Paraneoptera

Paraneoptera Temporal range: Late Carboniferous–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Magicicada septendecim, a cicada (Hemiptera)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
(unranked):	Eumetabola
(unranked):	Paraneoptera
Orders
Psocodea - lice Psocoptera – bark lice Phthiraptera – true lice Thysanoptera – thrips Hemiptera – true bugs †Permopsocida
Synonyms
Acercaria Hemipterodea

Paraneoptera or Acercaria^[1] is a superorder of insects which includes lice (bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs.^[2] It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to the mid-Cretaceous.

All of the insects classified here exhibit various “reductions” or “simplifications” from the primitive body-plan found in typical polyneopterans.

The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.[2]

Phylogeny

Paraneoptera consists of

Here is a simple cladogram showing the traditional relationships with a monophyletic Paraneoptera:^[4]

Here is an alternative cladogram showing Paraneoptera as paraphyletic, with

	Other insects
Paraneoptera	Psocodea Trogiomorpha (barklice) Psocomorpha (barklice) Troctomorpha (paraphyletic with respect to Phthiraptera) Amphientometae Sphaeropsocidae Liposcelididae (booklice) Phthiraptera (lice) Condylognatha Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (true bugs) Sternorrhyncha (aphids) Heteroptera (shield bugs, assassin bugs, etc) Coleorrhyncha (moss bugs) Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha (planthoppers) Cicadomorpha (cicadas, leafhoppers, spittlebugs, etc)

Taxonomy

Hemiptera

Order

Psocoptera

The extinct order Permopsocida includes 18 genera divided into 3 families, dating from the Early Permian (Asselian) to the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Permopsocida are more closely related to thrips and bugs than to lice.^[6]

References