Pulmonary pleurae
(Redirected from
Parietal pleura
)| Pulmonary pleurae | |
|---|---|
intercostal nerves, phrenic nerves, vagus nerve | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | pleurae pulmonarius |
| MeSH | D010994 |
| TA98 | A07.1.02.001 |
| TA2 | 3322 |
| TH | H3.05.03.0.00001 |
| FMA | 9583 |
| Anatomical terminology] | |
The pulmonary pleurae (sg.: pleura)chest walls.
The portion of the pleura that covers the surface of each lung is often called the visceral pleura. This can lead to some confusion, as the lung is not the only visceral organ covered by the pleura. The pleura typically dips between the
pulmonary ligament
.
Between the two layers of the pleura is what historically has been referred to as a potential space, which in reality is an actual space of about 15 μm. This is called the pleural cavity (also pleural space).[2] It contains a tiny amount of serous fluid (pleural fluid) secreted by the pleurae, at a pressure below the atmospheric pressure under healthy conditions. The two lungs, each bounded by a two-layered pleural sac, almost fill the thoracic cavity.
Anatomy
_CRUK_306.svg)
Cytology of the normal mesothelial cells that line the pleurae, with typical features.[3] Wright's stain
.Each pleura comprises a superficial
histologically considered belonging to the endothoracic fascia that separates the subserosa from the inner periosteum of the ribs. Both pleurae are quite firmly attached to their underlying structures, and are usually covered by surface glycocalyces
that limit fluid loss and reduce friction.
The enclosed space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, known as the
Visceral pleura
The visceral pleura (from
ventilate more effectively even if parts of it (usually the basal segments) fail to expand properly due to congestion or consolidation.The function of the visceral pleura is to produce and reabsorb fluid.[7] It is an area that is insensitive to pain due to its association with the lung and innervation by visceral sensory neurons.[8]
Visceral pleura also forms interlobular septa (that separates secondary pulmonary lobules).[9] Interlobular septa contains connective tissue, pulmonary veins, and lymphatics.[10]
Parietal pleura
The parietal pleura (from
acutely angled circumferential junction known as the hilar reflection.[11]
The parietal pleura is subdivided according to the surface it covers.
- The costal pleura is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and is separated from the ribs/cartilages and intercostal muscles by the endothoracic fascia.
- The apical part of the costal pleura, sometimes referred to as the cervical pleura or cupula of pleura, bulges beyond the thoracic inlet into the posterior triangle of the neck, where it is covered by an extension of the endothoracic fascia known as the suprapleural membrane. This is the most superficial (and thus most vulnerable) part of the pleura and can be punctured by subclavian catheterization or a penetrating neck injury.
- The apical part of the costal pleura, sometimes referred to as the cervical pleura or cupula of pleura, bulges beyond the
- The diaphragmatic pleura is the portion covering the convex upper surface of the plain radiography.
- The mediastinal pleura is the portion covering the lateral surfaces of the iatrogenic) or disease process (e.g. malignancy).
Neurovascular supply
As a
nerve endings from the pulmonary plexus
.
The parietal pleura is supplied by blood from the cavity wall under it, which can come from the
fibrous pericardium.[12]
Development
The visceral and parietal pleurae, like all
gut tube during the fourth week, with the splanchnopleure on the inner cavity wall and the somatopleure on the outer cavity wall.[citation needed
]
The
transverse septum. The two cavities communicate via a slim pair of remnant coeloms adjacent to the upper foregut called the pericardioperitoneal canal. During the fifth week, the developing lung buds begin to invaginate into these canals, creating a pair of enlarging cavities that encroach into the surrounding somites and further displace the transverse septum caudally — namely the pleural cavities. The mesothelia pushed out by the developing lungs arise from the splanchnopleure, and become the visceral pleurae; while the other mesothelial surfaces of the pleural cavities arise from the somatopleure, and become the parietal pleurae.[citation needed
]
Function
As a
pulmonary compliance
.
The
respiratory muscles. In forced exhalation, the pleural fluid provides some hydrostatic cushioning for the lungs against the rapid change of pressure within the pleural cavity.[medical citation needed
]
Clinical significance
Pleuritis or pleurisy is a inflammatory condition of pleurae. Due to the somatic innervation of the parietal pleura, pleural irritations, especially if from acute causes, often produce a sharp chest pain that is worse by breathing, known as pleuritic pain.[citation needed
]
Pleural disease or
pigtail catheter, a chest tube, or a thoracoscopic procedure. Infected pleural effusion can lead to pleural empyema, which can create significant adhesion and fibrosis that require division and decortication. For recurrent pleural effusions, pleurodesis can be performed to establish permanent obliteration of the pleural space.[14]
See also
References
- ^ "pleura Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org.
- ^ a b Light 2007, p. 1.
- PMID 35126608.
- ^ Gorman, Niamh, MSc; Salvador, Francesca, MSc (29 October 2020). "The Anatomy of the Pleural cavity". The Ken Hub Library. Dotdash publishing family. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - PMID 24604935.
- ^ Hacking, Craig; Knipe, Henry. "Lung fissures". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ Lungs. In: Morton DA, Foreman K, Albertine KH. eds. The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy, 2e. McGraw Hill; Accessed July 12, 2021. https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478§ionid=202020215
- ^ Lungs. In: Morton DA, Foreman K, Albertine KH. eds. The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy, 2e. McGraw Hill; Accessed July 12, 2021. https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478§ionid=202020215
- ISBN 978-0-323-02790-8.
- ISSN 2076-3417.
- ^ "Parietal pleura". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- PMID 30085590. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ISBN 0-443-06583-7.
- PMID 30085590. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Sources
- Light, Richard W. (2007). Pleural Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0781769570.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pleura.
- thoraxlesson2 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
- Atlas image: lung_pleura at the University of Michigan Health System - "X-ray, chest, posteroanterior view"
- Atlas image: lung_lymph at the University of Michigan Health System - "Transverse section through lung"
- MedEd at Loyola Grossanatomy/thorax0/thor_lec/thor6.html
- Diagram at kent.edu
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