Parmelia (fungus)
| Parmelia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Parmelia saxatilis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Parmeliaceae |
| Genus: | Parmelia Ach. (1803) |
| Type species | |
| Parmelia saxatilis | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Parmelia is a
phylogenetic
relatedness.
It is a foliaceous lichen, resembling a leaf in shape. The ends of the leaf-like lobes are often squarish-tipped. component of the lichen.
Taxonomy
Parmelia was
lecanorine apothecia, was quite broad and included species that are now dispersed in many different genera and families, such as the Peltigeraceae (Lobaria), the Pannariaceae (Pannaria, Parmeliella), the Physciaceae (Physcia, Heterodermia, Physconia), the Teloschistaceae (Xanthoria), as well as the Parmeliaceae (Cetraria, Hypogymnia, and Parmeliopsis). Its broad circumscription meant that almost every lichen with a thalline apothecial rim was included by 19th-century authors.[9]
In an attempt to create more homogeneous groups of taxa, lichenologists created new segregate genera for species once in Parmelia. These included
Fossil record
There are two foliose fossil taxa, Parmelia ambra and P. isidiiveteris, that have been placed provisionally in genus Parmelia due to their overall resemblance to members of this genus.[12] Later authors have suggested, however, that this generic placement is not appropriate for the current concept of Parmelia, and that because of the dearth of specimens available for analysis, it is impossible to know for certain which of the many foliose genera in the family Parmeliaceae is best suited for these fossils.[13][14]
Description
Parmelia species have a
soredia, or both. The lower surface of the thallus is black (or close to it), and has rhizines (either simple or branched) that function as holdfasts to attach it to its substrate. The cortex (botany) is paraplectenchymatous – a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions.[15]
The ascomata of Parmelia species are in the form of
Ecology
Parmelia lichens are food for the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the bagworm moth Taleporia tubulosa.[16]
Conservation
Two species of Parmelia have been assessed by the
Distribution
Eleven Parmelia species were recorded for Europe in 2008.[19] Nine occur in the Nordic lichen flora, of which P. saxatilis and P. sulcata are most common and widespread.[15]
Species
- Parmelia adaugescens Nyl. (1890)[20]
- † Parmelia ambra Poinar, E.B.Peterson & Platt (2000)[12] – extinct; fossilized in Dominican amber
- Parmelia asiatica A.Crespo & Divakar (2011)[21] – China
- Parmelia barrenoae Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo (2005)[22] – Europe
- Parmelia cochleata Zahlbr. (1927)
- Parmelia discordans Nyl. (1886)[23] – Europe
- Parmelia encryptata A.Crespo, Divakar & M.C.Molina (2011)[24]
- Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & A.Thell (2002)[25] – Europe
- Parmelia fertilis Müll.Arg. (1887)[26]
- Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl. (1861)
- Parmelia hygrophila Goward & Ahti (1983)[27] – North America
- Parmelia hygrophiloides Divakar, Upreti & Elix (2003)[28] – India
- Parmelia imbricaria Goward, Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo (2017)[29]
- † Parmelia isidiiveteris Poinar, E.B.Peterson & Platt (2000)[12] – extinct; fossilized in Dominican amber
- Parmelia lambii Øvstedal (2009)[30] – Antarctica
- Parmelia marmariza Nyl. (1890)[20]
- Parmelia mayi Divakar, A.Crespo & M.C.Molina (2011)[31] – northeastern North America
- Parmelia meiophora Nyl. (1889)[32]
- Parmelia neocaledonica Nyl. (1885)[33]
- Parmelia neodiscordans Hale (1987)[34]
- Parmelia niitakana Asahina (1951)
- Parmelia omphalodes (L.) Ach. (1803) – Europe
- Parmelia pinnatifida Kurok. (1976)[35] – Europe
- Parmelia protosignifera Elix & J.Johnst. (1988)[36] – Australia
- Parmelia pseudoshinanoana Asahina (1951)
- Parmelia rojoi A.Crespo, V.J.Rico & Divakar (2020)[37] – Europe
- Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. (1803) – Europe
- Parmelia sectilis Hale (1968)
- Parmelia serrana A.Crespo, M.C.Molina & D.Hawksw. (2004)[38] – Europe
- Parmelia shinanoana Zahlbr. (1927)
- Parmelia skultii Hale (1987)[39] – Europe
- Parmelia squarrosa Hale (1971)[40] – Europe
- Parmelia submontana Hale (1987) – Europe
- Parmelia submutata Hue (1899)
- Parmelia sulcata Taylor (1836)[41] – Europe
- Parmelia sulymae Goward, Divakar, M.C.Molina & A.Crespo (2017)[29]
References
- Species Fungorum. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Massalongo, A.B. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni" [Comparative examination of some lichen genera]. Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze. 5: 247–276.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
- ^ Skult H (1985) A New Subspecies of Parmelia omphalodes Ascomycetes Described from the Arctic. Annales Botanici Fennici 22, 201-6.
- ^ D.C. Lindsay (1973) Notes on Antarctic lichens: IV. The genera Cetraria Hoffm., Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl., Menegazzia Massal, Parmelia Ach. and Platismatia Culb. et Culb. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36, 105-114.
- ISBN 978-0-85199-377-5.
- PMID 31866741.
- ^ Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: Impensis F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 153.
- ^ a b c Hale 1987, p. 1.
- ^ Hale, M.E. (1986). "Arctoparmelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Mycotaxon. 25 (1): 251–254.
- .
- ^ .
- PMID 24792086.
- PMID 26053106.
- ^ ISBN 978-91-85221-24-0.
- OCLC 1182019542.
- ^ Yahr, R.; Allen, J.; Lymbery, C.; Batallas-Molina, R.; Bungartz, F.; Dal Forno, M.; Howe, N.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T.; Mertens, A.; Paquette, H.; Petix, M.; Reese Næsborg, R.; Roberts, F.; Sharrett, S.; Villella, J. (18 May 2021). "Parmelia saxatilis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ Yahr, R.; Allen, J.; Lymbery, C.; Batallas-Molina, R.; Dal Forno, M.; Howe, N.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T.; Mertens, A.; Petix, M.; Reese Næsborg, R.; Roberts, F.; Sharrett, S.; Villella, J. (25 May 2021). "Bottle Brush Shield Lichen". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- .
- ^ a b Nylander, W. (1890). Lichenes Japoniae. Accedunt Observationibus Lichenes Insulae Labuan (in Latin). p. 28.
- hdl:11336/4198.
- .
- ^ Brenner, M. (1886). "Bidrag till kännedom af Finska vikens övegetation. IV. Hoglands lafvar". Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 13: 40.
- .
- ^ Feuerer, T.; Thell, A. (2002). "Parmelia ernstiae Feuerer & Thell – a new macrolichen from Germany". Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg (in German). 30–32: 49–60.
- ^ Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 70 (20): 316–322.
- ^ Goward, T.; Ahti, T. (1983). "Parmelia hygrophila, a new lichen species from the Pacific Northwest of North America". Annales Botanici Fennici. 20 (1): 9–13.
- ^ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Upreti, D.K.; Sinha, G.P.; Elix, John A. (2003). "New species and records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from India". Mycotaxon. 88: 149–154.
- ^ .
- .
- .
- ^ Hue, A.M. (1889). "Lichenes Yunnanenses a cl. Delavay praesertim annis 1886-1887, collectos, exponit A. M. Hue (1)". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in Latin). 36: 164.
- ^ Nylander, W. (1885). "Parmeliae exoticae novae". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 68: 605–615.
- ^ Hale 1987, p. 30.
- ^ Kurokawa, S. (1976). "A note on Parmelia omphalodes and its related species" (PDF). The Journal of Japanese Botany. 51 (12): 377–380.
- ^ Elix, John A.; Johnston, Jen (1988). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from the southern hemisphere". Mycotaxon. 31 (2): 491–510.
- .
- .
- ^ Hale 1987, p. 43.
- ^ Hale, M.E. (1971). "Parmelia squarrosa, a new species in section Parmelia". Phytologia. 22 (1): 29.
- ^ Mackay, J.T. (1836). Flora Hibernica. Vol. 2. Dublin: William Curry Junior & Company. p. 145.
Cited literature
- Hale, Mason E. (1987). A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. Vol. 66. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.