Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae | |
---|---|
Parmelia saxatilis | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
Order: | Lecanorales |
Family: | Parmeliaceae Zenker (1827) |
Type genus | |
Ach. (1803)
| |
Genera[1] | |
See text |
The Parmeliaceae is a large and
Nearly all members of the family have a
The family has a
Taxonomy
Based on several molecular
- Alectorioid clade (5 genera)
- Cetrarioid clade (17 genera)
- Hypogymnioid clade (4 genera)
- Letharioid clade (2 genera)
- Parmelioid clade (27 genera)
- Psiloparmelioid clade (2 genera)
- Usneoid clade (1 genus)
Many Parmeliaceae genera do not group phylogenetically into any of these clades, and these, along with genera that have not yet had their DNA studied, are classed as "genera with uncertain affinities".[7]
The Parmeliaceae has been divided into two subfamilies, Protoparmelioideae and Parmelioideae.[9][10] The diversification of various Parmelioideae lineages may have been a result of gaining innovations that provided adaptive advantages, such as melanin production in the genus Melanohalea.[11] Diversification of the Protoparmelioideae occurred during the Miocene.[12] The Parmelioid clade is the largest in the Parmeliaceae, with more than 1800 species and a centre of distribution in the Southern Hemisphere.[13]
Evolutionary history
Although fossil records of extant lichen species are scarce, the existence of some
Characteristics
Thallus
Parmeliaceae thalli are most often foliose, fruticose or subfruticose, but can be umblicate, peltate, caespitose, crustose, or subcrustose. Two genera, Nesolechia and Raesaenenia, contain lichenicolous fungi. They can be a variety of colours, from whitish to grey, green to yellow, or brown to blackish (or any combination therein). Many genera are lobe forming, and nearly all are heteromerous (which are corticate on both sides). Species are usually rhizinate on the lower surface, occasionally with holdfasts, rhizohyphae, or a hypothallus. Only a few genera have a naked lower surface (for example Usnea, Hypogymnia and Menegazzia). The upper surface has a pored or non-pored epicortex. Medulla is solid, but often loosely woven.[17]
Apothecia
Apothecia are lecanorine, produced along the lamina or margin, and sessile to pedicellate (or less often sunken). Thalline exciple is concolorous with the thallus. Asci are amyloid, and the vast majority of species have eight spores per ascus, though a few species are many-spored, and several Menegazzia species have two spores per ascus.[17]
Spores
Chemistry
Members of the Parmeliaceae exhibit a diverse chemistry, with several types of
A study of three parmelioid lichens (
Photobiont
The main
Genera
These are the genera that are in the Parmeliaceae (including estimated number of species in each genus). Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority (those who first circumscribed the genus; standardised author abbreviations are used), year of publication, and the estimated number of species.
- Ahtiana Goward (1986)[20] – 1 sp.
- Ach.(1809) – 9 spp.
- Vain.) Essl. (1978) – 3 spp.
- Kurok.& M.J.Lai (1991) – 12 spp.
- Stizenb. (1861)[21]– 34 spp.
- Arctocetraria Kärnefelt & A.Thell (1993)[22]
- Arctoparmelia Hale (1986)[23] – 5 spp.
- C.F.Culb.(1965) – 2 spp.
- A.Crespo & Lumbsch(2017) – 5 spp.
- A.Crespo, Divakar & Elix(2010) – 13 spp.
- Brodoa Goward (1987) – 3 spp.
- Bryocaulon Kärnefelt (1986)[24] – 4 spp.
- D.Hawksw.(1977)
- Bulborrhizina Kurok. (1994) – 1 sp.
- Bulbothrix Hale (1974)[25] – 62
- Canoparmelia Elix & Hale (1986)[26] – 35 spp.
- Ach.(1803) – 35 spp.
- Cetrariella Kärnefelt & A.Thell (1993)[22] – 3 spp.
- Kurok. (1980)[27]– 3 spp.
- C.F.Culb.(1968) – 19 spp.
- Coelopogon Brusse & Kärnefelt (1968)[28] – 2 spp.
- Ach. (1803)[29]– 1 sp.
- D.Hawksw.) Lendemer & B.P.Hodk. (2013)[30]– 5 spp.
- Nyl. (1860)[31]– 2 spp.
- Davidgallowaya Aptroot (2007)[32] – 1 sp.
- Dolichousnea (Y.Ohmura) Articus (2004) – 3 spp.
- A.Crespo (2010)[13]– 1 sp.
- Esslingeriana Hale & M.J.Lai (1980)[33] – 1 sp.
- Ach.(1809) – 10 spp.
- Nyl.(1860) – 1 sp.
- Flavocetraria Kärnefelt & A.Thell (1994) – 2 spp.
- D.D.Awasthi(2007)
- Flavoparmelia Hale (1986)[34] – 32 spp.
- Flavopunctelia Hale (1984) – 5 spp.
- Gowardia Halonen, Myllys, Velmala & Hyvärinen (2009) – 3 spp.
- I.M.Lamb(1964) – 2 spp.
- Nyl. (1896)[35]– 90 spp.
- Vain.) Hale(1974) – 262 spp.
- Imshaugia S.L.F.Mey. (1985) – 1 sp.
- Kaernefeltia A.Thell & Goward (1996) – 3 spp.
- Zahlbr.(1892) – 9 spp.
- Lethariella (Motyka) Krog (1976) – 11 spp.
- Maronina Hafellner & R.W.Rogers (1990) – 3 spp.
- Masonhalea Kärnefelt (1977) – 2 spp.
- Melanelia Essl. (1978) – 2 spp.
- D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch(2004) – 11 spp.
- D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch(2004) – 22 spp.
- A.Massal.(1854) – 70 spp.
- A.Crespo, Wedin & Essl. (2012) – 5 spp.
- Myelochroa (Asahina) Elix & Hale (1987) – 30 spp.
- Neoprotoparmelia Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I.Schmitt (2018) – 14 spp.
- Müll.Arg.(1891) – 62 spp.?
- A.Massal.(1856) – 2 spp.
- Kurok.) K.H.Moon, Y.Ohmura & Kashiw. (2010) – 4 spp.
- Brodo(1995) – 3 spp.
- A.Crespo, Ferencová & Divakar (2014) – 16 spp.
- Flot.(1843) – 4 spp.
- T.H.Nash & Hafellner(1990) – 1 sp.
- Th.Fr.(1861) – 42 spp.
- Darb.(1912) – 5 spp.
- Ach.(1803) – 43 spp.
- Parmelina Hale (1974)[25] – 10 spp.
- Parmelinella Elix & Hale (1987) – 8 spp.
- Nyl.(1863) – 3 spp.
- A.Massal. (1860) – 255 spp.
- Parmotremopsis Elix & Hale (1987) – 2 spp
- Tul. (1852)[36]– 10 spp.
- C.F.Culb.(1968) – 11 spp.
- Petr. (1931)[37]– 2 spp.
- M.Choisy(1929) – 11 spp.
- Protousnea (Motyka) Krog (1976) – 8 spp.
- M.Choisy(1930) – 2 spp.
- Pseudevernia Zopf (1903)[38] – 4 spp.
- Pseudoparmelia Lynge (1914) – 15 spp.
- Psiloparmelia Hale (1989) – 13 spp.
- Punctelia Krog (1982)[39] – 48 spp.
- Relicina (Hale & Kurok.) Hale (1974)[25] – 59 spp.
- Remototrachyna Divakar & A.Crespo (2010) – 19 spp.
- Raesaenenia D.Hawksw., Boluda & H.Lindgr. (2015) – 1 sp.
- Sulcaria Bystr. (1971)[40] – 5 spp.
- Tuckermanella Essl. (2003) – 7 spp.
- Tuckermannopsis Gyeln. (1933) – 12 spp.
- Tuckneraria Randlane & A.Thell (1994) – 3 spp.
- Usnea Dill. ex Adans. (1763) – 355 spp.
- Usnocetraria M.J.Lai & J.C.Wei (2007) – 2 spp.
- Vulpicida J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai (1993) – 6 spp.
- Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale (1974)[25] – 822 spp.
Conservation
Parmeliaceae species that have been assessed for the global
Image gallery
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Menegazzia pertransita growing on a tree in New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.
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Cetraria nivalis from Austria.
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Parmelia sulcata from Commanster, Belgium.
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Usnea rubicunda growing on a branch in Mendocino County, California.
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Allocetraria oakesiana growing on bark in Highland County, Virginia.
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Alectoria ochroleuca from Carianthia, Austria.
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Hypotrachyna catawbiensis from Steuben, Maine.
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Xanthoparmelia cf. lavicola, on basalt in Hawaii.
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Letharia vulpina at Mt. Gleason, California.
References
- ^ "Parmeliaceae". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
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- ^ a b Miadlikowska, J. et al. (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. Mycologia 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf
- ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5.
- JSTOR 1223708.
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- ^ a b c d Elix, J.A. (1994). Parmeliaceae. Flora of Australia – Volume 55. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/flora-of-australia/vol55.html
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- JSTOR 3242678.
- ^ Stizenberger, E. (1861). "Anzia, eine neue Flechtengattung". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 44: 390–393.
- ^ JSTOR 3243869.
- ^ Hale, Mason E. (1986). "Arctoparmelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Mycotaxon. 25 (1): 251–254.
- ^ Kärnefelt, Ingvar (1986). "The genera Bryocaulon, Coelocaulon and Cornicularia and formerly associated taxa". Opera Botanica. 86: 1–90.
- ^ a b c d Hale, Mason E. (1974). "Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae". Phytologia. 28 (5): 479–490.
- ^ Elix, J.A.; Johnston, J.; Vernon, D. (1986). "Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis. Three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 27: 271–282.
- ^ Kurokawa, S. (1980). "Cetrariopsis, a new genus in the Parmeliaceae, and its distribution". Memoirs of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 13: 139–142.
- ^ Brusse, F.A.; Kärnefelt, I. "The new southern hemisphere lichen genus Coelopogon (Lecanorales, Ascomycotina), with a new species from Southern Africa". Mycotaxon. 42: 35–41.
- ^ Acharius, E. (1803). Methodus qua Omnes Detectos Lichenes Secundum Organa Carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates Redigere atque Observationibus Illustrare Tentavit Erik Acharius (in Latin). Stockholm: F.D.D. Ulrich. p. 300.
- .
- ^ Nylander, W. (1860). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica (in Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: L. Martinet. p. 286.
- ISBN 978-3-443-58074-2.
- ^ Lai, M.J. (1980). "Studies on the cetrarioid lichens in Parmeliaceae of east Asia". Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum. 33 (3–4): 215–229.
- ^ Hale, M.E. (1986). "Flavoparmelia, a new genus in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 25 (2): 603–605.
- ^ Nylander, W. (1896). Les Lichens des Environs de Paris (in French). Paris: Typographye Paul. Schmidt. pp. 39, 139.
- ^ Tulasne, L.-R. (1852). "Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire organographique et physiologique des Lichens". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. Série 3 (in Latin). 17: 124.
- ^ Petrak, F. (1931). "Fungi Adeani. Ein Beitrag zur Pilzflora Bayerns und der angrenzenden Länder". Kryptogamische Forschungen Kryptogamenkommission der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der heimischen Flora. II (in German) (2): 155–194.
- ^ Zopf, Wilhelm (1903). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Flechten in Bezug auf ihre Stoffwechselprodukte". Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt (in German). 14: 95–126.
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- ^ Bystrek, J. (1971). "Taxonomic studies on the genus Alectoria". Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. 26: 265–279.
- ^ Aptroot, A.; Perez-Ortega, S.; Scheidegger, C. (2014). "Anzia centrifuga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ McMullin, T.; Allen, J.; Lendemer, J. (2019). "Sulcaria badia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ Ohmura, Y.; Randlane, T.; Spribille, T. (2017). "Lethariella togashii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ Allen, J.; Lendemer, J.; McMullin, T. (2020). "Hypotrachyna virginica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ McMullin, T.; Allen, J.; Lendemer, J. (2019). "Sulcaria isidiifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ McMullin, T.; Stone, D.; Lendemer, J.; Allen, J. (2021). "Sulcaria spiralifera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ Aptroot, A.; Perez-Ortega, S. (2018). "Xanthoparmelia beccae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2021.