p. 8.
- ^ "WJBF Channel... 6". Aiken Standard and Review. Aiken, South Carolina. 1955-08-01. p. 6.
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- ^ "Television Log". The Capital. Annapolis, Maryland. 1951-03-03. p. 3.
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- ^ "Television Programs". Trenton Evening Times. Trenton, New Jersey. 1950-11-17. p. 17.
- ^ "Television Programs". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 1951-03-14. p. 10.
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(help) - ^ "Daily Guide: Radio & Television". Fitchburg Sentiel. Fitchburg, Massachusetts. 1949-09-21. p. 19.
- ^ "Weekend Television Programs". Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 1951-01-06. p. 9.
- ^ "Television Programs". Portland Press Herald. Portland, Maine. 1951-04-07. p. 9.
- ^ "13 City ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard. 1952-12-13. p. 12.
- ^ "TV High Spots". Lowell Sun. Lowell, Massachusetts. 1951-07-29. p. 54.
- ^ "Saturday's TV". The Brownsville Herald. Brownsville, Texas. 1955-04-29. p. 10.
- ^ "Television". Dunkirk Evening Observer. Dunkirk, New York. 1950-02-15. p. 13.
- ^ "Television & Radio Programs". The Derrick. Oil City, Pennsylvania. 1953-04-10. p. 6.
- ^ "Television Log". The Record-Eagle. Traverse City, Michigan. 1955-05-02. p. 7.
- ^ "Weekly Television Programs". The Oelwein Daily Register. Oelwein, Iowa. 1954-10-23. p. 5.
- ^ "Top 10 TV Shows Each Day of the Week in CHARLOTTE, NC". Billboard. 1952-11-01. p. 12.
- ^ "Radio and Television". Racine Journal-Times. Racine, Wisconsin. 1951-02-28. p. 32.
- ^ Jajkowski, Steve (2001). "Chicago Television – WBKB Channel 4". ChicagoTelevision.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ^ "Coast TV Outlets Use More Eastern Kine Originations". Billboard. 1949-08-27. p. 12.
- ^ "Radio and Television". Racine Journal-Times. Racine, Wisconsin. 1950-09-11. p. 17.
- ^ "Weekly TV Roundup". The Star. Chicago. 1951-10-05.
- ^ "French Sardine Bites on 'Hollywood Reel'". Billboard. 1950-01-28. p. 7. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
- ^ "TV Film Purchases". Billboard. 1952-10-04. p. 9.
- ^ "Television Programs". Hamilton Daily News Journal. Hamilton, Ohio. 1950-12-23. p. 10.
- ^ a b "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard. 1955-08-27. p. 18.
- ^ "Television Programs". Hamilton Daily New Journal. Hamilton, Ohio. 1950-12-12. p. 8.
- ^ The Evening Independent. Massillon, Ohio. 1951-09-29. p. 11.
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(help) - ^ "Television Programs". East Liverpool Review. East Liverpool, Ohio. 1952-06-25. p. 12.
- ^ The Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, Ohio. 1953-02-10. p. 4.
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(help) - ^ "Week's Television Schedule of Cleveland Stations". Plain Dealer. Cleveland, Ohio. 1949-12-18. p. 22-E.
- ^ "Television". The Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, Ohio. 1955-08-27. p. 4.
- ^ "Television". The Coshocton Tribune. Coshocton, Ohio. 1953-12-11. p. 14.
- ^ New Castle News. New Castle, Pennsylvania. 1950-06-08. p. 30.
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(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Chronicle Telegram. Elyria, Ohio. 1955-10-10. p. 9.
- ^ Chronicle Telegram. Elyria, Ohio. 1950-03-21. p. 12.
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(help) - ^ "Program Schedule". The Times Recorder. Zanesville, Ohio. 1950-04-28. p. 26.
- ^ "Television". The Newark Advocate. Newark, Ohio. 1951-05-02. p. 10.
- ^ "Television". Dallas Morning News. Dallas, Texas. 1949-10-11. p. I-11.
- ^ "TV Listings – Paris Area". The Paris News. Paris, Texas. 1953-08-02. p. 13.
- ^ "Television Today". Denton Record-Chronicle. Denton, Texas. 1950-04-30. p. 6.
- ^ "Television Schedules". Denton Record-Chronicle. Denton, Texas. 1953-04-16. p. 4.
- ^ "Television Log". Burlington Hawk-Eye Gazette. Burlington, Iowa. 1951-09-08. p. 8.
- ^ The Cedar Rapids Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 1951-11-29. p. 33.
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(help) - ^ "Television Programs". The Waterloo Daily Courier. Waterloo, Iowa. 1951-06-15. p. 23.
- ^ "Television Guide". The Lima News. Lima, Ohio. 1950-11-02. p. 22.
- ^ a b c "TV Film Purchases". Billboard. 1952-10-18. p. 16.
- ^ Cedar Rapids Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 1951-11-22. p. 31.
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(help) - ^ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard. 1955-07-16. pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b "14-City May ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard. 1953-07-25. p. 14.
- ^ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard. 1955-09-17. p. 21.
- ^ "ARB Ratings of Non-Network TV Films". Billboard. 1952-11-22. p. 14.
- ^ The Daily Telegram. Eau Claire, Wisconsin. 1954-09-18. p. 13.
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(help) - ^ "KTSM-TV on the Air". El Paso Herald-Post. El Paso, Texas. 1953-01-03. p. 10.
- ^ "Radio – TV". Daily Journal. Fergus Falls, Minnesota. 1954-03-31. p. 4.
- ^ "T. V. Station KQTV Back On The Air October 29th". The Ruthven Free Press. Ruthven, Iowa. 1955-10-12. p. 1.
- ^ Fresno Bee Republican. 1953-06-10. p. 19.
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(help) - ^ "Saturday, October 18th TV Schedule". The Holland Evening Sentinel. Holland, Michigan. 1952-10-18. p. 3.
- ^ "TV Schedule". The Daily Times-News. Burlington, North Carolina. 1952-06-26. p. 2.
- ^ Harrisonburg Daily News Record. Harrisonburg, Virginia. 1955-06-25. p. 4.
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(help) - ^ "Saturday's Radio and TV Programs". Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. 1953-02-14. p. 21.
- ^ Galveston Daily News. Galveston, Texas. 1951-06-03. p. 25.
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(help) - ^ "Television Log". Idaho State Journal. Pocatello, Idaho. 1954-06-15. p. 10.
- ^ Kokomo Tribune. Kokomo, Indiana. 1950-10-21. p. 14.
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(help) - ^ "Friday Evening TV Programs". Logansport Press. Logansport, Indiana. 1951-05-04. p. 6.
- ^ "Television Schedule". Anderson Daily Bulletin. Anderson, Indiana. 1955-03-21. p. 17.
- ^ "Monday Afternoon TV Programs". Logansport Press. Logansport, Indiana. 1951-05-20. p. 6.
- ^ "Hollywood Wrestling Returns to KRCG-TV". Jefferson City Post-Tribune. Jefferson City, Missouri. 1955-08-12. p. 6.
- ^ Kingsport Times. Kingsport, Tennessee. 1954-04-02. p. 7.
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(help) - ^ "Radio and Television Programs". Atchison Daily Globe. Atchison, Kansas. 1955-04-03. p. 9.
- ^ Atchison Daily Globe. Atchison, Kansas. 1950-11-19. p. 4.
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(help) - ^ Billboard. 1955-09-03. p. 12.
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(help) - ^ Lake Charles American Press. Lake Charles, Louisiana. 1955-03-14. p. 20.
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(help) - ^ Lebanon Daily News. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. 1954-03-04. p. 21.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Evening Journal. Lubbock, Texas. 1953-03-06. p. 7.
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(help) - ^ "Television — Tonight, Tomorrow — WMCT Channel 5, & WHBQ Channel 13". Blytheville Courier News. Blytheville, Arkansas. 1955-06-25. p. 7.
- ^ a b "Market-By-Market Ratings". Billboard. 1955-10-15. p. 9.
- ^ "Television". The Sheboygan Press. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 1955-05-20. p. 17.
- ^ "Television: WTMJ (Channel 4)". Sheboygan Journal. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 1955-07-29. p. 7.
- ^ "Television: WTMJ-TV". Sheboygan Journal. Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 1951-07-05. p. 11.
- ^ "Television Programs". The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. 1952-01-30. p. 10.
- ^ "Daily T-V Program". Ruston Daily Leader. Ruston, Louisiana. 1955-08-30. p. 3.
- ^ a b c "Current TV Film Series". Billboard. 1952-06-28. p. 24.
- ^ "On the Air Today". Naugatuck Daily News. Naugatuck, Connecticut. 1949-10-12. p. 3.
- ^ "On Television Today". The Bridgeport Telegram. Bridgeport, Connecticut. 1951-07-16. p. 11.
- ^ "WDSU Channel 6". Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. 1951-01-28. p. 6.
- ^ "WDSU Channel 6". Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. 1953-08-17. p. 18.
- ^ "Television Programs". Trenton Evening Times. Trenton, New Jersey. 1951-01-30. p. 11.
- ^ "On Television Today". Bridgeport Telegram. Bridgeport, Connecticut. 1951-04-14. p. 24.
- ^ The Ada Evening News. Ada, Oklahoma. 1954-02-21. p. 5.
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(help) - ^ "WKY-TV This Week". The Daily Oklahoman. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1951-06-24. p. 21.
- ^ "Daily Radio And TV Programs". Council Bluffs Nonpareil. Council Bluffs, Iowa. 1955-02-15. p. 10.
- ^ "Daily Radio, TV Programs". Council Bluffs Nonpareil. Council Bluffs, Iowa. 1950-02-21. p. 7.
- ^ "Television Programs". The Chester Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. 1949-08-10. p. 17.
- ^ "13-City Nov. ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard. 1953-01-17. p. 14.
- ^ "Television-Radio Programs". Chester Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. 1953-08-25. p. 18.
- ^ "Television Programs". The Chester Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. 1951-10-10. p. 24.
- ^ "Television Programs". Chester Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. 1950-10-21. p. 9.
- ^ "Television Programs". The Chester Times. Chester, Pennsylvania. 1950-10-14. p. 7.
- ^ Lebanon Daily News. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. 1950-03-10. p. 7.
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(help) - ^ "Arizona Television Schedule". Broadcasting101. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
- ^ "Television". The Evening Standard. Uniontown, Pennsylvania. 1951-03-24. p. 11.
- ^ "G. F. Johnson Presents This Week's Television Programs". The Oregonian. 1953-01-25. p. 10.
- ^ a b "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard. 1955-07-30. p. 10.
- ^ "Television Programs". Newport Daily News. Newport, Rhode Island. 1950-10-11. p. 13.
- ^ "Where Syndicated Series Are Showing". Billboard. 1953-01-17. p. 22.
- ^ "KZTV Channel 8". Nevada State Journal. Reno, Nevada. 1954-03-24. p. 17.
- ^ "KZTV Log". Reno Evening Gazette. Reno, Nevada. 1955-03-26. p. 11.
- ^ "KZTV Programs". Reno Evening Gazette. Reno, Nevada. 1953-10-10. p. 10.
- ^ "TV Today and Tomorrow". Harrisonburg Daily News Record. Harrisonburg, Virginia. 1954-11-10. p. 5.
- ^ a b c Johnston, Erskine (1950-02-18). "In Hollywood". Dunkirk Evening Observer. Dunkirk, New York. p. 7.
- ^ Dixon Evening Telegraph. Dixon, Illinois. 1951-04-27. p. 6.
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(help) - ^ "Radio and Television Programs". The Edwardsville Intelligencer. Edwardsville, Illinois. 1955-08-01. p. 8.
- ^ "Radio and Television Programs". The Edwardsville Intelligencer. Edwardsville, Illinois. 1955-09-16. p. 7.
- ^ "KSD-TV Program Channel 5". Alton Evening Telegraph. Alton, Illinois. 1950-03-06. p. 14.
- ^ "Television Schedules". The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. 1953-10-15. p. 7.
- ^ The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, Utah. 1951-07-27. p. 25.
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(help) - ^ "Daily Television Guide". Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. 1950-10-18. p. 11A.
- ^ "Current Television Station Programs". The Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. 1954-03-26. p. 2-A.
- ^ "Radio & Television Listings". San Antonio Express. San Antonio, Texas. 1953-08-23. p. 23.
- ^ "TV Programs For All Week". San Antonio Express. San Antonio, Texas. 1953-01-25. p. 69.
- ^ "Spotlighting the Dial" (PDF). San Antonio Express. San Antonio, Texas. 1950-03-24. p. 14B. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
- ^ San Antonio Express. San Antonio, Texas. 1951-06-28. p. 9.
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(help) - ^ "Television". Redlands Daily Facts. Redlands, California. 1952-12-05. p. 12.
- ^ "Tonight on TV". The Times. San Mateo, California. 1950-04-28. p. 15.
- ^ Franklin, Bob (1950-11-16). "Show Time". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. p. 63.
- ^ "TV Programs". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. 1953-10-10. p. 9.
- ^ "Television Program Today". The Oneonta Star. Oneonta, New York. 1952-12-22. p. 15.
- ^ "This Week in TV". Seattle Daily Times. Seattle. 1951-04-01. p. 9-S.
- ^ "The Week in Televistion (sic)". Seattle Daily Times. Seattle. 1952-02-24. p. 18.
- ^ "Daily TV Schedules". The Daily Chronicle. Centralia, Washington. 1953-09-21. p. 5.
- ^ Lowes, Glenna M. (1954-01-29). "TV Notebook: Many Changes Noted in Time Schedules". Seattle Daily Times. Seattle. p. 20.
- ^ "WNBT, WTVJ, and KELO-TV get nod". Billboard. 1954-02-20. p. 10.
- ^ "Television – Monday". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin. Walla Walla, Washington. 1953-03-30. p. 13.
- ^ "Television Talk". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York. 1950-02-26. p. 16.
- ^ "Television". Syracuse Herald Journal. Syracuse, New York. 1953-08-21. p. 16.
- ^ "TV Programs". The Daily Chronicle. Centralia, Washington. 1955-10-08. p. 7.
- ^ "Current TV Film Series". Billboard. 1952-06-21. p. 12.
- ^ "TV Schedule, Sat., Jan. 9th". Miami Daily News-Record. Miami, Oklahoma. 1954-01-08. p. 3.
- ^ "The Nation's Top Television Programs". Billboard. 1955-08-06. p. 32.
- ^ "The Nation's Top 10 Television Programs". Billboard. 1955-10-01. p. 14.
- ^ "Television Log". The Capital. Annapolis, Maryland. 1951-06-02. p. 3.
- ^ "Television Highlights". Cumberland Evening Times. Cumberland, Maryland. 1952-05-07. p. 21.
- ^ "Television Highlights". The Cumberland Evening Times. Cumberland, Maryland. 1952-08-27. p. 19.
- ^ "TV Programs". The Oelwein Daily Register. Oelwein, Iowa. 1954-06-28. p. 7.
- ^ "WSAU-TV Channel 7". Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune. Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. 1954-12-10. p. 2.
- ^ "Radio & Television". Fort Pierce News-Tribune. Fort Pierce, Florida. 1956-07-26. p. 5.
- ^ "The Week on Television". Hutchinson News-Herald. Hutchinson, Kansas. 1954-09-25. p. 10.
- ^ "KIVA Channel 11". The Yuma Daily Sun. Yuma, Arizona. 1955-10-28. p. 10.
- ^ "Isn't it "Time For Beany" in Your Market?". Billboard. 1952-06-14. p. 37. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ "13-City Jan. ARB Ratings of Syndicated Shows". Billboard. 1953-03-21. p. 20.
- ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
- ^ a b "AVC Pulls Out of TV". Billboard. 1951-10-20. p. 11.
- ^ a b "Hollywood on TV". The Yuma Daily Sun. Yuma, Arizona. 1953-06-23. p. 12.
- ^ a b c "KTLA Drops 2 TV Music Segs". Billboard. 1956-10-20. p. 11.
- ^ "Consolidated to Sell 'Beany'". Billboard. 1953-10-03. p. 11.
- ^ "This Week's Film Buys". Billboard. 1956-07-28. p. 14.
- ^ "Landsberg Dies at 42; Arnold Subs Pro Tem". Billboard. 1956-09-29. p. 16.
- ^ ISBN 1-59213-499-8.
- ^ "Of Local Origin". The New York Times. 25 February 1958. Retrieved 7 October 2012.(subscription required)
- ^ "Autry Buys Station For $12 Million". Billboard. 1964-06-06. p. 20.
- ISBN 0-375-72771-X.
- ISBN 0-8058-5403-7.
- ISBN 0-8230-8933-9.
- ^ Gross, Michael (1993-02-08). "Rupert in Wonderland: Murdoch's Not Really Home Alone in Wonderland". New York Magazine. Vol. 26, no. 6. New York. p. 32. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- ISBN 0-671-25181-3.
- ^ Du Brow, Rick (26 February 1992). "Barry Diller Took Fox Network From Ridicule to Respect". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ Cox, Ted (1995-01-16). "Another 'Star Trek,' and network, headed our way tonight". The Daily Herald. Chicago. p. 21.
- ^ Heldenfels, R.D. (2006-01-26). "WB, UPN Die; CW Network Born: Owners CBS, Warner Bros. To Form TV Partnership; Local Stations Unsure of Future". RedOrbit.com. Retrieved 2009-11-30.[dead link]
- ^ Surowiecki, James (2000-04-03). "Why Won't Anyone Pull the Plug on UPN?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
- ^ Gough, Paul J.; Littleton, Cynthia (2006-01-26). "UPN, WB Network to fold; the CW emerges". HollywoodReporter.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
Further reading
- Lev, Peter (2006). The Fifties: Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. pp. 128–129. University of California Press ISBN 0-520-24966-6.