Parliament
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In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a
Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. What is considered to be the first modern parliament, was the
Etymology
The English term is derived from Anglo-Norman and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century Old French word parlement 'discussion, discourse', from parler, 'to talk'.[7] The meaning evolved over time, originally referring to any discussion, conversation, or negotiation through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by a monarch. By the 15th century, in Britain, it had come to specifically mean the legislature.[8]
Early parliaments
Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called
The
Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura (a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament.[20] However, other scholars (notably from Hizb ut-Tahrir) highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system.[21][22][23]
England
Early forms of assembly
England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist and advise the king on important matters. Under the
As part of the
Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power to which the throne had to defer no later than the rule of
Magna Carta and the model parliament
The tenants-in-chief often struggled for power with the ecclesiastics and the king. In 1215, they secured
During the reign of King Henry III (13th century), English Parliaments included elected representatives from shires and towns. Thus these parliaments are considered forerunners of the modern parliament.[27]
In 1265, Simon de Montfort, then in rebellion against Henry III, summoned a parliament of his supporters without royal authorisation. The archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and barons were summoned, as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to be represented. In 1295, Edward I adopted De Montfort's ideas for representation and election in the so-called "Model Parliament". At first, each estate debated independently; by the reign of Edward III, however, Parliament had grown closer to its modern form, with the legislative body having two separate chambers.
Parliament under Henry VIII and Edward VI
The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of Henry VIII. Originally its methods were primarily medieval, and the monarch still possessed a form of inarguable dominion over its decisions. According to Elton, it was Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, then chief minister to Henry VIII, who initiated still other changes within parliament.
The Acts of Supremacy established the monarch as head of the Church of England.
Civil War and beyond
The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after the Civil War, and again at the Glorious Revolution. It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent parliamentary procedure.
The rise of Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran the country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest – a fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and Edward's reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions.
Much of this compliance stemmed from how the English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but a single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential, members."[28]
Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid 16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A series of conflicts between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of King Charles I in 1649. For a brief period, England became a commonwealth, with Oliver Cromwell the de facto ruler, with the title of Lord Protector. Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions.
A controversial figure accused of despotism, war crimes, and even genocide, Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England.
Acts of Union
The Parliament of England met until it merged with the Parliament of Scotland under the Acts of Union. This union created the new Parliament of Great Britain in 1707. The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed at the union with Ireland.
France
Originally, there was only the
All the parliaments could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a result of absolutism, and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger Estates General, up until the French Revolution, when the last Estates General transformed itself into a National Assembly, a legislative body whose existence is independent of the royal power.
Germanic and Nordic countries
A
The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a
The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected
The Icelandic, Faroese and Manx parliaments trace their origins back to the Viking expansion originating from the petty kingdoms of Norway as well as Denmark, replicating Viking government systems in the conquered territories, such as those represented by the Gulating near Bergen in western Norway:[citation needed]
- The Icelandic Althing, dating from 930.[30]
- The Faroese Løgting, dating from a similar period.[31]
- The Manx Tynwald, which claims to be over 1,000 years old.[32][33][34]
Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a
Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures and other institutions in the North Germanic[
Italy
The Sicilian Parliament, dating to 1097, evolved as the legislature of the Kingdom of Sicily.[35][36]
Hungary
The Diet of Hungary, or originally Parlamentum Publicum and Parlamentum Generale
Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain "important occasions" under the reigns of
An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Beginning under King Charles I, continuing under subsequent kings through into the reign of King Matthias I, the Diet was essentially convened by the king. However, under the rule of heavy handed kings like Louis the Great and during reign of the early absolutist Matthias Corvinus the parliaments were often convened to announce the royal decisions, and had no significant power of its own. Since the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament has regained most of its former power.
Poland
According to the Chronicles of Gallus Anonymus, the first legendary Polish ruler, Siemowit, who began the Piast dynasty, was chosen by an ancient wiec council. The idea of the wiec led to the development of the Polish parliament, the Sejm, in around 1180.
The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146 and 1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils grew stronger. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various
The general parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of three estates – the King of Poland, the Senate (consisting of Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Roman Catholic Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys comprising 170 nobles acting on behalf of their holdings as well as representatives of major cities, who did not possess any voting privileges. In 1573, a convocation sejm established an elective monarchy in the Commonwealth.
Portugal
After its self-proclamation as an independent kingdom in 1139 by Afonso I of Portugal (followed by the recognition by the Kingdom of León in the Treaty of Zamora of 1143), the first historically established Cortes of the Kingdom of Portugal occurred in 1211 in Coimbra by initiative of Afonso II of Portugal. These established the first general laws of the kingdom (Leis Gerais do Reino): protection of the king's property, stipulation of measures for the administration of justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials, and confirming the clerical donations of the previous king Sancho I of Portugal. These Cortes also affirmed the validity of canon law for the Church in Portugal, while introducing the prohibition of the purchase of lands by churches or monasteries (although they can be acquired by donations and legacies).
After the conquest of
The Portuguese Cortes met again under King Afonso III of Portugal in 1256, 1261 and 1273, always by royal summon. Medieval Kings of Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns was thought necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the burgher delegates at the Cortes.
Delegates (procuradores) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on Jews, pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving the Cortes the aspect of a legislature. These petitions were originally referred to as aggravamentos (grievances) then artigos (articles) and eventually capitulos (chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by the king in its entirety) before becoming law.
Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often circumvented or ignored in practice.
The Cortes probably had their heyday in the 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when
Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new
Russia
The zemsky sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land.
It could be summoned either by
- Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma
- The Holy Sobor of high Orthodox clergy
- Representatives of merchants and townspeople (third estate)
The name of the parliament of nowadays Russian Federation is the
Novgorod and Pskov
The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of Novgorod until 1478. In its sister state, Pskov, a separate veche operated until 1510.
Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling
Roman Catholic Church
"
Scotland
From the 10th century the
The Parliament of Scotland evolved during the Middle Ages from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls. The unicameral parliament is first found on record, referred to as a colloquium, in 1235 at Kirkliston (a village now in Edinburgh).
By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and
The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (Eng: old), met until the Acts of Union merged the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England, creating the new Parliament of Great Britain in 1707.
Following the
Spain
Although there are documented councils held in 873, 1020, 1050 and 1063, there was no representation of commoners. What is considered to be the first parliament, the
After coming to power, King
Following this event, new Cortes would appear in the other different territories that would make up Spain: Principality of Catalonia in 1192, the Kingdom of Castile in 1250, Kingdom of Aragon in 1274, Kingdom of Valencia in 1283 and Kingdom of Navarre in 1300.
After the union of the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile under the Crown of Castile, their Cortes were united as well in 1258. The Castilian Cortes had representatives from Burgos, Toledo, León, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid, Guadalajara and Granada (after 1492). The Cortes' assent was required to pass new taxes, and could also advise the king on other matters. The comunero rebels intended a stronger role for the Cortes, but were defeated by the forces of Habsburg Emperor Charles V in 1521. The Cortes maintained some power, however, though it became more of a consultative entity. However, by the time of King Philip II, Charles's son, the Castilian Cortes had come under functionally complete royal control, with its delegates dependent on the Crown for their income.[48]
The Cortes of the
The very first Cortes representing the whole of Spain (and the Spanish empire of the day) assembled in 1812, in
Switzerland
The
Ukraine
Stemming from the tribal assemblies of the ancient Slavs, the viche (from Proto-Slavonic *větje , meaning 'council', 'counsel' or 'talk') functioned not only as a form of self-organization in cities of medieval
The
The
Development of modern parliaments
The development of the modern concept of parliamentary government dates back to the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800).
United Kingdom
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the Acts of Union that replaced the former parliaments of England and Scotland. A further union in 1801 united the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland into a Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The British Parliament is often referred to as the
In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the
Legislation can originate from either the Lords or the Commons. It is voted on in several distinct stages, called readings, in each house. First reading is merely a formality. Second reading is where the bill as a whole is considered. Third reading is detailed consideration of clauses of the bill.
In addition to the three readings a bill also goes through a committee stage where it is considered in great detail. Once the bill has been passed by one house it goes to the other and essentially repeats the process. If after the two sets of readings, there are disagreements between the versions that the two houses passed it is returned to the first house for consideration of the amendments made by the second. If it passes through the amendment stage
The House of Lords is the less powerful of the two houses as a result of the
In addition to functioning as the second chamber of Parliament, the House of Lords was also the final court of appeal for much of the law of the United Kingdom—a combination of judicial and legislative function that recalls its origin in the Curia Regis. This changed in October 2009 when the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom opened and acquired the former jurisdiction of the House of Lords.
Since 1999, there has been a Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh, and, since 2020, a Senedd—or Welsh Parliament—in Cardiff. However, these national, unicameral legislatures do not have complete power over their respective countries of the United Kingdom, holding only those powers devolved to them by Westminster from 1997. They cannot legislate on defence issues, currency, or national taxation (e.g. VAT, or Income Tax). Additionally, the bodies can be theoretically dissolved, at any given time, by the British Parliament without the consent of the devolved government.
Sweden
In
While suffrage did not become universal, the taxed peasantry was represented in Parliament, although with little influence and commoners without taxed property had no suffrage at all.
Poland
Changes in Poland's internal situation in the 1980s led to the Round Table Talks which ended in the signing of the famous Round Table Agreement on 5 April 1989. The Agreement spearheaded the evolutionary transformation of the country's political system; independence was regained once again. The document Position on Political Reforms provided grounds for amending the Constitution. The amended Constitution restored the office of the President of the Polish People's Republic and the Senate – both to be elected in free and democratic elections. In the Sejm, the opposition was allocated 35% of the mandates. Thus the so called "contract" elections could not be fully democratic. The Sejm (first chamber) became superior to the Senate (second chamber). In addition, the institution of National Assembly was established, consisting of the Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly to elect the President of the Polish People's Republic. A declaration of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee heralded the prompt enactment of a new, democratic constitution and electoral law. As a result of Solidarity's success in elections to the Sejm and the Senate, profound reforms of the political system were undertaken by adopting an amendment to the Constitution on 29 December 1989. In the Constitution, the Republic of Poland was defined as a democratic state ruled by law. As the provisional constitution lasted too long, it was decided to adopt a provisional regulation in the form of the so called Small Constitution. The President signed it on 17 October 1992. The Small Constitution regulated above all the relationship between the executive and legislative powers, on the basis of the doctrine of separation of powers. A bicameral parliament was maintained.
After long years of legislative work, on 2 April 1997, the National Assembly adopted The Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It entered into force on 17 October 1997. The new Constitution introduced a "rationalised" parliamentary-cabinet system in Poland. It is the first Constitution of the Third Republic. That was the first Constitution of the Third Republic. The act defined the position of the Sejm and the Senate within the system without using the term "parliament". It adopted the doctrine of separation of powers, which provided for a balance between the legislative and executive powers. In practice the binding provisions of the Constitution ensure the supremacy of the legislative power. Both chambers are autonomous bodies, independent of each other, with their own powers. The Constitution retained the principle of bicameralism of the legislature. The Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly constitute the National Assembly. Characteristically, the new Constitution conferred very extensive powers on the Sejm. On the other hand, the powers of the Senate are limited, as in the Constitutions of 1921 and 1992.
Parliamentary system
Many parliaments are part of a
In some parliamentary systems, the
This can be particularly dangerous to a government when the distribution of seats among different parties is relatively even, in which case a new election is often called shortly thereafter. However, in case of general discontent with the head of government, their replacement can be made very smoothly without all the complications that it represents in the case of a presidential system.
The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
Women in parliament
List of national parliaments
Parliaments of the European Union
- European Parliament
- Parliament of Austria (consisting of the National Council and the Federal Council)
- Senate)
- National Assembly of Bulgaria
- Croatian Parliament
- House of Representatives (Cyprus)
- Parliament of the Czech Republic (consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate)
- Folketing (Denmark)
- Riigikogu (Estonia)
- Parliament of Finland (Eduskunta)
- Senate)
- Bundesrat (Germany)
- Hellenic Parliament (Greece)
- National Assembly (Hungary)
- President of Ireland, Dáil Éireann (Lower House) and Seanad Éireann(Senate))
- Parliament of Italy (consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate)
- Saeima (Latvia)
- Seimas (Lithuania)
- Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)
- House of Representatives (Malta)
- States General of the Netherlands (consisting of the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate)
- Storting (Norway)
- Senate)
- Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)
- Chamber of Deputies and the Senate)
- National Council (Slovakia)
- Parliament of Slovenia (consisting of the National Assembly and the National Council)
- Congress of Deputies and the Senate)
- Riksdag (Sweden)
Others
- Parliament of Albania
- Parliament of Australia (consisting of the King, the House of Representatives, and the Senate)
- The federal government of the bicameral parliament and each of Australia's six states has a bicameral parliament except for Queensland, which has a unicameral parliament.
- The federal government of the
- Parliament of The Bahamas
- Jatiya Sangsad (Bangladesh)
- Parliament of Barbados
- Parliament of Canada (consisting of the King, an Upper House styled the Senate, and the House of Commons)
- The federal government of Canada has a bicameral parliament, and each of Canada's 10 provinceshas a unicameral parliament.
- The federal government of Canada has a bicameral parliament, and each of
- National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
- Løgtingið (Faroe Islands)
- Parliament of Fiji
- Parliament of Ghana
- States of Deliberationof Guernsey
- Althing (Parliament of Iceland) - Oldest surviving parliament
- Parliament of India (consisting of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha)
- People's Representative Council and the Regional Representative Council)
- Council of Representatives of Iraq
- Knesset of Israel
- House of Councillors)
- States Assembly of Jersey
- Parliament of Lebanon
- Tynwald of the Isle of Man
- Parliament of Malaysia
- Parliament of Moldova
- Parliament of Montenegro
- Parliament of Morocco
- Parliament of Nauru
- Parliament of Nepal(recently reorganised)
- House of Representatives)
- Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia
- Majlis-e-Shoora, Pakistan
- National Assembly of Serbia
- Parliament of Singapore
- Parliament of South Africa
- National Assembly of South Korea
- Parliament of Sri Lanka
- Legislative Yuan of Taiwan
- National Assembly of Thailand
- Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
- Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago
- Grand National Assembly of Turkey
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
- Parliament of Zimbabwe
List of subnational parliaments
Australia
Australia's States and territories:
- Parliament of New South Wales
- Parliament of Victoria
- Parliament of Queensland
- Parliament of Western Australia
- Parliament of South Australia
- Parliament of Tasmania
- Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
- Parliament of the Northern Territory
Belgium
In the federal (bicameral) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three "territorial" regions—Flanders (Dutch), Brussels (bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces) and Wallonia (French)—and three cultural communities—Flemish (Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels), Francophone (French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels) and German (for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes):
- Flemish Parliament serves both the Flemish Community and the region of Flanders (in all matters of regional competence, its decisions have no effect in Brussels-Capital Region)
- Parliament of the French Community
- Parliament of the German-speaking Community
- Parliament of Wallonia
- Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (within the capital's regional assembly, however, there also exist two Community Commissions, a Dutch-speaking one and a Francophone one, for various matters split up by linguistic community but under Brussels' regional competence, and even "joint community commissions" consisting of both for certain institutions that could be split up but are not.
Brazil
- Legislative Assembly of Acre
- Legislative Assembly of Alagoas
- Legislative Assembly of Amapá
- Legislative Assembly of Amazonas
- Legislative Assembly of Bahia
- Legislative Assembly of Ceará
- Legislative Assembly of Espírito Santo
- Legislative Assembly of Goiás
- Legislative Assembly of Maranhão
- Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso
- Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso do Sul
- Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais
- Legislative Assembly of Pará
- Legislative Assembly of Paraíba
- Legislative Assembly of Paraná
- Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco
- Legislative Assembly of Piauí
- Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro
- Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte
- Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
- Legislative Assembly of Rondonia
- Legislative Assembly of Roraima
- Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina
- Legislative Assembly of Sergipe
- Legislative Assembly of São Paulo
- Legislative Assembly of Tocantins
- Legislative Chamber of the Federal District
Canada
Canada's provinces and territories:
- Parliament of Ontario
- Quebec Legislature
- General Assembly of Nova Scotia
- New Brunswick Legislature
- Manitoba Legislature
- Parliament of British Columbia
- General Assembly of Prince Edward Island
- Saskatchewan Legislature
- Alberta Legislature
- General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
- Yukon Legislative Assembly
- Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
China
Denmark
Finland
Germany
Except for the
- Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
- Bremische Bürgerschaft
- Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg
- Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
- Landtag of Bavaria
- Landtag of Brandenburg
- Landtag of Hesse
- Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- Landtag of Lower Saxony
- Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
- Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate
- Landtag of Saarland
- Landtag of Saxony
- Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
- Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
- Landtag of Thuringia
India
Indian states and territorial legislative assemblies
- Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- Assam Legislative Assembly
- Bihar Legislative Assembly
- Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
- Delhi Legislative Assembly
- Goa Legislative Assembly
- Gujarat Legislative Assembly
- Haryana Legislative Assembly
- Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
- Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
- Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- Kerala Legislative Assembly
- Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
- Manipur Legislative Assembly
- Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
- Mizoram Legislative Assembly
- Nagaland Legislative Assembly
- Odisha Legislative Assembly
- Puducherry Legislative Assembly
- Punjab Legislative Assembly
- Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
- Sikkim Legislative Assembly
- Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
- Telangana Legislative Assembly
- Tripura Legislative Assembly
- Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
- West Bengal Legislative Assembly
Indian states legislative councils
- Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
- Bihar Legislative Council
- Karnataka Legislative Council
- Maharashtra Legislative Council
- Telangana Legislative Council
- Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
Malaysia
Netherlands
Norway
Philippines
Portugal
Spain
Sri Lanka
- Provincial Councils (Sri Lanka)
Switzerland
United Kingdom
- Northern Ireland Assembly
- Scottish Parliament
- Senedd (Welsh Parliament)
Other parliaments
Contemporary supranational parliaments
- List is not exhaustive
Equivalent national legislatures
- Majlis, e.g. in Iran
- in Indonesia: People's Representative Council (elected, legislative lower house) and Regional Representative Council(elected, legislative upper house with limited powers)
Defunct
- Parliament of Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
- People's Parliament (1940s)
- Silesian Parliament (1922–1945)
- Parliament of Northern Ireland (1921–1973)
- Batasang Pambansâ(1978–1986)
- National Assembly of the Republic of China(1913–2005)
See also
- Congress
- Delegated legislation
- Democratic mundialization
- Government
- History of democracy
- Inter-Parliamentary Union
- Legislation
- Parliamentary procedure
- Parliamentary records
- Parliament of the World's Religions
- List of current presidents of assembly
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- ^ Susana Galera: Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis Inside the European Legal System. Page: 21
- ^ Gaines Post: Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law And the State, 1100–1322 Page 62
- ^ "Ayuntamiento de León – León, cradle of parliamentarism". www.aytoleon.es. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
- ^ Internet, Unidad Editorial. "La Unesco reconoce a León Como Cuna Mundial del parlamentarismo". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
- ^ Spain (February 2012). "International Memory of the World Register [Nomination form] – The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2016.
- ^ Catedrático de la Universidad Estatal de León López González, Hermenegildo; Catedrático de la Universidad Internacional en Moscú Raytarovskiy, V.V. "The Leones parliament of 1188: The first parliament of the western world (The Magna Carta of Alfonso IX)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISBN 0-299-08500-7.
- ^ Yermolaiev, V. (2002). Viche in Kievan Rus: issues of competence (9th – middle of the 12th century). Bulletin of the Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, No. 4, pp. 45–55. [In Ukrainian]
- ^ Drozd, O., Romanov, M., Moroz, V., Stremenovskyi, S., & Zelenyi, V. (2022). The right of citizens to assemble peacefully, unarmed, to hold rallies and demonstrations: historical origins and genesis of formation. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 257-266. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.26
- ^ Emmanuel Karagiannis (2016) Ukrainian volunteer fighters in the eastern front: ideas, political-social norms and emotions as mobilization mechanisms, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16:1, 139-153, DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2016.1148413
- ISBN 9780773525085.
- ISBN 978-9004151741.
- ^ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012). The House of Lords and the British political tradition (Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham.
- ^ For the latter instruments see Giampiero Buonomo, La crescente procedimentalizzazione dell’atto parlamentare di indirizzo politico, Questione giustizia, 7 ottobre 2021.
- ^ "10% Share of women in parliament". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "20% Share of women in parliament". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "30% Share of women in parliament". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
External links
- Comparative Legislators Database. A dataset on over 67,000 legislators from 16 countries.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- United Kingdom Parliament