Paraná River

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Paraná River
Rio Paraná, Río Paraná
Zárate, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Map of the Paraná River Basin, showing the Paraná River in highlight
Native nameParana (Guarani)
Location
Countries
RegionSouth America
Physical characteristics
SourceParanaíba River
 • locationRio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
 • coordinates19°13′21″S 46°10′28″W / 19.22250°S 46.17444°W / -19.22250; -46.17444[1]
 • elevation1,148 m (3,766 ft)
2nd source
Rio Grande
 • locationBocaina de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
 • coordinates22°9′56″S 44°23′38″W / 22.16556°S 44.39389°W / -22.16556; -44.39389
Source confluence
Rio Grande
 • coordinates20°5′12″S 51°0′2″W / 20.08667°S 51.00056°W / -20.08667; -51.00056
Rio de La Plata
 • average(Period 1971-2010)

19,706 m3/s (695,900 cu ft/s)[4] 17,290 m3/s (611,000 cu ft/s)[3]

667 km3/a (21,100 m3/s)[5]
 • minimum2,450 m3/s (87,000 cu ft/s)
 • maximum65,000 m3/s (2,300,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationCorrientes (Basin size 1,950,000 km2 (750,000 sq mi)[4]
 • average18,979 m3/s (670,200 cu ft/s)[4]
Discharge 
 • locationItaí (Basin size 953,950 km2 (368,320 sq mi)
 • average13,916 m3/s (491,400 cu ft/s)[4]
Discharge 
 • locationItaipú (Basin size 826,691 km2 (319,187 sq mi)
 • average11,746 m3/s (414,800 cu ft/s)[4]
Discharge 
 • locationPorto Primavera (Basin size 574,379 km2 (221,769 sq mi)
 • average7,938 m3/s (280,300 cu ft/s)[4]
Basin features
Paranaiba

The Paraná River (Portuguese: Rio Paraná [ˈʁi.u paɾaˈna] ; (Spanish: Río Paraná [ˈri.o paɾaˈna] ; Guarani: Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi).[3] Among South American rivers, it is second in length only to the Amazon River. It merges with the Paraguay River and then farther downstream with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata and empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

The first European to go up the Paraná River was the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot, in 1526, while working for Spain.

A drought hit the river in 2021, causing a 77-year low.[6][7]

Etymology

In eastern South America there is "an immense number of river names containing the element para- or parana-", from Guarani language words meaning "river" or "sea"; attempts to derive a more precise meaning for the name of this, the largest of them, e.g. "kin of the sea", have been discounted.[8]

Course

The course is formed at the confluence of the

Saltos del Guaira, Paraguay. This was once the location of the Guaíra Falls (Sete Quedas waterfalls, where the Paraná fell over a series of seven cascades. This natural feature was said to rival the world-famous Iguazu Falls to the south. The falls were flooded, however, by the construction of the Itaipu Dam
, which began operating in 1984. For approximately the next 200 km (120 mi), the Paraná flows southward and forms a natural boundary between Paraguay and Brazil until the confluence with the
People's Republic of China
), and creating a massive, shallow reservoir behind it.

After merging with the Iguazu, the Paraná becomes the natural border between Paraguay and Argentina. Overlooking the Paraná River from Encarnación, Paraguay, across the river, is downtown Posadas, Argentina. The river continues its general southward course for about 468 km (291 mi) before making a gradual turn to the west for another 820 km (510 mi), and then encounters the Paraguay River, the largest tributary along the course of the river. Before this confluence, the river passes through a second major hydroelectric project, the Yacyretá Dam, a joint project between Paraguay and Argentina. The massive reservoir formed by the project has been the source of a number of problems for people living along the river, most notably the poorer merchants and residents in the low-lying areas of Encarnación, a major city on the southern border of Paraguay. River levels rose dramatically upon completion of the dam, flooding out large sections of the city's lower areas.

From the confluence with the Paraguay River, the Paraná again turns to the south for another approximately 820 km (510 mi) through Argentina, making a slow turn back to the east near the city of Rosario for the final stretch of less than 500 km (310 mi) before merging with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata. This flows into the Atlantic Ocean. During the part of its course downstream from the city of Diamante, Entre Ríos, it splits into several arms and it forms the Paraná Delta.

Uses

Together with its tributaries, the Rio Paraná forms a massive drainage basin that encompasses much of the southcentral part of South America, essentially including all of Paraguay, much of southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and the southeastern part of Bolivia. If the Uruguay River is counted as a tributary to the Paraná, this watershed extends to cover most of Uruguay as well. The volume of water flowing into the Atlantic Ocean through the Río de la Plata roughly equals the volume at the Mississippi River delta. This watershed contains a number of large cities, including São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rosario, Asunción, Brasília, and La Plata.

The Paraná and its tributaries provide a source of income and of daily sustenance for fishermen who live along its banks. Some of the species of fish (such as the

surubí and the sábalo) are commercially important, and they are exploited for heavy internal consumption or for export. The Parana River delta ranks as one of the world's greatest bird-watching destinations.[9]

Much of the length of the Paraná is

hydroelectric power
.

Due to its use for oceangoing ships, measurements of the water tables extend back to 1904. The data correlates with the Sun's solar cycle.[10][11]

Gallery

  • Paraná River source at the border of the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais, in Brazil.
    Paraná River source at the border of the states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais, in Brazil.
  • Confluence of the Iguazu and Parana rivers. The Triple frontier is a bit further in the background center: On the left is Paraguay, on the right Brazil, taken from Argentina.
    Confluence of the Iguazu and Parana rivers. The Triple frontier is a bit further in the background center: On the left is Paraguay, on the right Brazil, taken from Argentina.
  • Sunrise over the Paraná River at San Cosme y Damián Dunes, Paraguay
    Sunrise over the Paraná River at
    Dunes, Paraguay
  • Container ship, traveling downstream by the city of Ramallo, Argentina
    Container ship, traveling downstream by the city of Ramallo, Argentina
  • The Rosario-Victoria Bridge
  • Astronaut's photo showing a 29-kilometre (18 mi) stretch of the Paraná, just downstream from Goya, Argentina
    Astronaut's photo showing a 29-kilometre (18 mi) stretch of the Paraná, just downstream from
    Goya
    , Argentina
  • Parana river in Posadas, Argentina
    Parana river in Posadas, Argentina
  • The sun rising over the Paraná River, from northeast of Rosario, Argentina
    The sun rising over the Paraná River, from northeast of Rosario, Argentina
  • Map of the Rio de la Plata Basin showing the Paraná River and its major tributaries
    Map of the
    Rio de la Plata Basin
    showing the Paraná River and its major tributaries

Links across the Paraná

The course of the Paraná is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream:

Crossing Location Built Carries Coordinates
Brazil
Rollemberg–Vuolo Road–Railway Bridge Aparecida do Taboado-Rubineia 1998 20°06′17.9″S 51°00′32.4″W / 20.104972°S 51.009000°W / -20.104972; -51.009000
Ilha Solteira Dam Selvíria-Ilha Solteira 1973 20°22′54.2″S 51°21′59.7″W / 20.381722°S 51.366583°W / -20.381722; -51.366583
Engineer Souza Dias Dam
Castilho
1968
BR-262
20°46′44.7″S 51°37′49.3″W / 20.779083°S 51.630361°W / -20.779083; -51.630361
Paulicéia-Brasilândia Bridge Brasilândia-Pauliceia 2009
BR-158
21°16′08.4″S 51°51′18.8″W / 21.269000°S 51.855222°W / -21.269000; -51.855222
Hélio Serejo (Maurício Joppert) Bridge Bataguassu-Presidente Epitácio 1964
BR-267
21°45′12.1″S 52°11′05.6″W / 21.753361°S 52.184889°W / -21.753361; -52.184889
Sérgio Motta (Porto Primavera) Dam Rosana 1999 22°28′30.5″S 52°57′29.6″W / 22.475139°S 52.958222°W / -22.475139; -52.958222
Porto Camargo Bridge Alto Paraíso BR-487 23°22′24.5″S 53°46′08.3″W / 23.373472°S 53.768972°W / -23.373472; -53.768972
Ayrton Senna Bridge Mundo Novo-Guaíra 1998
BR-163
24°03′31″S 54°15′28.6″W / 24.05861°S 54.257944°W / -24.05861; -54.257944
Brazil-Paraguay
Friendship Bridge Ciudad del Este-Foz do Iguaçu 1965
BR-277
25°30′33.5″S 54°36′03.3″W / 25.509306°S 54.600917°W / -25.509306; -54.600917
Integration Bridge Presidente Franco-Foz do Iguaçu Under construction 25°35′19″S 54°35′37″W / 25.58861°S 54.59361°W / -25.58861; -54.59361
Paraguay-Argentina
San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge Encarnación-Posadas 1990 27°22′09.3″S 55°51′43.3″W / 27.369250°S 55.862028°W / -27.369250; -55.862028
Yacyretá Dam
Ayolas-Ituzaingó
1994 27°28′58.5″S 56°44′19.5″W / 27.482917°S 56.738750°W / -27.482917; -56.738750
Argentina
General Manuel Belgrano Bridge
Resistencia-Corrientes 1973 National Route 16 27°28′12.3″S 58°51′35.1″W / 27.470083°S 58.859750°W / -27.470083; -58.859750
Second Resistencia-Corrientes Bridge Resistencia-Corrientes Planned
Reconquista-Goya Bridge Reconquista-Goya Planned
Raúl Uranga - Carlos Sylvestre Begnis Subfluvial Tunnel
Santa Fe-Paraná 1969 National Route 168 31°42′08.7″S 60°30′12.6″W / 31.702417°S 60.503500°W / -31.702417; -60.503500
Second Santa Fe-Paraná Bridge Santa Fe-Paraná Planned
Rosario-Victoria Bridge Rosario-Victoria 2003 National Route 174 32°52′11.4″S 60°41′07.9″W / 32.869833°S 60.685528°W / -32.869833; -60.685528
Bartolomé Mitre Bridge
Zárate-Ceibas 1977 National Route 12 34°06′10.9″S 59°00′10″W / 34.103028°S 59.00278°W / -34.103028; -59.00278
Justo José de Urquiza Bridge
Zárate-Ceibas 1977 National Route 12 33°54′37.1″S 58°53′06.9″W / 33.910306°S 58.885250°W / -33.910306; -58.885250

See also

  • Tributaries of the Río de la Plata
  • Paraná River steamers

References

  1. ^ "Monitoramento da Qualidade das Águas Superficiais da Bacia do Río Paranaíba: Relatório Annual 2007". Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, Instituto Mineiro de Gestão das Águas. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF in ZIP) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  2. ^ Río Paraná Guazú at GEOnet Names Server (main distributary)
  3. ^ a b c "Parana River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443063/Parana-River Archived 2012-04-28 at the Wayback Machine>. "Rio de la Plata". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May. 2012 <https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463804/Rio-de-la-Plata Archived 2015-05-09 at the Wayback Machine>
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Balance hídrico en la Cuenca del Plata". 29 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Transboundary River Basin Overview – La Plata" (PDF).
  6. ^ "South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low". BBC News. 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
  7. ^ "Down river". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
  8. . Retrieved 20 September 2021., pp=139-141.
  9. ^ Iriondo, Martín H., Juan César Paggi, and María Julieta Parma, eds. The Middle Paraná River: Limnology of a subtropical wetland. Chapter "Birds." Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
  10. ^ Pablo J.D. Mauas & Andrea P. Buccino. "Long-term solar activity influences on South American rivers" page 5. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics on Space Climate, March 2010. Accessed: 20 September 2014.
  11. S2CID 130181708
    .

External links