Paripāṭal
| Topics in Sangam literature | ||
|---|---|---|
| Sangam literature | ||
| Agattiyam | Tolkāppiyam | |
| Eighteen Greater Texts | ||
| Eight Anthologies | ||
Aiṅkurunūṟu |
Akanāṉūṟu
| |
Puṟanāṉūṟu |
Kalittokai | |
| Kuṟuntokai | Natṟiṇai | |
| Paripāṭal | Patiṟṟuppattu | |
| Ten Idylls | ||
| Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai | Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu | |
| Malaipaṭukaṭām | Maturaikkāñci | |
| Mullaippāṭṭu | Neṭunalvāṭai | |
| Paṭṭiṉappālai | Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai | |
| Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai | Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai | |
| Related topics | ||
| Sangam | Sangam landscape | |
Tamil history from Sangam literature |
Ancient Tamil music | |
| Eighteen Lesser Texts | ||
| Nālaṭiyār | Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai | |
| Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu | Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu | |
| Kār Nāṟpatu | Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu | |
| Aintiṇai Aimpatu | Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu | |
| Aintinai Eḻupatu | Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu | |
Tirukkuṟaḷ |
Tirikaṭukam | |
| Ācārakkōvai | Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu | |
| Ciṟupañcamūlam | Mutumoḻikkānci | |
| Elāti | Kainnilai | |
| Bhakti Literature | ||
| Naalayira Divya Prabandham | Ramavataram | |
| Tevaram | Tirumuṟai | |
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The Paripādal (
Date
According to Prof S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, former Reader of the University of Madras, has stated that Paripadal may belong to the 3rd or 4th century period as Madurai was called Nan-Mada-k-koodal during the reign of Abisheka Pandya, who ruled the Pandya country in the 3rd or 4th century A.D. Hence, Paripadal which praises Koodal (Koodal Azhagar temple) may belong to the 3rd or 4th century A.D.[5]
Contents
Paripāṭal currently has 24 survived and in that 7 are dedicated to
Description
The Tamil tradition believes that the Paripāṭal anthology originally contained 70 poems, of which 24 have survived in full and few others have survived in fragments into the modern era as evidenced by the quotes in the Tolkappiyam and the Purattirattu. Of the 24 full poems that have survived, 7 are dedicated to
The compilation is attributed to 13 poets, and each poem has a notable colophon. In these colophons, in addition to the poet's name is included the music and tune (melodic mode, raga) for the poem, as well as the composer of that music.[1] The Paripatal poems are longer than the poems in other major Sangam anthologies. The typical poems have 60 lines, and the longest surviving poem has 140 lines. Like the Kalittokai anthology, this collection also includes dialogue-based poems.[11] Beyond the 24 surviving poems, from the fragmentary records about the other 46 original poems, 1 additional poem was to Tirumal, 23 more to Murugan, 1 to Kottravai, 17 more to Vaikai and 4 to Madurai. The Tirumal devotional poems are the earliest and described in most Poetic terms. [12]
The Paripatal manuscripts suggest that it was not purely an abstract literary work, rather a guide for devotional songs to be sung. The poems also mention temples and shrines, thereby suggesting that the Tamil people had already built temples for
According to V. N. Muthukumar and Elizabeth Rani Segran, the Vishnu devotional poems in the Paripatal are some of "earliest and finest representations of devotional genre", while the poems dedicated to Vaikai (Vaiyai) river are "unbriddled celebration of sensuality and love".[11] The first Tamil edition of Paripatal from palm-leaf manuscripts discovered in 19th century was published by U. V. Swaminatha Iyer in 1918.[17] A French translation was published in 1968 by François Gros.[18] English translations of the collection has been published by Seshadri, Hikosaka et al in 1996,[19] as well as partly by Muthukumar and Segram in 2012.[20]
Examples
There are two poems depicted as example, one in the praise of
To Tirumal (Vishnu):
தீயினுள் தெறல் நீ; |
In fire, you are the heat; |
| —Paripadal, iii: 63-68 | —F Gros, K Zvelebil[21] |
To
We pray you not for wealth,
not for gold, not for pleasure;
But for your grace, for love, for virtue,
these three,
O god with the rich garland of kaṭampu flowers
with rolling clusters!– Pari. v.: 78–81[21]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 123–124.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-400010-4.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 31–33, 47, 53, 55, 57, 60, 87, 99, 123–124.
- ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ Ramesh, M. S. (1997). 108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams. T.T. Devasthanams. p. 152.
- ISBN 978-81-8220-072-2.
- ISBN 978-0-19-566896-4., Quote: "seventy poems dedicated to gods Tirumal (Visnu), Cevvel (Murukan) and the goddess, the river Vaiyai (presently known as Vaikai)."
- ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
- ^ a b c Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Takanobu Takahashi 1995, pp. 17–19.
- ISBN 978-0-19-535190-3.
- ISBN 978-0-19-566448-5.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil 1973, p. 124.
- ISBN 978-8-18996-8359.
- ^ Shu Hikosaka; K.G. Seshadri; John Samuel (1996). P. Thiagarajan and K. G. Seshadri (ed.). Paripāṭal. Institute of Asian Studies.
- ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
- Bibliography
- Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
- Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. ISBN 81-206-0955-7.
- Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 9780521011099.
- Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231150651
- Takanobu Takahashi (1995). Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10042-3.
- Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
- ISBN 90-04-09365-6.