Parliamentary elections in Turkey

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Grand National Assembly, the legislative chamber in Turkey
Politics of Turkey
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See also
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Parliamentary elections in Turkey determine the composition of the Grand National Assembly for the next five years.[1] The members are elected for a five-year term through a proportional system in 87 multi-member constituencies with closed party lists or as independent candidates.

Participation

Age of candidacy

The age of candidacy was 30 in the newly established Republic of Turkey. The age of candidacy dropped from 30 to 25 through a constitutional amendment in 2006.[2] Following the 2017 constitutional referendum, it was further lowered to 18.[3]

Voting age

According to the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire (1876), the voting age was 25. In the newly established Republic of Turkey, the voting age was reduced to 18 due to the decreasing population. The voting age was increased to 22 in 1934, decreased to 21 in 1987, and 18 in 1995.[4]

Voter turnout

The voter turnout for the average of 18 parliamentary election is 81.4%. Turkey has a high voter turnout rate compared to other democracies. The participation rate in Turkey is also higher than the participation rates in countries where compulsory voting is loosely applied. With the exception of 1960–1970, voter turnout rate in Turkey is above the world average from 1950 to the present in Turkey.[5]

Voter turnout at parliamentary elections
Election
year		 Registered
voters		 Total
votes		 Turnout
1950 8,905,743 7,953,085 89.3
1954 10,262,063 9,095,617 88.6
1957 12,078,623 9,250,949 76.6
1961 12,925,395 10,522,716 81.4
1965 13,679,753 9,748,678 71.3
1969 14,788,552 9,516,035 64.3
1973 16,798,164 11,223,843 66.8
1977 21,207,303 15,358,210 72.4
1983 19,767,366 18,238,362 92.3
1987 26,376,926 24,603,541 93.3
1991 29,979,123 25,157,089 83.9
1995 34,155,981 29,101,469 85.2
1999 37,495,217 32,656,070 87.1
2002 41,407,027 32,768,161 79.1
2007 42,799,303 36,056,293 84.2
2011 52,806,322 43,914,948 83.2
2015 56,608,817 47,507,467 83.9
2015 56,949,009 48,537,695 85.2
2018 59,367,469 51,189,444 86.2
2023 60,721,745 55,835,895 87.1

Electoral system

Electoral districts

Turkey is split into 87

Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey
conducts population reviews of each district before an election and adjusts a district's number of seats according to the latest census.

Number of parliamentary constituencies by province and year
Election
year 		20th century 21st century
'20 '23 '27 '31 '35 '39 '43 '46 '50 '54 '57 '61 '65 '69 '73 '77 '83 '87 '91 '95 '99 '02 '07 '11 '15 '15 '18 '23
# Total 436 333 335 348 444 470 492 503 477 537 602 450 450 450 450 450 400 450 450 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 600 600
Province
1 Adana 7 3 4 4 8 11 10 10 11 13 16 12 13 13 13 14 12 14 14 17 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15
2 Adıyaman 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3 Afyonkarahisar 8 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 6 6
4 Ağrı 5 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
68 Aksaray[n 1] 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4
5 Amasya 7 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6 Ankara 9 7 8 11 15 16 15 18 18 21 22 21 21 24 26 29 23 26 23 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 36 36
7 Antalya 6 4 5 5 8 8 8 7 7 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12 13 13 14 14 14 16 17
75 Ardahan[n 2] 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 Artvin 1 2 2 10 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 Aydın 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 5 8 10 8 8 7 7 7 6 7 6 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 8 8
10 Balikesir 6 8 10 10 12 12 13 14 12 14 15 11 11 10 9 9 7 8 7 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 9
74 Bartın 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
72 Batman 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
−
Batum[n 3]
 5
69 Bayburt 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
− Biga[n 4] 3 3
11 Bilecik 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 Bingöl[n 5] 6 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
13 Bitlis 7 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
14 Bolu 8 5 6 6 10 8 8 8 7 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
15 Burdur 7 2 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
16 Bursa 7 6 9 9 12 12 12 13 11 13 14 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 12 14 16 16 16 18 18 18 20 20
17 Çanakkale 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
18 Çankırı 7 4 4 4 8 6 6 5 5 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
− Çatalca[n 6] 1
19 Çorum 7 6 5 6 7 8 9 8 8 9 10 7 7 7 7 6 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
20 Denizli 6 5 6 6 8 9 10 8 7 9 9 7 7 7 6 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7
21 Diyarbakır 7 7 6 4 8 8 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 11 10 10 11 11 11 12 12
81 Düzce 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
22 Edirne 5 3 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4
23 Elazığ 7 6 7 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5
− Ergani[n 7] 11 3
24 Erzincan 5 3 3 3 4 7 5 7 5 5 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
25 Erzurum 10 7 7 7 12 9 6 11 10 12 13 9 9 9 9 8 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6
26 Eskişehir 7 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6
26 Gaziantep 6 5 6 5 10 7 8 7 7 8 10 7 7 7 8 8 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 12 14 14
− Gelibolu[n 8] 1 1
28 Giresun 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
29 Gümüşhane 6 4 5 3 5 5 5 6 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
30 Hakkâri[n 9] 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
31 Hatay 5 5 6 6 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11
76 Iğdır 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
32 Isparta 6 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
− İçel[n 10] 6 2 2 2
34
Istanbul
 12 23 17 18 20 19 28 30 25 29 39 31 31 33 38 44 36 45 50 61 69 70 70 85 88 88 98 98
35
Izmir
 8 11 12 12 14 15 17 15 16 20 22 17 17 18 18 19 16 19 19 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 28 28
46 Kahramanmaraş 8 5 5 4 6 5 5 6 7 7 9 6 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
78 Karabük 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3
70 Karaman 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3
36 Kars 3 2 6 5 8 10 8 10 10 10 12 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
37 Kastamonu 8 8 6 8 9 11 9 11 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
38 Kayseri 7 5 6 5 10 8 10 9 9 9 11 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 7 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10
71 Kırıkkale 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
39 Kırklareli 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
40 Kırşehir[n 11] 7 5 3 3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
79 Kilis 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
41 Kocaeli 6 6 7 7 10 10 13 10 11 12 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 7 7 9 10 9 9 11 11 11 13 14
42 Konya 10 10 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 19 21 16 16 16 16 16 13 14 13 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 15 15
− Kozan[n 12] 5 2
43 Kütahya 6 8 7 12 11 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 5 5
− Lazistan[n 13] 6
44 Malatya 11 5 6 6 9 10 11 12 11 12 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6
45 Manisa 9 10 10 11 12 13 12 12 12 12 14 11 11 11 10 10 8 9 9 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 10
47 Mardin 6 6 5 3 7 8 7 10 7 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
33 Mersin 7 2 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 8 7 9 9 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 13 13
48 Muğla 11 3 4 4 6 6 6 5 5 6 7 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
49 Muş[n 14] 7 3 4 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3
50 Nevşehir 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
51 Niğde 6 4 4 4 7 7 8 7 8 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
− Oltu[n 15] 2
52 Ordu 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 6 8 7 7 7 6 5 5 6 6
80 Osmaniye[n 16] 3 2 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
53 Rize [n 17] 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
54 Sakarya 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8
55 Samsun 6 3 6 7 9 9 11 10 10 12 14 11 11 11 10 10 8 9 9 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
56 Siirt 6 2 2 2 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
57 Sinop 6 4 3 4 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
58 Sivas 8 7 7 7 11 11 15 12 13 14 15 11 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5
− Siverek[n 18] 6 4
63
Şanlıurfa
 5 6 5 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 9 7 7 6 7 7 5 7 8 9 11 11 11 12 12 12 14 14
− Şebinkarahisar[n 19] 5 4 3 3
73 Şırnak 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
59 Tekirdağ 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8
60 Tokat 7 4 5 6 8 9 8 10 9 9 10 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 5
61 Trabzon 11 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 12 12 9 9 9 8 8 6 7 6 8 7 8 8 6 6 6 6 6
62 Tunceli[n 20] 6 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
64 Uşak 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
65 Van 7 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8
77 Yalova 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
66 Yozgat 7 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 7 8 9 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4
67 Zonguldak 4 7 6 10 10 11 9 10 10 12 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
# Total 436 333 335 348 444 470 492 503 477 537 602 450 450 450 450 450 400 450 450 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 600 600

Seats allocation

Parliamentary seats are allocated according to the d’Hondt method in a party-list proportional representation system.[6] Political parties first need to pass an electoral threshold of 7%. Parties can by-pass this rule by forming an electoral alliance or participate as independents. The electoral threshold was introduced by the military regime after the 1980 coup d'état, in a bid to maintain political stability.[7]

From 1946 onwards, all elections were

Democrat Party received 58% of the votes in the 1954 election
, but won 93% of the seats in the parliament.

Proportional representation was used for the first time after the adoption of the Constitution of 1961. For the elections of 1961, a party-list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in 67 constituencies was used. In order to receive seats in a constituency, parties needed to receive more votes in that constituency that the Hare quota. It was also the first time that the number of deputies was fixed and determined as 450 seats.

In the 1965 election, the national remnant system was used. In the elections held in 1969, 1973 and 1977, the d'Hondt electoral system was applied without a threshold. A nationwide electoral threshold of 10% and a constituency electoral threshold was introduced following the changes to the law in 1983. In addition to that, a quota system was also used in the 1987 and 1991 elections. From 1995 onwards, only a nationwide electoral threshold is used.[8]

Campaigning

The Law on Basic Provisions regulates the campaign and aims to ensure fair and equitable opportunities for contestants.[9] Turkish campaigns are typically energetic as contestants use a variety of traditional campaigning means such as rallies, campaign stands, posters, banners, party flags, canvassing and vehicles with loudspeakers. Languages other than Turkish as well as sign language are used in the campaigns. According to Turkish Law, it is forbidden to make election propaganda in a foreign country. This law can be circumvented to a certain degree by organizing "informative seminars" instead of "propaganda meetings".[10]

Political parties that received at least three per cent of votes in the last parliamentary elections are entitled to annual public funding on a proportional basis, as well as campaign funding but only for parliamentary elections. Parties also receive funding through membership fees and individual donations. Donations from public legal entities, state and public organizations and foreign sources are not allowed. An individual may donate up to a certain amount annually to a party. There is no ceiling for annual party and campaign-related expenditure. Parties declare their campaign funds solely through annual financial reports. The Constitutional Court audits the reports. Independent candidates declare their campaign funds through personal tax declarations. Possible sanctions for breaches include warnings, imprisonment from three months to three years, monetary fines and dissolution of the party.[9]

Summary of past elections

The list below shows the election results of the multi-party period in Turkey since 1946.

Election First party Second party Third party Other parties entering the parliament Cabinets formed
1946 Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
 ?
395 MPs
Democrat Party
(Celal Bayar
)
 ?
66 MPs 		National Development Party Independent
4 MPs 		Peker,
I. Saka,
II. Saka,
Günaltay
1950
Democrat Party
(Celal Bayar
)
52,67%
415 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
39,45%
69 MPs
Yusuf Hikmet Bayur
)
3,11%
1 MPs 		Independent
4,76%
2 MPs 		I. Menderes,
II. Menderes
1954
Democrat Party
(Adnan Menderes
)
57,61%
502 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
35,35%
31 MPs 		Republican Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
4,85%
5 MPs 		Independent
1,53%
3 MPs 		III. Menderes,
IV. Menderes
1957
Democrat Party
(Adnan Menderes
)
47,87%
424 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
41,09%
178 MPs 		Republican Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
7,13%
4 MPs 		Liberty Party
3,83%
4 MPs 		V. Menderes
1961 Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
36,72%
173 MPs 		Justice Party
(Ragıp Gümüşpala)
34,78%
158 MPs 		Republican Villagers Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
13,95%
54 MPs 		New Turkey Party
13,72%
65 MPs 		VIII. İnönü,
IX. İnönü,
X. İnönü,
Ürgüplü
1965 Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
52,87%
240 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
28,75%
134 MPs 		Nation Party
(Osman Bölükbaşı)
6,26%
31 MPs 		New Turkey Party (19 MPs)
Workers' Party of Turkey (14 MPs)
Republican Villagers Nation Party (11 MPs)
Independent (1 MPs) 		I. Demirel
1969 Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
46,53%
256 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(İsmet İnönü)
27,36%
143 MPs 		Republican Reliance Party
(Turhan Feyzioğlu)
6,57%
15 MPs 		Independent (13 MPs)
Birlik Partisi (8 MPs)
Nation Party (6 MPs)
New Turkey Party (6 MPs)
Workers' Party of Turkey (2 MPs)
Nationalist Movement Party (1 MPs) 		II. Demirel,
III. Demirel,
I. Erim,
II. Erim,
Melen,
Talu
1973 Republican People's Party
(Bülent Ecevit)
33,29%
185 MPs 		Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
29,82%
149 MPs 		Democratic Party
(Ferruh Bozbeyli)
11,89%
45 MPs 		National Salvation Party (48 MPs)
Republican Reliance Party (13 MPs)
Independent (6 MPs)
Nationalist Movement Party (3 MPs)
Unity Party (1 MPs) 		I. Ecevit,
Irmak,
IV. Demirel
1977 Republican People's Party
(Bülent Ecevit)
41,38%
213 MPs 		Justice Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
36,87%
189 MPs 		National Salvation Party
(Necmettin Erbakan)
8,56%
24 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party (16 MPs)
Independent (4 MPs)
Republican Reliance Party (3 MPs)
Democratic Party (1 MPs) 		II. Ecevit,
V. Demirel,
III. Ecevit,
VI. Demirel,
Ulusu
1983 Motherland Party
(Turgut Özal)
45,14%
211 MPs 		Populist Party
(Necdet Calp)
30,46%
117 MPs 		Nationalist Democracy Party
(Turgut Sunalp)
23,26%
71 MPs 		− I. Özal
1987 Motherland Party
(Turgut Özal)
36,31%
292 MPs 		Social Democratic Populist Party
(Erdal İnönü)
24,74%
99 MPs 		True Path Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
19,13%
59 MPs 		− II. Özal,
Akbulut,
I. Yılmaz
1991 True Path Party
(Süleyman Demirel)
27,03%
178 MPs 		Motherland Party
(Mesut Yılmaz)
24,01%%
115 MPs 		Social Democratic Populist Party
(Erdal İnönü)
20,75%
88 MPs 		Welfare Party (62 MPs)
Democratic Left Party (7 MPs) 		VII. Demirel,
I. Çiller,
II. Çiller,
III. Çiller,
II. Yılmaz
1995 Welfare Party
(Necmettin Erbakan)
21,38%
158 MPs 		Motherland Party
(Mesut Yılmaz)
19,65%
132 MPs 		True Path Party
(Tansu Çiller)
19,18%
135 MPs 		Democratic Left Party (76 MPs)
Republican People's Party (49 MPs) 		Erbakan,
III. Yılmaz,
IV. Ecevit
1999 Democratic Left Party
(Bülent Ecevit)
22,19%
136 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
17,98%
129 MPs 		Virtue Party
(Recai Kutan)
15,41%
111 MPs 		Motherland Party (86 MPs)
True Path Party (85 MPs)
Independent (3 MPs) 		V. Ecevit
2002 Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
34,28%
363 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Deniz Baykal)
19,41%
178 MPs 		True Path Party
(Tansu Çiller)
9,54%
0 MPs 		Independent
1,00%
9 MPs 		Gül,
I. Erdoğan
2007 Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
46,66%
341 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Deniz Baykal)
20,85%
112 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
14,29%
71 MPs 		Independent
5,24%
26 MPs 		II. Erdoğan
2011 Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
49,83%
327 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
25,98%
135 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
13,01%%
53 MPs 		Independent
6,57%
35 MPs 		III. Erdoğan,
I. Davutoğlu
2015
June 		Justice and Development Party
(Ahmet Davutoğlu)
40,87%
258 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
24,95%
132 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
16,29%
80 MPs 		Peoples' Democratic Party
13,12%
80 MPs 		II. Davutoğlu
2015
November 		Justice and Development Party
(Ahmet Davutoğlu)
49,49%
317 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
25,31%
134 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
11,90%
40 MPs 		Peoples' Democratic Party
10,76%
59 MPs 		III. Davutoğlu,
Yıldırım
2018 Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
42,49%
295 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
22,65%
146 MPs 		Peoples' Democratic Party
(Sezai Temelli ve Pervin Buldan)
11,70%
67 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
11,10% (49 MPs)
İYİ Parti
9,96% (43 MPs) 		IV. Erdoğan
2023 Justice and Development Party
(Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)
35,62%
268 MPs 		Republican People's Party
(Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu)
25,35%
169 MPs 		Nationalist Movement Party
(Devlet Bahçeli)
10,07%
50 MPs
Green Left Party
8,82% (61 MPs)
New Welfare Party
2,80% (5 MPs)
Workers' Party of Turkey

1,76% (4 MPs) 		V. Erdoğan

By-elections

By-elections in Turkey are regulated in accordance with Article 7 of the Law on Parliamentary Elections. Accordingly, by-elections are held in case of a vacancy in the membership of the Parliament. According to the constitution, by-elections are held once in each election period, and by-elections cannot be held unless 30 months have passed and 1 year before the parliamentary elections. However, if a province or constituency does not have any members in the Parliament, by-elections are held in that constituency on the first Sunday after 90 days following the vacancy.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Aksaray was a province between 1924-1933 and was a district of Niğde from 1933 to 1989.
  2. ^ Ardahan was a province until 1926 and was a district of Kars from 1926 to 1992.
  3. ^ It was left to Georgia with the Treaty of Moscow in 1921.
  4. ^ In 1923, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
  5. ^ Genç until 1926, district of Elazig province between 1927-1929 and district of Muş province between 1929-1936.
  6. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Istanbul province.
  7. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Diyarbakır province.
  8. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Çanakkale province.
  9. ^ District of Van province between 1933-1936.
  10. ^ It merged with Mersin Province in 1933.
  11. ^ District of Nevşehir Province between 1954-1957.
  12. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Adana province.
  13. ^ In 1923, the province of Rize was established in place of the Lazistan Sanjak
  14. ^ District of Bitlis province between 1925-1929.
  15. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Erzurum province.
  16. ^ Cebel-i Bereket Province until 1933, district of Adana Province between 1933-1996.
  17. ^ Between 1933 and 1936, it merged with Çoruh Province, with the center being Rize.
  18. ^ In 1926, it became a district of Şanlıurfa province.
  19. ^ It became a district of Giresun province in 1933
  20. ^ District of Elazığ between 1926-1936.
  1. ^ Chughtai, Alia (24 June 2018). "All you need to know about Turkish election". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  2. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. 1 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  3. ^ Ašimović Akyol, Riada (5 April 2017). "Will Turkey allow 18-year-old members of parliament? - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  4. ^ Akca, Furkan (13 June 2022). "Seçme ve seçilme yaşı". Doğrula (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  5. doi:10.17719/jisr.2017.1897
    . Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  6. ^ "How Turkey's Parliamentary Elections Work". 26 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Turkey reduces election threshold to 7 percent - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. Ankara. 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  8. ISBN 978-605-2380-18-5. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  9. ^ a b "Observation Mission Final Report" (PDF). OSCE. 24 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  10. ^ Şen, Ersan (10 March 2017). "Yurtdışında Seçim Propagandası Yasağı". Hukuki Haber (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Milletvekili Seçimi Kanunu". www.anayasa.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 16 October 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
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