Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Magicicada septendecim, a cicada (Hemiptera) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
(unranked): | Eumetabola |
(unranked): | Paraneoptera |
Orders | |
| |
Synonyms | |
|
Paraneoptera or Acercaria[1] is a superorder of insects which includes lice (bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs.[2] It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to the mid-Cretaceous.
All of the insects classified here exhibit various “reductions” or “simplifications” from the primitive body-plan found in typical polyneopterans.
The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.[2]
Phylogeny
Paraneoptera consists of
Here is a simple cladogram showing the traditional relationships with a monophyletic Paraneoptera:[4]
Neoptera |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here is an alternative cladogram showing Paraneoptera as paraphyletic, with
Neoptera |
| ||||||||||||||||||
Within Paraneoptera,
Assuming Paraneoptera is
Paraneoptera |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taxonomy
Hemiptera
Thrips
Order
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Permopsocida
The extinct order Permopsocida includes 18 genera divided into 3 families, dating from the Early Permian (Asselian) to the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Permopsocida are more closely related to thrips and bugs than to lice.[6]